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Mihoub I, Rharass T, Ouriemmi S, Oudar A, Aubard L, Gratio V, Lazarian G, Ferreira J, Dondi E, Cymbalista F, Levy V, Baran-Marszak F, Varin-Blank N, Ledoux D, Le Roy C, Gardano L. Identification of the Axis β-Catenin-BTK in the Dynamic Adhesion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Their Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17623. [PMID: 38139452 PMCID: PMC10744074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the microenvironment, cell interactions are established between different cell types to regulate their migration, survival and activation. β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that stabilizes cell-cell interactions and regulates cell survival through its transcriptional activity. We used chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells as a cellular model to study the role of β-catenin in regulating the adhesion of tumor cells to their microenvironment, which is necessary for tumor cell survival and accumulation. When co-cultured with a stromal cell line (HS-5), a fraction of the CLL cells adhere to stromal cells in a dynamic fashion regulated by the different levels of β-catenin expression. In non-adherent cells, β-catenin is stabilized in the cytosol and translocates into the nucleus, increasing the expression of cyclin D1. In adherent cells, the level of cytosolic β-catenin is low but membrane β-catenin helps to stabilize the adhesion of CLL to stromal cells. Indeed, the overexpression of β-catenin enhances the interaction of CLL with HS-5 cells, suggesting that this protein behaves as a regulator of cell adhesion to the stromal component and of the transcriptional regulation of cell survival. Inhibitors that block the stabilization of β-catenin alter this equilibrium and effectively disrupt the support that CLL cells receive from the cross-talk with the stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Mihoub
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Tareck Rharass
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Souhaïl Ouriemmi
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Antonin Oudar
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Laure Aubard
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Valérie Gratio
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Gregory Lazarian
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Jordan Ferreira
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Florence Cymbalista
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Levy
- URC, AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Fanny Baran-Marszak
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Ledoux
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Le Roy
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Laura Gardano
- INSERM, U978, 93000 Bobigny, France; (I.M.); (S.O.); (A.O.); (L.A.); (G.L.); (J.F.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (F.B.-M.); (D.L.); (C.L.R.)
- UFR SMBH, LabEx INFLAMEX, Université Paris 13—«Sorbonne Paris Nord», 93000 Bobigny, France
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2
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Xu L, Pierce JL, Sanchez A, Chen KS, Shukla AA, Fustino NJ, Stuart SH, Bagrodia A, Xiao X, Guo L, Krailo MD, Shaikh F, Billmire DF, Pashankar F, Bestrashniy J, Oosterhuis JW, Gillis AJM, Xie Y, Teot L, Mora J, Poynter JN, Rakheja D, Looijenga LHJ, Draper BW, Frazier AL, Amatruda JF. Integrated genomic analysis reveals aberrations in WNT signaling in germ cell tumors of childhood and adolescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2636. [PMID: 37149691 PMCID: PMC10164134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are neoplasms of the testis, ovary and extragonadal sites that occur in infants, children, adolescents and adults. Post-pubertal (type II) malignant GCTs may present as seminoma, non-seminoma or mixed histologies. In contrast, pre-pubertal (type I) GCTs are limited to (benign) teratoma and (malignant) yolk sac tumor (YST). Epidemiologic and molecular data have shown that pre- and post-pubertal GCTs arise by distinct mechanisms. Dedicated studies of the genomic landscape of type I and II GCT in children and adolescents are lacking. Here we present an integrated genomic analysis of extracranial GCTs across the age spectrum from 0-24 years. Activation of the WNT pathway by somatic mutation, copy-number alteration, and differential promoter methylation is a prominent feature of GCTs in children, adolescents and young adults, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Significantly, we find that small molecule WNT inhibitors can suppress GCT cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight the importance of WNT pathway signaling in GCTs across all ages and provide a foundation for future efforts to develop targeted therapies for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Joshua L Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angelica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abhay A Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas J Fustino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Blank Children's Hospital, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Sarai H Stuart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Furqan Shaikh
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Farzana Pashankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Ad J M Gillis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaume Mora
- Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Bruce W Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun Z, Cai Y, Zhong G, Yi X. Camptothecin Effectively Regulates Germline Differentiation through Bam-Cyclin A Axis in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021617. [PMID: 36675143 PMCID: PMC9864452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminate, produces rapid and prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of DNA damage by targeting topoisomerase I (top1), which is highly activated in cancer cells. CPT thus exhibits remarkable anticancer activities in various cancer types, and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers. However, it remains to be uncovered underlying its cytotoxicity toward germ cells. In this study we found that CPT, a cell cycle-specific anticancer agent, reduced fecundity and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward GSCs and two-cell cysts. We showed that CPT induced GSC loss and retarded two-cell cysts differentiation in a niche- or apoptosis-independent manner. Instead, CPT induced ectopic expression of a differentiation factor, bag of marbles (Bam), and regulated the expression of cyclin A, which contributed to GSC loss. In addition, CPT compromised two-cell cysts differentiation by decreasing the expression of Bam and inducing cell arrest at G1/S phase via cyclin A, eventually resulting in two-cell accumulation. Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that the Bam-cyclin A axis is involved in CPT-mediated germline stem cell loss and two-cell cysts differentiation defects via inducing cell cycle arrest, which could provide information underlying toxicological effects of CPT in the productive system, and feature its potential to develop as a pharmacology-based germline stem cell regulation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
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4
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Shore T, Levi T, Kalifa R, Dreifuss A, Rekler D, Weinberg-Shukron A, Nevo Y, Bialistoky T, Moyal V, Gold MY, Leebhoff S, Zangen D, Deshpande G, Gerlitz O. Nucleoporin107 mediates female sexual differentiation via Dsx. eLife 2022; 11:72632. [PMID: 35311642 PMCID: PMC8975549 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a missense mutation in Nucleoporin107 (Nup107; D447N) underlying XX-ovarian-dysgenesis, a rare disorder characterized by underdeveloped and dysfunctional ovaries. Modeling of the human mutation in Drosophila or specific knockdown of Nup107 in the gonadal soma resulted in ovarian-dysgenesis-like phenotypes. Transcriptomic analysis identified the somatic sex-determination gene doublesex (dsx) as a target of Nup107. Establishing Dsx as a primary relevant target of Nup107, either loss or gain of Dsx in the gonadal soma is sufficient to mimic or rescue the phenotypes induced by Nup107 loss. Importantly, the aberrant phenotypes induced by compromising either Nup107 or dsx are reminiscent of BMP signaling hyperactivation. Remarkably, in this context, the metalloprotease AdamTS-A, a transcriptional target of both Dsx and Nup107, is necessary for the calibration of BMP signaling. As modulation of BMP signaling is a conserved critical determinant of soma-germline interaction, the sex and tissue specific deployment of Dsx-F by Nup107 seems crucial for the maintenance of the homeostatic balance between the germ cells and somatic gonadal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikva Shore
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tgst Levi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Kalifa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amatzia Dreifuss
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dina Rekler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Yuval Nevo
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, The Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tzofia Bialistoky
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Moyal
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Merav Yaffa Gold
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Leebhoff
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Zangen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Novel mouse model resistant to irreversible BTK inhibitors: a tool identifying new therapeutic targets and side effects. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2439-2450. [PMID: 32492159 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) have revolutionized treatment of B-lymphocyte malignancies and show great promise for dampening autoimmunity. The predominant BTK inhibitors tether irreversibly by covalently binding to cysteine 481 in the BTK catalytic domain. Substitution of cysteine 481 for serine (C481S) is the most common mechanism for acquired drug resistance. We generated a novel C481S knock-in mouse model and, using a battery of tests, no overt B-lymphocyte phenotype was found. B lymphocytes from C481S animals were resistant to irreversible, but sensitive to reversible, BTK inhibitors. In contrast, irreversible inhibitors equally impaired T-lymphocyte activation in mice, mimicking the effect of treatment in patients. This demonstrates that T-lymphocyte blockage is independent of BTK. We suggest that the C481S knock-in mouse can serve as a useful tool for the study of BTK-independent effects of irreversible inhibitors, allowing for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and pinpointing potential side effects.
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6
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Sênos Demarco R, Jones DL. Redox signaling as a modulator of germline stem cell behavior: Implications for regenerative medicine. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:67-72. [PMID: 33592309 PMCID: PMC8021480 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline stem cells (GSCs) are crucial for the generation of gametes and propagation of the species. Both intrinsic signaling pathways and environmental cues are employed in order to tightly control GSC behavior, including mitotic divisions, the choice between self-renewal or onset of differentiation, and survival. Recently, oxidation-reduction (redox) signaling has emerged as an important regulator of GSC and gamete behavior across species. In this review, we will highlight the primary mechanisms through which redox signaling acts to influence GSC behavior in different model organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus). In addition, we will summarize the latest research on the use of antioxidants to support mammalian spermatogenesis and discuss potential strategies for regenerative medicine in humans to enhance reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sênos Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Tu R, Duan B, Song X, Chen S, Scott A, Hall K, Blanck J, DeGraffenreid D, Li H, Perera A, Haug J, Xie T. Multiple Niche Compartments Orchestrate Stepwise Germline Stem Cell Progeny Differentiation. Curr Biol 2020; 31:827-839.e3. [PMID: 33357404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The niche controls stem cell self-renewal and progenitor differentiation for maintaining adult tissue homeostasis in various organisms. However, it remains unclear whether the niche is compartmentalized to control stem cell self-renewal and stepwise progeny differentiation. In the Drosophila ovary, inner germarial sheath (IGS) cells form a niche for controlling germline stem cell (GSC) progeny differentiation. In this study, we have identified four IGS subpopulations, which form linearly arranged niche compartments for controlling GSC maintenance and multi-step progeny differentiation. Single-cell analysis of the adult ovary has identified four IGS subpopulations (IGS1-IGS4), the identities and cellular locations of which have been further confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. IGS1 and IGS2 physically interact with GSCs and mitotic cysts to control GSC maintenance and cyst formation, respectively, whereas IGS3 and IGS4 physically interact with 16-cell cysts to regulate meiosis, oocyte development, and cyst morphological change. Finally, one follicle cell progenitor population has also been transcriptionally defined for facilitating future studies on follicle stem cell regulation. Therefore, this study has structurally revealed that the niche is organized into multiple compartments for orchestrating stepwise adult stem cell development and has also provided useful resources and tools for further functional characterization of the niche in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Tu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Bo Duan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Allison Scott
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kate Hall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jillian Blanck
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Dustin DeGraffenreid
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Anoja Perera
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jeff Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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8
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A single-cell atlas and lineage analysis of the adult Drosophila ovary. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5628. [PMID: 33159074 PMCID: PMC7648648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila ovary is a widely used model for germ cell and somatic tissue biology. Here we use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to build a comprehensive cell atlas of the adult Drosophila ovary that contains transcriptional profiles for every major cell type in the ovary, including the germline stem cells and their niche cells, follicle stem cells, and previously undescribed subpopulations of escort cells. In addition, we identify Gal4 lines with specific expression patterns and perform lineage tracing of subpopulations of escort cells and follicle cells. We discover that a distinct subpopulation of escort cells is able to convert to follicle stem cells in response to starvation or upon genetic manipulation, including knockdown of escargot, or overactivation of mTor or Toll signalling.
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9
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Waghmare I, Wang X, Page-McCaw A. Dally-like protein sequesters multiple Wnt ligands in the Drosophila germarium. Dev Biol 2020; 464:88-102. [PMID: 32473955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells in multicellular organisms rely on secreted ligands for development and morphogenesis. Several mechanisms modulate the availability and distribution of secreted ligands, determining their ability to signal locally and at long range from their source. One of these mechanisms is Dally-like protein (Dlp), a cell-surface glypican that exhibits biphasic functions in Drosophila wing discs, promoting Wg signaling at long-range from Wg source cells and inhibiting Wg signaling near source cells. In the germarium at the tip of the ovary, Dlp promotes long-range distribution of Wg from cap cells to follicle stem cells. However, the germarium also expresses other Wnts - Wnt2, Wnt4, and Wnt6 - that function locally in escort cells to promote oogenesis. Whether and how local functions of these Wnts are regulated remains unknown. Here we show that the dlp overexpression phenotype is multifaceted and phenocopies multiple Wnt loss-of-function phenotypes. Each aspect of dlp overexpression phenotype is suppressed by co-expression of individual Wnts, and the suppression pattern exhibited by each Wnt suggests that Wnts have functional specificity in the germarium. Further, dlp knockdown phenocopies Wnt gain-of-function phenotypes. Together these data show that Dlp inhibits the functions of each Wnt. All four Wnts co-immunoprecipitate with Dlp in S2R+ cells, suggesting that in the germarium, Dlp sequesters Wnts to inhibit local paracrine Wnt signaling. Our results indicate that Dlp modulates the availability of multiple extracellular Wnts for local paracrine Wnt signaling in the germarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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10
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Tu R, Duan B, Song X, Xie T. Dlp-mediated Hh and Wnt signaling interdependence is critical in the niche for germline stem cell progeny differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0480. [PMID: 32426496 PMCID: PMC7220319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple signaling pathways work synergistically in various niches to control stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, it remains poorly understood how they cooperate with one another molecularly. In the Drosophila ovary, Hh and Wnt pathways function in the niche to promote germline stem cell (GSC) progeny differentiation. Here, we show that glypican Dlp-mediated Hh and Wnt signaling interdependence operates in the niche to promote GSC progeny differentiation by preventing BMP signaling. Hh/Wnt-mediated dlp repression is essential for their signaling interdependence in niche cells and for GSC progeny differentiation by preventing BMP signaling. Mechanistically, Hh and Wnt downstream transcription factors directly bind to the same dlp regulatory region and recruit corepressors composed of transcription factor Croc and Egg/H3K9 trimethylase to repress Dlp expression. Therefore, our study reveals a novel mechanism for Hh/Wnt signaling-mediated direct dlp repression and a novel regulatory mechanism for Dlp-mediated Hh/Wnt signaling interdependence in the GSC differentiation niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Tu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Bo Duan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Zhang H, Cai Y. Signal transduction pathways regulating Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 37:1-7. [PMID: 31726320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) serve as one of the best understood stem cell types. GSCs reside in a special microenvironment, the stem cell niche, and their activity is tightly regulated by niche-derived signals. In addition to the stemness-promoting signaling molecules, the niche also generates other signaling molecules that regulate GSC differentiation. Recent studies are beginning to appreciate the intricate interactions among these signaling molecules in the niche and their effects on GSC behaviour. This review summarizes recent advances to demonstrate how the niche functions as a signaling hub to integrate these niche-derived local signals as well as other organ-produced systemic signals to control GSC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
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12
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Hayashi Y, Yoshinari Y, Kobayashi S, Niwa R. The regulation of Drosophila ovarian stem cell niches by signaling crosstalk. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 37:23-29. [PMID: 32087560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila female ovary is an excellent model for investigating how multiple stem cell types are coordinately regulated in vivo. The ovary contains at least two stem cell types, germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic follicular stem cells (FSCs). Although GSCs and FSCs are maintained within a distinct extra-cellular microenvironment, known as a niche, they share some common signaling molecules to generate their own niche. To properly maintain these stem cell types, understanding how signaling molecules are regulated is essential. In this review, we summarize the recent understanding of the mechanisms maintaining GSCs and FSCs from the perspective of growth factor regulation and discuss how these regulatory mechanisms contribute to stem cell maintenance, competition, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Yuto Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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13
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Sokolova OA, Mikhaleva EA, Kharitonov SL, Abramov YA, Gvozdev VA, Klenov MS. Special vulnerability of somatic niche cells to transposable element activation in Drosophila larval ovaries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1076. [PMID: 31974416 PMCID: PMC6978372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila ovary, somatic escort cells (ECs) form a niche that promotes differentiation of germline stem cell (GSC) progeny. The piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) pathway, which represses transposable elements (TEs), is required in ECs to prevent the accumulation of undifferentiated germ cells (germline tumor phenotype). The soma-specific piRNA cluster flamenco (flam) produces a substantial part of somatic piRNAs. Here, we characterized the biological effects of somatic TE activation on germ cell differentiation in flam mutants. We revealed that the choice between normal and tumorous phenotypes of flam mutant ovaries depends on the number of persisting ECs, which is determined at the larval stage. Accordingly, we found much more frequent DNA breaks in somatic cells of flam larval ovaries than in adult ECs. The absence of Chk2 or ATM checkpoint kinases dramatically enhanced oogenesis defects of flam mutants, in contrast to the germline TE-induced defects that are known to be mostly suppressed by сhk2 mutation. These results demonstrate a crucial role of checkpoint kinases in protecting niche cells against deleterious TE activation and suggest substantial differences between DNA damage responses in ovarian somatic and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya A Sokolova
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Mikhaleva
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey L Kharitonov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Research, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri A Abramov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Gvozdev
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail S Klenov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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14
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Li K, Pan WT, Ma YB, Xu XL, Gao Y, He YQ, Wei L, Zhang JW. BMX activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation and migration in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2019; 27:363-371. [PMID: 31728872 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-019-01024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has become a dangerous killer for the female, which seriously threatened women's life, leading to huge pressures to society. The present study assessed the mechanism underlying the involvement of bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (BMX) in breast cancer development. METHODS The expression of BMX was examined by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of BMX on cell proliferation and migration was detected by Clone formation assay and Transwell assay. In vitro study, the correlation of BMX with Wnt/β-catenin pathway was explored by western blot and TOP/FOP flash assay. RESULTS In the present study, we found that BMX was up-regulated in breast cancer, which was associated with the tumor differentiation and TNM stage. Oncogenic BMX enhanced the ability of breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, BMX could up-regulate the protein expression levels of p-β-catenin (Y142), p-β-catenin(Y654) and inhibit the expression level of p-β-catenin (S33/37), thus activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, we revealed that BMX promoted GSK3β phosphorylation, which suppressed the degradation of β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified that BMX-activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, playing an oncogenic role in breast cancer, suggesting that BMX could become a potential treatment target of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Ting Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Bin Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Qi He
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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15
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Drosophila Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Habituation Latency and Facilitation in Distinct Mushroom Body Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8730-8743. [PMID: 31530645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0633-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is the adaptive behavioral outcome of processes engaged in timely devaluation of non-reinforced repetitive stimuli, but the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms that underlie them are not well understood. To gain insights into these processes we developed and characterized a habituation assay to repetitive footshocks in mixed sex Drosophila groups and demonstrated that acute neurotransmission from adult α/β mushroom body (MB) neurons prevents premature stimulus devaluation. Herein we demonstrate that activity of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase dBtk protein is required within these neurons to prevent premature habituation. Significantly, we also demonstrate that the complementary process of timely habituation to the repetitive stimulation is facilitated by α'/β' MB neurons and also requires dBtk activity. Hence our results provide initial insights into molecular mechanisms engaged in footshock habituation within distinct MB neurons. Importantly, dBtk attenuation specifically within α'/β' neurons leads to defective habituation, which is readily reversible by administration of the antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone suggesting that the loss of the kinase may dysregulate monoamine receptors within these neurons, whose activity underlies the failure to habituate.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Habituation refers to processes underlying decisions to attend or ignore stimuli, which are pivotal to brain function as they underlie selective attention and learning, but the circuits involved and the molecular mechanisms engaged by the process therein are poorly understood. We demonstrate that habituation to repetitive footshock involves two phases mediated by distinct neurons of the Drosophila mushroom bodies and require the function of the dBtk non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Moreover, habituation failure upon dBtk abrogation in neurons where it is required to facilitate the process is readily reversible by antipsychotics, providing conceptual links to particular symptoms of schizophrenia in humans, also characterized by habituation defects and ameliorated by these pharmaceuticals.
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16
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Drummond-Barbosa D. Local and Physiological Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 213:9-26. [PMID: 31488592 PMCID: PMC6727809 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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17
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Kim-Yip RP, Nystul TG. Wingless promotes EGFR signaling in follicle stem cells to maintain self-renewal. Development 2018; 145:dev.168716. [PMID: 30389852 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cell niche boundaries must be precisely maintained to facilitate the segregation of stem cell and daughter cell fates. However, the mechanisms that govern this process in epithelial tissues are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between two signals, Wnt and EGFR, that are necessary for self-renewal of the epithelial follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary, but must be downregulated in cells that have exited the niche to allow for differentiation. We found that Wingless produced by inner germarial sheath (IGS) cells acts over a short distance to activate Wnt signaling in FSCs, and that movement across the FSC niche boundary is limited. In addition, we show that Wnt signaling functions genetically upstream of EGFR signaling by activating the expression of the EGFR ligand, Spitz, and that constitutive activation of EGFR partially rescues the self-renewal defect caused by loss of Wnt signaling. Collectively, our findings support a model in which the Wnt and EGFR pathways operate in a signaling hierarchy to promote FSC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Kim-Yip
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Todd G Nystul
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
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18
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Ote M, Yamamoto D. Enhancing Nanos expression via the bacterial TomO protein is a conserved strategy used by the symbiont Wolbachia to fuel germ stem cell maintenance in infected Drosophila females. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21471. [PMID: 29701280 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxic manipulator of oogenesis (TomO) protein has been identified in the wMel strain of Wolbachia that symbioses with the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, as a protein that affects host reproduction. TomO protects germ stem cells (GSCs) from degeneration, which otherwise occurs in ovaries of host females that are mutant for the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl). We isolated the TomO homologs from wPip, a Wolbachia strain from the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. One of the homologs, TomOwPip 1, exerted the GSC rescue activity in fly Sxl mutants when lacking its hydrophobic stretches. The GSC-rescuing action of the TomOwPip 1 variant was ascribable to its abilities to associate with Nanos (nos) mRNA and to enhance Nos protein expression. The analysis of structure-activity relationships with TomO homologs and TomO deletion variants revealed distinct modules in the protein that are each dedicated to different functions, i.e., subcellular localization, nos mRNA binding or Nos expression enhancement. We propose that modular reshuffling is the basis for structural and functional diversification of TomO protein members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ote
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Neuro-network Evolution Project, Advanced ICT Research Institute, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo Pref 651-2492, Japan
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19
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Evolution of oncogenic signatures of mutation hotspots in tyrosine kinases supports the atavistic hypothesis of cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8256. [PMID: 29844492 PMCID: PMC5974376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been shown as an evolutionary process emerging hallmarks that are reminiscent of unicellular organisms. Since cancer is mostly driven by somatic mutations, especially by oncogenic hotspot mutations, we proposed a molecular atavism of cancer caused by gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes. As tyrosine kinase (TK) family contains the largest subgroup of oncogenes with hotspot mutations, we traced the most predominant mutation hotspots of TK oncogenes across phylogeny with the domain information and adjacent sequences integrated as onco-signatures. We detected 9 out of 17 TK oncogenes with onco-homologs possessing an onco-signature, which could be divided into two classes by whether their onco-homologs existed in mammals or not. In Class I we identified mammalian onco-homologs assuming oncogenic functions with onco-signatures always intact in cancer, such as HCK and LYN. In Class II with no bona fide mammalian onco-homologs, Pyk2, a protist onco-homolog with an onco-signature of BRAF was found assuming oncogenic-like functions. Onco-signatures in both classes root deep in the primitive system. Together, these evidences supported our proposal that cancer can be driven by reverse evolution of oncogenes through gain-of-function mutations. And also for the first time, we provided the specific targets for experimental verification of the atavistic hypothesis of cancer.
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20
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Kline A, Curry T, Lewellyn L. The Misshapen kinase regulates the size and stability of the germline ring canals in the Drosophila egg chamber. Dev Biol 2018; 440:99-112. [PMID: 29753016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular bridges are conserved structures that allow neighboring cells to exchange cytoplasmic material; defects in intercellular bridges can lead to infertility in many organisms. Here, we use the Drosophila egg chamber to study the mechanisms that regulate intercellular bridges. Within the developing egg chamber, the germ cells (15 nurse cells and 1 oocyte) are connected to each other through intercellular bridges called ring canals, which expand over the course of oogenesis to support the transfer of materials from the nurse cells to the oocyte. The ring canals are enriched in actin and actin binding proteins, and many proteins have been identified that localize to the germline ring canals and control their expansion and stability. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for the Ste20 family kinase, Misshapen (Msn), in regulation of the size of the germline ring canals. Msn localizes to ring canals throughout most of oogenesis, and depletion of Msn led to the formation of larger ring canals. Over-expression of Msn decreased ring canal diameter, and expression of a membrane tethered form of Msn caused ring canal detachment and nurse cell fusion. Altering the levels or localization of Msn also led to changes in the actin cytoskeleton and altered the localization of E-cadherin, which suggests that Msn could be indirectly limiting ring canal size by altering the structure or dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and/or adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kline
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Travis Curry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Lindsay Lewellyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA.
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21
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Waghmare I, Page-McCaw A. Wnt Signaling in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation in the Drosophila Germarium. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030127. [PMID: 29495453 PMCID: PMC5867848 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a conserved regulator of stem cell behaviors, and the Drosophila germarium has been an important model tissue for the study of stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and proliferation. Here we review Wnt signaling in the germarium, which houses two distinct types of ovarian stem cells: the anteriorly located germline stem cells (GSCs), which give rise to oocytes; and the mid-posteriorly located follicle stem cells (FSCs), which give rise to the somatic follicle cells that cover a developing oocyte. The maintenance and proliferation of GSCs and FSCs is regulated by the stem cell niches, whereas differentiation of the germline is regulated by the differentiation niche. Four distinct Wnt ligands are localized in the germarium, and we focus review on how these Wnt ligands and Wnt signaling affects maintenance and differentiation of both germline and follicle stem cells in their respective niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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22
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Wang X, Page-McCaw A. Wnt6 maintains anterior escort cells as an integral component of the germline stem cell niche. Development 2018; 145:dev.158527. [PMID: 29361569 PMCID: PMC5818006 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in a niche, a local environment whose cellular and molecular complexity is still being elucidated. In Drosophila ovaries, germline stem cells depend on cap cells for self-renewing signals and physical attachment. Germline stem cells also contact the anterior escort cells, and here we report that anterior escort cells are absolutely required for germline stem cell maintenance. When escort cells die from impaired Wnt signaling or hid expression, the loss of anterior escort cells causes loss of germline stem cells. Anterior escort cells function as an integral niche component by promoting DE-cadherin anchorage and by transiently expressing the Dpp ligand to promote full-strength BMP signaling in germline stem cells. Anterior escort cells are maintained by Wnt6 ligands produced by cap cells; without Wnt6 signaling, anterior escort cells die leaving vacancies in the niche, leading to loss of germline stem cells. Our data identify anterior escort cells as constituents of the germline stem cell niche, maintained by a cap cell-produced Wnt6 survival signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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23
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Hamada-Kawaguchi N, Yamamoto D. Ovarian polarity and cell shape determination by Btk29A in Drosophila. Genesis 2017. [PMID: 28639397 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Btk29A is a Tec family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, the ortholog of which causes X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans when mutant. In Btk29AficP mutant ovaries, multiple defects are observed: extrapolar cells form ectopically; osk mRNA fails to accumulate posteriorly in mature oocytes; the shape and alignment of follicle cells are grossly distorted. All these phenotypes are rescued by selectively overexpressing the type 2 isoform of wild-type Btk29A in follicle cells. Expression of certain proteins enriched in adherens junctions is markedly affected in Btk29AficP mutants; the anterior-posterior gradient normally observed in the expression of DE-Cadherin and Armadillo are lost and Canoe is sequestered from adherens junctions. Intriguingly, tyrosine phosphorylation of Canoe is reduced in Btk29AficP mutants. It is proposed that Btk29A is required for the establishment of egg chamber polarity presumably through the regulation of subcellular localization of its downstream proteins, including Cno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hamada-Kawaguchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Piwi proteins and their bound Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are predominantly expressed in the germline and play crucial roles in germline development by silencing transposons and other targets. Bombyx mori BmN4 cells are culturable germ cells that equip the piRNA pathway. Because of the scarcity of piRNA-expressing culturable cells, BmN4 cells are being utilized for the analyses of piRNA biogenesis. We here report that the piRNA biogenesis in BmN4 cells is regulated by cell density. As cell density increased, the abundance of Piwi proteins and piRNA biogenesis factors was commonly upregulated, resulting in an increased number of perinuclear nuage-like granules where Piwi proteins localize. Along with these phenomena, the abundance of mature piRNAs also globally increased, whereas levels of long piRNA precursor and transposons decreased, suggesting that increasing cell density promotes piRNA biogenesis pathway and that the resultant accumulation of mature piRNAs is functionally significant for transposon silencing. Our study reveals a previously uncharacterized link between cell density and piRNA biogenesis, designates cell density as a critical variable in piRNA studies using BmN4 cell system, and suggests the alteration of cell density as a useful tool to monitor piRNA biogenesis and function.
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25
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Huang J, Reilein A, Kalderon D. Yorkie and Hedgehog independently restrict BMP production in escort cells to permit germline differentiation in the Drosophila ovary. Development 2017; 144:2584-2594. [PMID: 28619819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways guide the behavior and differentiation of both germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila germarium, necessitating careful control of signal generation, range and responses. Signal integration involves escort cells (ECs), which promote differentiation of the GSC derivatives they envelop, provide niche signals for FSCs and derive directly from FSCs in adults. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induces the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki) to promote proliferation and maintenance of FSCs, but Hh also signals to ECs, which are quiescent. Here, we show that in ECs both Hh and Yki limit production of BMP ligands to allow germline differentiation. Loss of Yki produced a more severe germarial phenotype than loss of Hh signaling and principally induced a different BMP ligand. Moreover, Yki activity reporters and epistasis tests showed that Yki does not mediate the key actions of Hh signaling in ECs. Thus, both the coupling and output of the Hh and Yki signaling pathways differ between FSCs and ECs despite their proximity and the fact that FSCs give rise directly to ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Amy Reilein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
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26
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Smith CIE. From identification of the BTK kinase to effective management of leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:2045-2053. [PMID: 27669440 PMCID: PMC5395699 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BTK is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase, whose corresponding gene was isolated in the early 1990s. BTK was initially identified by positional cloning of the gene causing X-linked agammaglobulinemia and independently in a search for new kinases. Given the phenotype of affected patients, namely lack of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells with the ensuing inability to mount humoral immune responses, BTK inhibitors were anticipated to have beneficial effects on antibody-mediated pathologies, such as autoimmunity. In contrast to, for example, the SRC-family of cytoplasmic kinases, there was no obvious way in which structural alterations would yield constitutively active forms of BTK, and such mutations were also not found in leukemias or lymphomas. In 2007, the first efficient inhibitor, ibrutinib, was reported and soon became approved both in the United States and in Europe for the treatment of three B-cell malignancies, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Over the past few years, additional inhibitors have been developed, with acalabrutinib being more selective, and recently demonstrating fewer clinical adverse effects. The antitumor mechanism is also not related to mutations in BTK. Instead tumor residency in lymphoid organs is inhibited, making these drugs highly versatile. BTK is one of the only 10 human kinases that carry a cysteine in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cleft. As this allows for covalent, irreversible inhibitor binding, it provides these compounds with a highly advantageous character. This quality may be crucial and bodes well for the future of BTK-modifying medicines, which have been estimated to reach annual multi-billion dollar sales in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I E Smith
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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27
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Screening and Analysis of Janelia FlyLight Project Enhancer-Gal4 Strains Identifies Multiple Gene Enhancers Active During Hematopoiesis in Normal and Wasp-Challenged Drosophila Larvae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:437-448. [PMID: 27913635 PMCID: PMC5295592 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A GFP expression screen has been conducted on >1000 Janelia FlyLight Project enhancer-Gal4 lines to identify transcriptional enhancers active in the larval hematopoietic system. A total of 190 enhancers associated with 87 distinct genes showed activity in cells of the third instar larval lymph gland and hemolymph. That is, gene enhancers were active in cells of the lymph gland posterior signaling center (PSC), medullary zone (MZ), and/or cortical zone (CZ), while certain of the transcriptional control regions were active in circulating hemocytes. Phenotypic analyses were undertaken on 81 of these hematopoietic-expressed genes, with nine genes characterized in detail as to gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes in larval hematopoietic tissues and blood cells. These studies demonstrated the functional requirement of the cut gene for proper PSC niche formation, the hairy, Btk29A, and E2F1 genes for blood cell progenitor production in the MZ domain, and the longitudinals lacking, dFOXO, kayak, cap-n-collar, and delilah genes for lamellocyte induction and/or differentiation in response to parasitic wasp challenge and infestation of larvae. Together, these findings contribute substantial information to our knowledge of genes expressed during the larval stage of Drosophila hematopoiesis and newly identify multiple genes required for this developmental process.
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28
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Abstract
The process of sexual differentiation is central for reproduction of almost all metazoan and therefore for maintenance of practically all multicellular organisms. In sex development we can distinguish two different processes: First, sex determination is the developmental decision that directs the undifferentiated embryo into a sexually dimorphic individual. In mammals, sex determination equals gonadal development. The second process known as sex differentiation takes place once the sex determination decision has been made through factors produced by the gonads that determine the development of the phenotypic sex. Most of the knowledge on the factors involved in sexual development came from animal models and from studies of cases in whom the genetic or the gonadal sex does not match the phenotypical sex, i.e., patients affected by disorders of sex development (DSD). Generally speaking, factors influencing sex determination are transcriptional regulators, whereas factors important for sex differentiation are secreted hormones and their receptors. This review focuses on the factors involved in gonadal determination, and whenever possible, references on the "prismatic" clinical cases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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29
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Yakushev EY, Mikhaleva EA, Abramov YA, Sokolova OA, Zyrianova IM, Gvozdev VA, Klenov MS. The role of Piwi nuclear localization in the differentiation and proliferation of germline stem cells. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Li X, Yang F, Chen H, Deng B, Li X, Xi R. Control of germline stem cell differentiation by Polycomb and Trithorax group genes in the niche microenvironment. Development 2016; 143:3449-3458. [PMID: 27510973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb and Trithorax group (PcG and TrxG) genes function to regulate gene transcription by maintaining a repressive or active chromatin state, respectively. This antagonistic activity is important for body patterning during embryonic development, but whether this function module has a role in adult tissues is unclear. Here, we report that in the Drosophila ovary, disruption of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), specifically in the supporting escort cells, causes blockage of cystoblast differentiation and germline stem cell-like tumor formation. Tumors are caused by derepression of decapentaplegic (dpp), which prevents cystoblast differentiation. Interestingly, activation of dpp in escort cells requires the function of the TrxG gene brahma (brm), suggesting that loss of PRC1 in escort cells causes Brm-dependent dpp expression. Our study suggests a requirement for balanced activity between PcG and TrxG in an adult stem cell niche, and disruption of this balance could lead to the loss of tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fu Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
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31
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Ote M, Ueyama M, Yamamoto D. Wolbachia Protein TomO Targets nanos mRNA and Restores Germ Stem Cells in Drosophila Sex-lethal Mutants. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2223-32. [PMID: 27498563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia, endosymbiotic bacteria prevalent in invertebrates, manipulate their hosts in a variety of ways: they induce cytoplasmic incompatibility, male lethality, male-to-female transformation, and parthenogenesis. However, little is known about the molecular basis for host manipulation by these bacteria. In Drosophila melanogaster, Wolbachia infection makes otherwise sterile Sex-lethal (Sxl) mutant females capable of producing mature eggs. Through a functional genomic screen for Wolbachia genes with growth-inhibitory effects when expressed in cultured Drosophila cells, we identified the gene WD1278 encoding a novel protein we call toxic manipulator of oogenesis (TomO), which phenocopies some of the Wolbachia effects in Sxl mutant D. melanogaster females. We demonstrate that TomO enhances the maintenance of germ stem cells (GSCs) by elevating Nanos (Nos) expression via its interaction with nos mRNA, ultimately leading to the restoration of germ cell production in Sxl mutant females that are otherwise without GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ote
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Morio Ueyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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32
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Mottier-Pavie VI, Palacios V, Eliazer S, Scoggin S, Buszczak M. The Wnt pathway limits BMP signaling outside of the germline stem cell niche in Drosophila ovaries. Dev Biol 2016; 417:50-62. [PMID: 27364467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that modulate and limit the signaling output of adult stem cell niches remain poorly understood. To gain further insights into how these microenvironments are regulated in vivo, we performed a candidate gene screen designed to identify factors that restrict BMP signal production to the cap cells that comprise the germline stem cell (GSC) niche of Drosophila ovaries. Through these efforts, we found that disruption of Wnt4 and components of the canonical Wnt pathway results in a complex germ cell phenotype marked by an expansion of GSC-like cells, pre-cystoblasts and cystoblasts in young females. This phenotype correlates with an increase of decapentaplegic (dpp) mRNA levels within escort cells and varying levels of BMP responsiveness in the germline. Further genetic experiments show that Wnt4, which exhibits graded expression in somatic cells of germaria, activates the Wnt pathway in posteriorly positioned escort cells. The activation of the Wnt pathway appears to be limited by the BMP pathway itself, as loss of Mad in escort cells results in the expansion of Wnt pathway activation. Wnt pathway activity changes within germaria during the course of aging, coincident with changes in dpp production. These data suggest that mutual antagonism between the BMP and Wnt pathways in somatic cells helps to regulate germ cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine I Mottier-Pavie
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Victor Palacios
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Susan Eliazer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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33
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Upadhyay M, Martino Cortez Y, Wong-Deyrup S, Tavares L, Schowalter S, Flora P, Hill C, Nasrallah MA, Chittur S, Rangan P. Transposon Dysregulation Modulates dWnt4 Signaling to Control Germline Stem Cell Differentiation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005918. [PMID: 27019121 PMCID: PMC4809502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and differentiation are required for the sustained production of gametes. GSC differentiation in Drosophila oogenesis requires expression of the histone methyltransferase dSETDB1 by the somatic niche, however its function in this process is unknown. Here, we show that dSETDB1 is required for the expression of a Wnt ligand, Drosophila Wingless type mouse mammary virus integration site number 4 (dWnt4) in the somatic niche. dWnt4 signaling acts on the somatic niche cells to facilitate their encapsulation of the GSC daughter, which serves as a differentiation cue. dSETDB1 is known to repress transposable elements (TEs) to maintain genome integrity. Unexpectedly, we found that independent upregulation of TEs also downregulated dWnt4, leading to GSC differentiation defects. This suggests that dWnt4 expression is sensitive to the presence of TEs. Together our results reveal a chromatin-transposon-Wnt signaling axis that regulates stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Upadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Yesenia Martino Cortez
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - SiuWah Wong-Deyrup
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Leticia Tavares
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sean Schowalter
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pooja Flora
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Corinne Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohamad Ali Nasrallah
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sridar Chittur
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- CFG Core Facility, University at Albany SUNY, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Sunouchi K, Koganezawa M, Yamamoto D. REQUIREMENT OF THE TEC FAMILY TYROSINE KINASE BTK29A FOR COURTSHIP MEMORY IN Drosophila MALES. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:165-174. [PMID: 26782301 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A male Drosophila that is not successful in courtship will reduce his courtship efforts in the next encounter with a female. This courtship suppression persists for more than 1 h in wild-type males. The Btk29A(ficP) mutant males null for the Btk29A type 2 isoform, a fly homolog of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Btk, show no courtship suppression, while Btk29A hypomorphic males exhibit a rapid decline in courtship suppression, leading to its complete loss within 30 min. The males of a revertant stock or Btk29A(ficP) males that are also mutant for parkas, a gene encoding the presumptive negative regulator of Btk29A, exhibit normal courtship suppression. Since another behavioral assay has shown that Btk29A(ficP) mutants are sensitization-defective, we hypothesize that the mutant flies are unable to maintain the neural excitation state acquired by experience, resulting in the rapid loss of courtship suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sunouchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Koganezawa
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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35
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Wang S, Gao Y, Song X, Ma X, Zhu X, Mao Y, Yang Z, Ni J, Li H, Malanowski KE, Anoja P, Park J, Haug J, Xie T. Wnt signaling-mediated redox regulation maintains the germ line stem cell differentiation niche. eLife 2015; 4:e08174. [PMID: 26452202 PMCID: PMC4598714 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells continuously undergo self-renewal and generate differentiated cells. In the Drosophila ovary, two separate niches control germ line stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and differentiation processes. Compared to the self-renewing niche, relatively little is known about the maintenance and function of the differentiation niche. In this study, we show that the cellular redox state regulated by Wnt signaling is critical for the maintenance and function of the differentiation niche to promote GSC progeny differentiation. Defective Wnt signaling causes the loss of the differentiation niche and the upregulated BMP signaling in differentiated GSC progeny, thereby disrupting germ cell differentiation. Mechanistically, Wnt signaling controls the expression of multiple glutathione-S-transferase family genes and the cellular redox state. Finally, Wnt2 and Wnt4 function redundantly to maintain active Wnt signaling in the differentiation niche. Therefore, this study has revealed a novel strategy for Wnt signaling in regulating the cellular redox state and maintaining the differentiation niche. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08174.001 An animal or plant has many different types of cells that have specific roles in the life of the organism. These cells are organized into tissues. In most tissues in adult animals, small groups of cells called stem cells are responsible for replacing the other cells that have been lost due to disease, injury, or as part of normal body maintenance. The ‘germ line’ stem cells of female fruit flies—which produce female sex cells (or eggs)—are an effective system for studying how stem cells are regulated. These cells live in an area of the ovary called a stem cell niche. Each time a stem cell divides, it produces one stem cell and one other daughter cell. This daughter cell then moves into another niche called the ‘differentiation’ niche and undergoes a series of divisions that produce the egg cells. The differentiation niche is formed by escort cells and is crucial for producing the egg cells, but it is not clear how the escort cells promote this process, or how the niche is maintained. Wang et al. have now studied the differentiation niche in more detail. The experiments show that a cell communication system called Wnt signaling maintains the differentiation niche by controlling the ability of the escort cells to grow and divide. If Wnt signaling is defective, the differentiation niche is lost, which disrupts the formation of egg cells. Further experiments show that two proteins called Wnt2 and Wnt4 in the differentiation niche—which activate Wnt signaling—act as signals to regulate the niche, mainly by controlling the expression of four particular genes. These four genes encode enzymes that remove ‘reactive oxygen species’ from cells. Wang et al.'s findings have revealed an important role for Wnt signaling in maintaining the differentiation niche. The next step is to figure out the details of how this works. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08174.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Xing Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
| | - Xiujuan Zhu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Ying Mao
- Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Ni
- Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Perera Anoja
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jungeun Park
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jeff Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
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36
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Li C, Kan L, Chen Y, Zheng X, Li W, Zhang W, Cao L, Lin X, Ji S, Huang S, Zhang G, Liu X, Tao Y, Wu S, Chen D. Ci antagonizes Hippo signaling in the somatic cells of the ovary to drive germline stem cell differentiation. Cell Res 2015; 25:1152-70. [PMID: 26403189 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many stem cell populations are tightly regulated by their local microenvironment (niche), which comprises distinct types of stromal cells. However, little is known about mechanisms by which niche subgroups coordinately determine the stem cell fate. Here we identify that Yki, the key Hippo pathway component, is essential for escort cell (EC) function in promoting germline differentiation in Drosophila ovary. We found that Hedgehog (Hh) signals emanating primarily from cap cells support the function of ECs, where Cubitus interruptus (Ci), the Hh signaling effector, acts to inhibit Hippo kinase cascade activity. Mechanistically, we found that Ci competitively interacts with Hpo and impairs the Hpo-Wts signaling complex formation, thereby promoting Yki nuclear localization. The actions of Ci ensure effective Yki signaling to antagonize Sd/Tgi/Vg-mediated default repression in ECs. This study uncovers a mechanism explaining how subgroups of niche cells coordinate to determine the stem cell fate via Hh-Hippo signaling crosstalk, and enhances our understanding of mechanistic regulations of the oncogenic Yki/YAP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lijuan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiudeng Zheng
- Centre for Computational and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shanming Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shoujun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Centre for Computational and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dahua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
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Luo L, Wang H, Fan C, Liu S, Cai Y. Wnt ligands regulate Tkv expression to constrain Dpp activity in the Drosophila ovarian stem cell niche. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:595-608. [PMID: 26008746 PMCID: PMC4442805 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Wnt ligands produced by cap cells regulate the expression of Tkv, which acts as a receptor sink to remove excess cap cell–expressed Dpp and to restrict niche-associated Dpp activity, in escort cells. Stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation is regulated by the niche, which provides localized molecules that favor self-renewal. In the Drosophila melanogaster female germline stem cell (GSC) niche, Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a fly transforming growth factor β molecule and well-established long-range morphogen, acts over one cell diameter to maintain the GSCs. Here, we show that Thickveins (Tkv; a type I receptor of Dpp) is highly expressed in stromal cells next to Dpp-producing cells and functions to remove excess Dpp outside the niche, thereby spatially restricting its activity. Interestingly, Tkv expression in these stromal cells is regulated by multiple Wnt ligands that are produced by the niche. Our data demonstrate a self-restraining mechanism by which the Drosophila ovarian GSC niche acts to define its own boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Luo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604
| | - Huashan Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604
| | - Chao Fan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604
| | - Sen Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604
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Mugat B, Akkouche A, Serrano V, Armenise C, Li B, Brun C, Fulga TA, Van Vactor D, Pélisson A, Chambeyron S. MicroRNA-Dependent Transcriptional Silencing of Transposable Elements in Drosophila Follicle Cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005194. [PMID: 25993106 PMCID: PMC4451950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference-related silencing mechanisms concern very diverse and distinct biological processes, from gene regulation (via the microRNA pathway) to defense against molecular parasites (through the small interfering RNA and the Piwi-interacting RNA pathways). Small non-coding RNAs serve as specificity factors that guide effector proteins to ribonucleic acid targets via base-pairing interactions, to achieve transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation. Because of the small sequence complementarity required for microRNA-dependent post-transcriptional regulation, thousands of microRNA (miRNA) putative targets have been annotated in Drosophila. In Drosophila somatic ovarian cells, genomic parasites, such as transposable elements (TEs), are transcriptionally repressed by chromatin changes induced by Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that prevent them from invading the germinal genome. Here we show, for the first time, that a functional miRNA pathway is required for the piRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing of TEs in this tissue. Global miRNA depletion, caused by tissue- and stage-specific knock down of drosha (involved in miRNA biogenesis), AGO1 or gawky (both responsible for miRNA activity), resulted in loss of TE-derived piRNAs and chromatin-mediated transcriptional de-silencing of TEs. This specific TE de-repression was also observed upon individual titration (by expression of the complementary miRNA sponge) of two miRNAs (miR-14 and miR-34) as well as in a miR-14 loss-of-function mutant background. Interestingly, the miRNA defects differentially affected TE- and 3' UTR-derived piRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first indication of possible differences in the biogenesis or stability of TE- and 3' UTR-derived piRNAs. This work is one of the examples of detectable phenotypes caused by loss of individual miRNAs in Drosophila and the first genetic evidence that miRNAs have a role in the maintenance of genome stability via piRNA-mediated TE repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mugat
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdou Akkouche
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Serrano
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Armenise
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Blaise Li
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Brun
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Tudor A. Fulga
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alain Pélisson
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Chambeyron
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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Gvozdev VA, Stolyarenko AD, Klenov MS. Functions of piRNAs and the Piwi protein in Drosophila. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Btk29A-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of armadillo/β-catenin promotes ring canal growth in Drosophila oogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121484. [PMID: 25803041 PMCID: PMC4372500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Btk29A is the ortholog of mammalian Btk, a Tec family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase whose deficit causes X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans. The Btk29AficP mutation induces multiple abnormalities in oogenesis, including the growth arrest of ring canals, large intercellular bridges that allow the flow of cytoplasm carrying maternal products essential for embryonic development from the nurse cells to the oocyte during oogenesis. In this study, inactivation of Parcas, a negative regulator of Btk29A, was found to promote Btk29A accumulation on ring canals with a concomitant increase in the ring canal diameter, counteracting the Btk29AficP mutation. This mutation markedly reduced the accumulation of phosphotyrosine on ring canals and in the regions of cell-cell contact, where adhesion-supporting proteins such as DE-cadherin and β-catenin ortholog Armadillo (Arm) are located. Our previous in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed that Btk29A directly phosphorylates Arm, leading to its release from DE-cadherin. In the present experiments, immunohistological analysis revealed that phosphorylation at tyrosine 150 (Y150) and Y667 of Arm was diminished in Btk29AficP mutant ring canals. Overexpression of an Arm mutant with unphosphorylatable Y150 inhibited ring canal growth. Thus Btk29A-induced Y150 phosphorylation is necessary for the normal growth of ring canals. We suggest that the dissociation of tyrosine-phosphorylated Arm from DE-cadherin allows dynamic actin to reorganize, leading to ring canal expansion and cell shape changes during the course of oogenesis.
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Tsikala G, Karagogeos D, Strigini M. Btk-dependent epithelial cell rearrangements contribute to the invagination of nearby tubular structures in the posterior spiracles of Drosophila. Dev Biol 2014; 396:42-56. [PMID: 25305143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila respiratory system consists of two connected organs, the tracheae and the spiracles. Together they ensure the efficient delivery of air-borne oxygen to all tissues. The posterior spiracles consist internally of the spiracular chamber, an invaginated tube with filtering properties that connects the main tracheal branch to the environment, and externally of the stigmatophore, an extensible epidermal structure that covers the spiracular chamber. The primordia of both components are first specified in the plane of the epidermis and subsequently the spiracular chamber is internalized through the process of invagination accompanied by apical cell constriction. It has become clear that invagination processes do not always or only rely on apical constriction. We show here that in mutants for the src-like kinase Btk29A spiracle cells constrict apically but do not complete invagination, giving rise to shorter spiracular chambers. This defect can be rescued by using different GAL4 drivers to express Btk29A throughout the ectoderm, in cells of posterior segments only, or in the stigmatophore pointing to a non cell-autonomous role for Btk29A. Our analysis suggests that complete invagination of the spiracular chamber requires Btk29A-dependent planar cell rearrangements of adjacent non-invaginating cells of the stigmatophore. These results highlight the complex physical interactions that take place among organ components during morphogenesis, which contribute to their final form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tsikala
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maura Strigini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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