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Morgan GJ. Ludwik Gross, Sarah Stewart, and the 1950s discoveries of Gross murine leukemia virus and polyoma virus. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 48 Pt B:200-209. [PMID: 25223721 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Polish-American scientist Ludwik Gross made two important discoveries in the early 1950s. He showed that two viruses - murine leukemia virus and parotid tumor virus - could cause cancer when they were injected into susceptible animals. At first, Gross's discoveries were greeted with skepticism: it seemed implausible that viruses could cause a disease as complex as cancer. Inspired by Gross's initial experiments, similar results were obtained by Sarah Stewart and Bernice Eddy who later renamed the parotid tumor virus SE polyoma virus after finding it could cause many different types of tumors in mice, hamsters, and rats. Eventually the "SE" was dropped and virologists adopted the name "polyoma virus." After Gross's work was published, additional viruses capable of causing solid tumors or blood-borne tumors in mice were described by Arnold Graffi, Charlotte Friend, John Moloney and others. By 1961, sufficient data had been accumulated for Gross to confidently publish an extensive monograph--Oncogenic Viruses--the first history of tumor virology, which became a standard reference work and marked the emergence of tumor virology as a distinct, legitimate field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Morgan
- College of Arts and Letters, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
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2
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Integration in Europe of human genetics results obtained by Spaniards in the USA: A historical perspective. Scientometrics 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-1861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hirsch
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Abstract
We analyzed the mutation frequency to 8-azaguanine (8AZ) resistance in rat FR3T3 cells acutely infected with simian virus 40 wild type and tsA and early deletion mutants and in a series of temperature-sensitive (N) and temperature-insensitive (A) transformants derived from Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. Upon acute infection, the frequency of mutation to 8AZ resistance was raised at most by two- to eightfold over the spontaneous frequency, and it was independent of the presence of a functional 90,000-molecular-weight T antigen or 20,000-molecular-weight t antigen or both. Similarly, in the stable transformants of CHL cells, no correlation was found between functional T antigens and mutation to 8AZ resistance. It therefore seems unlikely that simian virus 40-induced transformation results from any mutagenic activity of this virus.
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Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Martin RG. Relationship of simian virus 40 tumor antigens to virus-induced mutagenesis. Mol Cell Biol 1983; 3:421-8. [PMID: 6302474 PMCID: PMC368551 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.3.421-428.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the mutation frequency to 8-azaguanine (8AZ) resistance in rat FR3T3 cells acutely infected with simian virus 40 wild type and tsA and early deletion mutants and in a series of temperature-sensitive (N) and temperature-insensitive (A) transformants derived from Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. Upon acute infection, the frequency of mutation to 8AZ resistance was raised at most by two- to eightfold over the spontaneous frequency, and it was independent of the presence of a functional 90,000-molecular-weight T antigen or 20,000-molecular-weight t antigen or both. Similarly, in the stable transformants of CHL cells, no correlation was found between functional T antigens and mutation to 8AZ resistance. It therefore seems unlikely that simian virus 40-induced transformation results from any mutagenic activity of this virus.
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6
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Cancer research. A Study of Praxis-Related Theoretical Developments in Chemistry, The Biosciences and Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7080-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Watson JD. Sixth Daniel C. Baker, Jr. Memorial Lecture, Induction of cancer by DNA viruses. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89:489-96. [PMID: 6257157 DOI: 10.1177/000348948008900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The life cycles of the tumor virus SV40 and polyoma are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of the viral coded proteins which mediate the transformation of normal cells into their cancerous equivalents. One of more of these proteins possibly act by stimulating directly the synthesis of cellular DNA, while others may mimic the action of polypeptide mitogens that act at the cell surface.
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Somers KD. Increased cyclic AMP content directly correlated with morphological transformation of cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of mouse sarcoma virus. IN VITRO 1980; 16:851-8. [PMID: 6252097 DOI: 10.1007/bf02619422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Normal rat kidney cells infected with a cold-sensitive mutant of mouse sarcoma virus [NRK(MSV-lb)] morphologically transform when exposed to adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) at the restrictive temperature. The cAMP-induced morphological changes occur rapidly and are reversible. Agents capable of elevating endogenous levels of cAMP [prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and cholera toxin (CT)] induced morphological transformation of NRK(MSV-lb) cells at the restrictive temperature that was concentration dependent, potentiated by cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and not prevented by inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Prostaglandin E1 stimulated a transient increase in the intracellular level of cAMP with a concomitant morphological transformation and reversion of cells as cAMP levels decline. The maximum increase is reached by 10 min, followed by a decline to near basal level by 80 min. In contrast, incubation of cells with CT resulted in irreversible morphological transformation and increased levels of cAMP first detectable by 1 hr with maximum levels reached by 24 hr. Heated CT (100 degrees C, 20 min) was without effect. Addition of CT to reverted PGE1-treated cells resulted in morphological transformation suggesting the existence of discrete receptors in NRK(MSV-lb) cells.
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Smets LA. Cell transformation as a model for tumor induction and neoplastic growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 605:93-111. [PMID: 6989401 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(80)90022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Abstract
A theory based on frustrated phagocytosis is advanced to explain the carcinogenesis of fibers and films. Exocytosis combined with flexion of a foreign body permits the escape of superoxide radicals which, in a manner similar to that postulated for ionizing radiation, induces somatic mutations. The theory is subject to experimental verification, and offers hope for the development of preventive therapy which can be used to prevent some of the fibrosis and cancer resulting from asbestos inhalation.
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Kulka R, Loyter A. The Use of Fusion Methods for the Microinjection of Animal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Baltimore D. Retroviruses and cancer. Hosp Pract (1995) 1978; 13:49-57. [PMID: 74354 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1978.11707256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All RNA viruses that cause cancer under natural conditions fall into the "retro" category, meaning that the first step in their replication is the "reverse transcription" of RNA into DNA. This peculiarity of their biologic behavior has helped explain other intriguing features of these viruses and opened new directions for future research into the role of viruses in altering the infected cell's genetic material and in oncogenesis.
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Spandidos DA, Siminovitch L. Transfer of anchorage independence by isolated metaphase chromosomes in hamster cells. Cell 1977; 12:675-82. [PMID: 562717 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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DRUMMOND MARTINH, GORDON MILTONP, NESTER EUGENEW, CHILTON MARYDELL. Foreign DNA of bacterial plasmid origin is transcribed in crown gall tumours. Nature 1977. [DOI: 10.1038/269535a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moro L, Smith BD. Identification of collagen alpha1(I) trimer and normal type I collagen in a polyoma virus-induced mouse tumor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 182:33-41. [PMID: 196556 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW. Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis. Cell 1977; 11:263-71. [PMID: 890735 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Giannelli F. Tumours of the Skin. Proc R Soc Med 1977. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577707000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Giannelli
- Guy's Hospital Medical School, London SE1 9RT
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22
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Sen A, Sherr CJ, Todaro GJ. Phosphorylation of murine type C viral p12 proteins regulates their extent of binding to the homologous viral RNA. Cell 1977; 10:489-96. [PMID: 844104 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purified p12 phosphoprotein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into subpopulations of molecules containing different amounts of covalently linked phosphate. Of the various phosphorylated forms of p12 protein purified from virions, only a species containing relatively little phosphate can bind in vitro to purified homologous 70S viral RNA. Using ultraviolet irradiation to stabilize ribonucleoprotein complexes in intact virions, the same molecular species of p12 phosphoprotein can be isolated in close association with the 70S viral genome. The results show that phosphorylation of type C viral p12 proteins influences the extent, but not the specificity, of their interaction with homologous viral RNA.
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METZLER DAVIDE. Biochemical Genetics and the Synthesis of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Biochemistry 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-492550-2.50020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
I have discussed the observations and experiments that led to the formulation and establishment of the provirus hypothesis and the DNA provirus hypothesis, which includes RNA-directed DNA synthesis for the formation of the provirus. I have also discussed some aspects of the present status of our knowledge of the mechanism of formation of the DNA provirus both to point out the work remaining to be done and to illustrate hypotheses for the origins of ribodeoxyviruses and the origins of other animal enveloped RNA viruses and of animal small DNA viruses. Finally, I have indicated that I do not believe that infectious viruses cause most human cancers, but I do believe that viruses provide models of the processes involved in the etiology of human cancer.
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