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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK, S A. Therapeutic implications of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:603-619. [PMID: 36178363 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2130297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely popular neurodegenerative condition associated with dementia, responsible for around 70% of the cases. There are presently 50 million people living with dementia in the world, but this number is anticipated to increase to 152 million by 2050, posing a substantial socioeconomic encumbrance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms that cause AD remain unidentified, and currently, no therapy is available. Numerous signalling paths related to AD neuropathology, including glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), have been investigated as potential targets for the treatment of AD in current years.GSK-3β is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is linked to a variety of biological activities, comprising glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. GSK-3β is also involved in the pathophysiology of sporadic as well as familial types of AD, which has led to the development of the GSK3 theory of AD. GSK-3β is a critical performer in the pathology of AD because dysregulation of this kinase affects all the main symbols of the disease such as amyloid formation, tau phosphorylation, neurogenesis and synaptic and memory function. The current review highlights present-day knowledge of GSK-3β-related neurobiology, focusing on its role in AD pathogenesis signalling pathways. It also explores the possibility of targeting GSK-3β for the management of AD and offers an overview of the present research work in preclinical and clinical studies to produce GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Arulmozhi S
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
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Nuytemans K, Rajabli F, Jean-Francois M, Kurup JT, Adams LD, Starks TD, Whitehead PL, Kunkle BW, Caban-Holt A, Haines JL, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Byrd GS, Beecham GW, Reitz C, Pericak-Vance MA. Genetic analyses in multiplex families confirms chromosome 5q35 as a risk locus for Alzheimer's Disease in individuals of African Ancestry. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:125-133. [PMID: 37952397 PMCID: PMC11131578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of genetic studies of Alzheimer Disease (AD) in individuals of African Ancestry, despite evidence suggesting increased risk of AD in the African American (AA) population. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and multipoint linkage analyses in 51 multi-generational AA AD families ascertained through the Research in African American Alzheimer Disease Initiative (REAAADI) and the National Institute on Aging Late Onset Alzheimer's disease (NIA-LOAD) Family Based Study. Variants were prioritized on minor allele frequency (<0.01), functional potential of coding and noncoding variants, co-segregation with AD and presence in multi-ancestry ADSP release 3 WGS data. We identified a significant linkage signal on chromosome 5q35 (HLOD=3.3) driven by nine families. Haplotype segregation analysis in the family with highest LOD score identified a 3'UTR variant in INSYN2B with the most functional evidence. Four other linked AA families harbor within-family shared variants located in INSYN2B's promoter or enhancer regions. This AA family-based finding shows the importance of diversifying population-level genetic data to better understand the genetic determinants of AD on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Jean-Francois
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jiji Thulaseedhara Kurup
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Takiyah D Starks
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Patrice L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Allison Caban-Holt
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Goldie S Byrd
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Angelidou IA, Stocker H, Beyreuther K, Teichmann B. Validation of the "Perceptions Regarding pRE-Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Screening" (PRE-ADS) Questionnaire in the German Population: Attitudes, Motivations, and Barriers to Pre-Symptomatic Dementia Screening. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:309-325. [PMID: 38189757 PMCID: PMC10789340 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes, motivations, and barriers to pre-symptomatic screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the general population are unclear, and validated measurement tools are lacking. OBJECTIVE Translation and validation of the German version of the "Perceptions regarding pRE-symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Screening" (PRE-ADS) questionnaire. METHODS A convenience sample (N = 256) was recruited via an online platform. Validation of the PRE-ADS-D consisted of assessments of reliability, structural validity using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and construct validity using known-group tests. A subscale "Acceptability of Screening", with 5 PRE-ADS-D items, was extracted to measure acceptance of screening in clinical practice. The STROBE checklist was used for reporting. RESULTS EFA revealed a three-factor model for the PRE-ADS-D. Acceptable to good internal consistency was found for the 25-item scale (α= 0.78), as well as for the three factors "Concerns about Screening" (α= 0.85), "Intention to be Screened" (α= 0.87), and "Preventive Health Behaviors" (α= 0.81). Construct validity was confirmed for both the 25-item PRE-ADS-D and the "Acceptability of Screening" scale (α= 0.91). Overall, 51.2% of the participants showed a preference for screening. Non-parametric tests were conducted to further explore group differences of the sample. CONCLUSIONS The PRE-ADS-D is a reliable and valid tool to measure attitudes, motives, and barriers regarding pre-symptomatic dementia screening in the German-speaking general population. Additionally, the subscale "Acceptability of Screening" demonstrated good construct validity and reliability, suggesting its promising potential as a practical tool in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Stocker
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Teichmann
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Huang X, Yuan S, Ling Y, Cheng H, Tan S, Xu A, Lyu J. Evaluating the effect of kidney function on brain volumes and dementia risk in the UK Biobank. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105157. [PMID: 37634304 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between kidney function with the risk of dementia and brain volumes. METHODS A total of 452,996 UK Biobank participants with calculated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) were included. We utilized Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses to examine the relationships between kidney function and the risk of all-cause dementia (ACD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD). Additionally, we explored the correlations between kidney function and brain magnetic resonance indicators among 40,380 participants. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12 years, 5,258 incident ACD cases were identified. The deterioration of kidney function was associated with an increased risk of ACD. When compared to eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m², the highest risk increase was evident for eGFRcre < 30 ml/min/1.73 m² (adjusted HR = 2.372, 95% CI: 1.444-3.897, P < 0.001), with eGFRcys showing greater significance (adjusted HR = 3.045, 95% CI: 2.212-4.191, P < 0.001), especially in relation to AD. Compared to the ACR level in the range of 3-30 mg/mmol, the category of > 30 mg/mmol was associated with an increased risk of ACD (adjusted HR = 1.720, 95% CI: 1.350-2.190, P < 0.001). Moreover, the decline in kidney function was associated with the total brain volume atrophy and reduction in certain subcortical areas. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that diminished kidney function, as evidenced by a drop in eGFR and aggravated proteinuria, elevates dementia risk. Associated brain structural changes further underpin this connection from a neuro-pathophysiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shiqi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yitong Ling
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shanyuan Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Anding Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatization, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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5
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Nikom D, Zheng S. Alternative splicing in neurodegenerative disease and the promise of RNA therapies. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:457-473. [PMID: 37336982 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing generates a myriad of RNA products and protein isoforms of different functions from a single gene. Dysregulated alternative splicing has emerged as a new mechanism broadly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease and repeat expansion diseases. Understanding the mechanisms and functional outcomes of abnormal splicing in neurological disorders is vital in developing effective therapies to treat mis-splicing pathology. In this Review, we discuss emerging research and evidence of the roles of alternative splicing defects in major neurodegenerative diseases and summarize the latest advances in RNA-based therapeutic strategies to target these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nikom
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sika Zheng
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Berry AS, Harrison TM. New perspectives on the basal forebrain cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105192. [PMID: 37086935 PMCID: PMC10249144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) has long been implicated in age-related cognitive changes and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Limitations of cholinergic interventions helped to inspire a shift away from BFCS in AD research. A resurgence in interest in the BFCS following methodological and analytical advances has resulted in a call for the BFCS to be examined in novel frameworks. We outline the basic structure and function of the BFCS, its role in supporting cognitive and affective function, and its vulnerability to aging and AD. We consider the BFCS in the context of the amyloid hypothesis and evolving concepts in AD research: resilience and resistance to pathology, selective neuronal vulnerability, trans-synaptic pathology spread and sleep health. We highlight 1) the potential role of the BFCS in cognitive resilience, 2) recent work refining understanding about the selective vulnerability of BFCS to AD, 3) BFCS connectivity that suggests it is related to tau spreading and neurodegeneration and 4) the gap between BFCS involvement in AD and sleep-wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa M Harrison
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Wu S, Yang F, Chao S, Wang B, Wang W, Li H, Yu L, He L, Li X, Sun L, Qin S. Altered DNA methylome profiles of blood leukocytes in Chinese patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Genet 2023; 14:1175864. [PMID: 37388929 PMCID: PMC10300350 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1175864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: DNA methylation plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the global changes of blood leukocyte DNA methylome profiles from Chinese patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and with AD, or the specific DNA methylation-based signatures associated with MCI and AD. In this study, we sought to dissect the characteristics of blood DNA methylome profiles in MCI- and AD-affected Chinese patients with the aim of identifying novel DNA methylation biomarkers for AD. Methods: In this study, we profiled the DNA methylome of peripheral blood leukocytes from 20 MCI- and 20 AD-affected Chinese patients and 20 cognitively healthy controls (CHCs) with the Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip array. Results: We identified significant alterations of the methylome profiles in MCI and AD blood leukocytes. A total of 2,582 and 20,829 CpG sites were significantly and differentially methylated in AD and MCI compared with CHCs (adjusted p < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, 441 differentially methylated positions (DMPs), aligning to 213 unique genes, were overlapped by the three comparative groups of AD versus CHCs, MCI versus CHCs, and AD versus MCI, of which 6 and 5 DMPs were continuously hypermethylated and hypomethylated in MCI and AD relative to CHCs (adjusted p < 0.05), respectively, such as FLNC cg20186636 and AFAP1 cg06758191. The DMPs with an area under the curve >0.900, such as cg18771300, showed high potency for predicting MCI and AD. In addition, gene ontology and pathway enrichment results showed that these overlapping genes were mainly involved in neurotransmitter transport, GABAergic synaptic transmission, signal release from synapse, neurotransmitter secretion, and the regulation of neurotransmitter levels. Furthermore, tissue expression enrichment analysis revealed a subset of potentially cerebral cortex-enriched genes associated with MCI and AD, including SYT7, SYN3, and KCNT1. Conclusion: This study revealed a number of potential biomarkers for MCI and AD, also highlighted the presence of epigenetically dysregulated gene networks that may engage in the underlying pathological events resulting in the onset of cognitive impairment and AD progression. Collectively, this study provides prospective cues for developing therapeutic strategies to improve cognitive impairment and AD course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochang Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering in Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Lin He Academician New Medicine, Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Chao
- Research Center for Lin He Academician New Medicine, Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Research Center for Lin He Academician New Medicine, Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuqian Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Lin He Academician New Medicine, Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Limei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering in Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liya Sun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Lin He Academician New Medicine, Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Editorial Office, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bustos LM, Sattler R. The Fault in Our Astrocytes - cause or casualties of proteinopathies of ALS/FTD and other neurodegenerative diseases? FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1075805. [PMID: 39165755 PMCID: PMC11334001 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1075805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases fall under the class of diseases known as proteinopathies, whereby the structure and localization of specific proteins become abnormal. These aberrant proteins often aggregate within cells which disrupts vital homeostatic and physiological cellular functions, ultimately contributing to cell death. Although neurodegenerative disease research is typically neurocentric, there is evidence supporting the role of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Specifically, the role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases has been an ever-growing area of research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide an array of essential homeostatic functions that are disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes can exhibit a reactive phenotype that is characterized by molecular changes, as well as changes in morphology and function. In neurodegenerative diseases, there is potential for reactive astrocytes to assume a loss-of-function phenotype in homeostatic operations such as synapse maintenance, neuronal metabolic support, and facilitating cell-cell communication between glia and neurons. They are also able to concurrently exhibit gain-of-function phenotypes that can be destructive to neural networks and the astrocytes themselves. Additionally, astrocytes have been shown to internalize disease related proteins and reflect similar or exacerbated pathology that has been observed in neurons. Here, we review several major neurodegenerative disease-specific proteinopathies and what is known about their presence in astrocytes and the potential consequences regarding cell and non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M. Bustos
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rita Sattler
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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9
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Arafah A, Khatoon S, Rasool I, Khan A, Rather MA, Abujabal KA, Faqih YAH, Rashid H, Rashid SM, Bilal Ahmad S, Alexiou A, Rehman MU. The Future of Precision Medicine in the Cure of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:335. [PMID: 36830872 PMCID: PMC9953731 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This decade has seen the beginning of ground-breaking conceptual shifts in the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which acknowledges risk elements and the evolving wide spectrum of complicated underlying pathophysiology among the range of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Significant improvements in diagnosis, treatments, and mitigation of AD are likely to result from the development and application of a comprehensive approach to precision medicine (PM), as is the case with several other diseases. This strategy will probably be based on the achievements made in more sophisticated research areas, including cancer. PM will require the direct integration of neurology, neuroscience, and psychiatry into a paradigm of the healthcare field that turns away from the isolated method. PM is biomarker-guided treatment at a systems level that incorporates findings of the thorough pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders as well as methodological developments. Comprehensive examination and categorization of interrelated and convergent disease processes, an explanation of the genomic and epigenetic drivers, a description of the spatial and temporal paths of natural history, biological markers, and risk markers, as well as aspects about the regulation, and the ethical, governmental, and sociocultural repercussions of findings at a subclinical level all require clarification and realistic execution. Advances toward a comprehensive systems-based approach to PM may finally usher in a new era of scientific and technical achievement that will help to end the complications of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Khatoon
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Iyman Rasool
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College (GMC-Srinagar), Karan Nagar, Srinagar 190010, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Bryd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | | | - Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Haidingergasse 29, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Maurya R, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Gohil N, Singh P, Mani I, Chu DT, Ramakrishna S, Show PL, Singh V. Amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:261-270. [PMID: 36813361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein expressed in several tissues. The occurrence of APP is predominant in synapses of nerve cells. It acts as a cell surface receptor and plays a vital role as a regulator of synapse formation, iron export and neural plasticity. It is encoded by the APP gene that is regulated by substrate presentation. APP is a precursor protein activated by proteolytic cleavage and thereby generating amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides which eventually form amyloid plaques that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease patients' brains. In this chapter, we highlight basic mechanism, structure, expression patterns and cleavage of amyloid plaques, and its diagnosis and potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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Princiotta Cariddi L, Mauri M, Cosentino M, Versino M, Marino F. Alzheimer's Disease: From Immune Homeostasis to Neuroinflammatory Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13008. [PMID: 36361799 PMCID: PMC9658357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease is the most common cause in the world of progressive cognitive decline. Although many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been proposed, in recent years, neuroinflammation has been hypothesized to be an important contributing factor of Alzheimer's Disease pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation can occur through the combined action of the Central Nervous System resident immune cells and adaptive peripheral immune system. In the past years, immunotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases have focused wrongly on targeting protein aggregates Aβ plaques and NFT treatment. The role of both innate and adaptive immune cells has not been fully clarified, but several data suggest that immune system dysregulation plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Recent studies have focused especially on the role of the adaptive immune system and have shown that inflammatory markers are characterized by increased CD4+ Teff cells' activities and reduced circulating CD4+ Treg cells. In this review, we discuss the key role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the degeneration and regeneration mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, with a focus on how the crosstalk between these two systems is able to sustain brain homeostasis or shift it to a neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Princiotta Cariddi
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Versino
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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12
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Reyes‐Dumeyer D, Faber K, Vardarajan B, Goate A, Renton A, Chao M, Boeve B, Cruchaga C, Pericak‐Vance M, Haines JL, Rosenberg R, Tsuang D, Sweet RA, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Foroud T, Mayeux R. The National Institute on Aging Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study: A resource for genetic discovery. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1889-1897. [PMID: 34978149 PMCID: PMC9250549 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The National Institute on Aging Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-LOAD FBS) was established to study the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Recruitment focused on families with two living affected siblings and a third first-degree relative similar in age with or without dementia. Uniform assessments were completed, DNA was obtained, as was neuropathology, when possible. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, and sequencing was completed in most families. RESULTS APOE genotype modified the age-at-onset in many large families. Novel variants and known variants associated with early- and late-onset AD and frontotemporal dementia were identified supporting an international effort to solve AD genetics. DISCUSSION The NIA-LOAD FBS is the largest collection of familial AD worldwide, and data or samples have been included in 123 publications addressing the genetic etiology of AD. Genetic heterogeneity and variability in the age-at-onset provides opportunities to investigate the complexity of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Reyes‐Dumeyer
- Department of NeurologyTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Kelley Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsNational Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (NCRAD)Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- Department of NeurologyTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics & Genomic SciencesRonald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alan Renton
- Department of Genetics & Genomic SciencesRonald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Chao
- Department of Genetics & Genomic SciencesRonald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Brad Boeve
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Margaret Pericak‐Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsDr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences and Cleveland Institute for Computational BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Roger Rosenberg
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTexasUSA
| | - Debby Tsuang
- GRECC VA Puget SoundDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Departments of Psychiatry and NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsNational Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (NCRAD)Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of NeurologyTaub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Migliorati M, Manrique C, Rahrah M, Escoffier G, El Ahmadi A, Girard SD, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S, Baranger K, Roman FS. The Helico Maze Detects Early Impairment of Reference Memory at Three Months of Age in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:251-262. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The 5XFAD model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) bearing five familial mutations of Alzheimer’s disease on human APP and PSEN1 transgenes shows deposits of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) as early as 2 months, while deficits in long-term memory can be detected at 4 months using the highly sensitive olfactory-dependent tests that we previously reported. Objective: Given that detecting early dysfunctions in AD prior to overt pathology is of major interest in the field, we sought to detect memory deficits at earlier stages of the disease in 3-month-old male 5XFAD mice. Methods: To this end, we used the Helico Maze, a behavioral task that was recently developed and patented. This device allows deeper analysis of learning and subcategories of hippocampal-dependent long-term memory using olfactory cues. Results: Eight male 5XFAD and 6 male wild-type (WT: C57Bl6 background) mice of 3 months of age were tested in the Helico Maze. The results demonstrated, for the first time, a starting deficit of pure reference long-term memory. Interestingly, memory impairment was clearly correlated with Aβ deposits in the hippocampus. While we also found significant differences in astrogliosis between 5XFAD and WT mice, this was not correlated with memory abilities. Conclusion: Our results underline the efficiency of this new olfactory-dependent behavioral task, which is easy to use, with a small cohort of mice. Using the Helico Maze may open new avenues to validate the efficacy of treatments that target early events related to the amyloid-dependent pathway of the disease and AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Migliorati
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Manrique
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Melinda Rahrah
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Guy Escoffier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - François S. Roman
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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Xiong X, Hu T, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Chen F, Lei P. Research advances in the study of sleep disorders, circadian rhythm disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:944283. [PMID: 36062143 PMCID: PMC9428322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.944283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are still no satisfactory answers to the question of why we need to sleep, a better understanding of its function will help to improve societal attitudes toward sleep. Sleep disorders are very common in neurodegenerative diseases and are a key factor in the quality of life of patients and their families. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an insidious and irreversible neurodegenerative disease. Along with progressive cognitive impairment, sleep disorders and disturbances in circadian rhythms play a key role in the progression of AD. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are more common in patients with AD than in the general population and can appear early in the course of the disease. Therefore, this review discusses the bidirectional relationships among circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep disorders, and AD. In addition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for patients with AD and sleep disorders are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Lei,
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15
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HMTM-Mediated Enhancement of Brain Bioenergetics in a Mouse Tauopathy Model Is Blocked by Chronic Administration of Rivastigmine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040867. [PMID: 35453617 PMCID: PMC9029156 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The tau protein aggregation inhibitor hydromethylthionine mesylate (HMTM) was shown recently to have concentration-dependent pharmacological activity in delaying cognitive decline and brain atrophy in phase 3 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials; the activity was reduced in patients receiving symptomatic therapies. The methylthionine (MT) moiety has been reported to increase the clearance of pathological tau and to enhance mitochondrial activity, which is impaired in AD patients. In line 1 (L1) mice (a model of AD), HMTM (5/15 mg/kg) was administered either as a monotherapy or as an add-on to a chronic administration with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine (0.1/0.5 mg/kg) to explore mitochondrial function and energy substrate utilization as potential targets of drug interference. Compared with wild-type NMRI mice, the L1 mice accumulated greater levels of l-lactate and of the LDH-A subunit responsible for the conversion of pyruvate into l-lactate. In contrast, the levels of LDH-B and mitochondrial ETC subunits and the activity of complexes I and IV was not altered in the L1 mice. The activity of complex I and complex IV tended to increase with the HMTM dosing, in turn decreasing l-lactate accumulation in the brains of the L1 mice, despite increasing the levels of LDH-A. The chronic pre-dosing of the L1 mice with rivastigmine partially prevented the enhancement of the activity of complexes I and IV by HMTM and the increase in the levels of LDH-A while further reducing the levels of l-lactate. Thus, HMTM in combination with rivastigmine leads to a depletion in the energy substrate l-lactate, despite bioenergetic production not being favoured. In this study, the changes in l-lactate appear to be regulated by LDH-A, since neither of the experimental conditions affected the levels of LDH-B. The data show that HMTM monotherapy facilitates the use of substrates for energy production, particularly l-lactate, which is provided by astrocytes, additionally demonstrating that a chronic pre-treatment with rivastigmine prevented most of the HMTM-associated effects.
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16
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Song C, Shi J, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhao L, Zhang R, Wang H, Chen H. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: targeting β-amyloid and beyond. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:18. [PMID: 35300725 PMCID: PMC8932191 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly worldwide. However, the complexity of AD pathogenesis leads to discrepancies in the understanding of this disease, and may be the main reason for the failure of AD drug development. Fortunately, many ongoing preclinical and clinical studies will continually open up avenues to unravel disease mechanisms and guide strategies for AD diagnosis and drug development. For example, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins were once deemed almost certainly effective in clinical treatment due to the excellent preclinical results. However, the repeated failures of clinical trials on vaccines and humanized anti-Aβ and anti-tau monoclonal antibodies have resulted in doubts on this strategy. Recently, a new anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody (Aducanumab) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, which brings us back to the realization that immunotherapy strategies targeting Aβ may be still promising. Meanwhile, immunotherapies based on other targets such as tau, microglia and gut-brain axis are also under development. Further research is still needed to clarify the forms and epitopes of targeted proteins to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of immunotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus on the immunotherapies based on Aβ, tau and microglia and their mechanisms of action in AD. In addition, we present up-to-date advances and future perspectives on immunotherapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiyun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Pingao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lanxue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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17
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Kues WA, Kumar D, Selokar NL, Talluri TR. Applications of genome editing tools in stem cells towards regenerative medicine: An update. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:267-279. [PMID: 34819011 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211124095527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Precise and site specific genome editing through application of emerging and modern gene engineering techniques, namely zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) have swiftly progressed the application and use of the stem cell technology in the sphere of in-vitro disease modelling and regenerative medicine. Genome editing tools facilitate the manipulating of any gene in various types of cells with target specific nucleases. These tools aid in elucidating the genetics and etiology behind different diseases and have immense promise as novel therapeutics for correcting the genetic mutations, make alterations and cure diseases permanently that are not responding and resistant to traditional therapies. These genome engineering tools have evolved in the field of biomedical research and have also shown to have a significant improvement in clinical trials. However, their widespread use in research revealed potential safety issues, which need to be addressed before implementing such techniques in clinical purposes. Significant and valiant attempts are being made in order to surpass those hurdles. The current review outlines the advancements of several genome engineering tools and describes suitable strategies for their application towards regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried A Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Höltystr 10, 31535 Neustadt. Germany
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001, Haryana. India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001, Haryana. India
| | - Thirumala Rao Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan. India
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Kumar A, Nemeroff CB, Cooper JJ, Widge A, Rodriguez C, Carpenter L, McDonald WM. Amyloid and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease: Biomarkers or Molecular Targets for Therapy? Are We Shooting the Messenger? Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:1014-1025. [PMID: 34734743 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.19080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neuropsychiatric disorder with devastating clinical and socioeconomic consequences. Since the original description of the neuropathological correlates of the disorder, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been presumed to be critical to the underlying pathophysiology of the illness. The authors review the clinical and neuropathological origins of Alzheimer's disease and trace the evolution of modern biomarkers from their historical roots. They describe how technological innovations such as neuroimaging and biochemical assays have been used to measure and quantify key proteins and lipids in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood and advance their role as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Together with genomics, these approaches have led to the development of a thematic and focused science in the area of degenerative disorders. The authors conclude by drawing distinctions between legitimate biomarkers of disease and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention and discuss future approaches to this complex neurobehavioral illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - Joseph J Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - Alik Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - Carolyn Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - Linda Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
| | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Kumar, Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, and Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, UT Health Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald)
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Morales R, Bravo-Alegria J, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Duran-Aniotz C, Gamez N, Edwards Iii G, Soto C. Transmission of cerebral amyloid pathology by peripheral administration of misfolded Aβ aggregates. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5690-5701. [PMID: 34002023 PMCID: PMC8595465 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports showed that brain Aβ amyloidosis can be induced in animal models by exogenous administration of pre-formed aggregates. To date, only intra-peritoneal and intra-venous administrations are described as effective means to peripherally accelerate brain Aβ amyloidosis by seeding. Here, we show that cerebral accumulation of Aβ can be accelerated after exposing mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to Aβ seeds by different peripheral routes of administration, including intra-peritoneal and intra-muscular. Interestingly, animals receiving drops of brain homogenate laden with Aβ seeds in the eyes were efficiently induced. On the contrary, oral administration of large quantities of brain extracts from aged transgenic mice and AD patients did not have any effect in brain pathology. Importantly, pathological induction by peripheral administration of Aβ seeds generated a large proportion of aggregates in blood vessels, suggesting vascular transport. This information highlights the role of peripheral tissues and body fluids in AD-related pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Centro integrativo de biología y química aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Centro integrativo de biología y química aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga-Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nazaret Gamez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga-Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - George Edwards Iii
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile.
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Pedrero-Prieto CM, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Alcaín FJ, Durán-Prado M, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruiz Y. Biological Significance of the Protein Changes Occurring in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Getting Clues from Proteomic Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1655. [PMID: 34573996 PMCID: PMC8467255 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) deeply irrigates the brain together with the relative simplicity of sample extraction from patients make this biological fluid the best target for biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases. During the last decade, biomarker discovery has been especially fruitful for the identification new proteins that appear in the CSF of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients together with amyloid-β (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). Thus, several proteins have been already stablished as important biomarkers, due to an increase (i.e., CHI3L1) or a decrease (i.e., VGF) in AD patients' CSF. Notwithstanding this, only a deep analysis of a database generated with all the changes observed in CSF across multiple proteomic studies, and especially those using state-of-the-art methodologies, may expose those components or metabolic pathways disrupted at different levels in AD. Deep comparative analysis of all the up- and down-regulated proteins across these studies revealed that 66% of the most consistent protein changes in CSF correspond to intracellular proteins. Interestingly, processes such as those associated to glucose metabolism or RXR signaling appeared inversely represented in CSF from AD patients in a significant manner. Herein, we discuss whether certain cellular processes constitute accurate indicators of AD progression by examining CSF. Furthermore, we uncover new CSF AD markers, such as ITAM, PTPRZ or CXL16, identified by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Alcaín
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Juan R. Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Paseo de Moledores SN, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (C.M.P.-P.); (J.F.-R.); (F.J.A.); (M.D.-P.)
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21
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The potential roles of genetic factors in predicting ageing-related cognitive change and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101402. [PMID: 34242808 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder of uncertain aetiology, although substantial research has been conducted to explore important factors related to risk of onset and progression. Both lifestyle (e.g., complex mental stimulation, vascular health) and genetic factors (e.g., APOE, BDNF, PICALM, CLU, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and other genes) have been associated with AD risk. Despite more than thirty years of genetic research, much of the heritability of AD is not explained by measured loci. This suggests that the missing heritability of AD might be potentially related to rare variants, gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, and potentially epigenetic modulators. Moreover, while ageing is the most substantial factor risk for AD, there are limited longitudinal studies examining the association of genetic factors with decline in cognitive function due to ageing and the preclinical stages of this condition. This review summarises findings from currently available research on the genetic factors of ageing-related cognitive change and AD and suggests some future research directions.
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22
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A novel missense variant in ACAA1 contributes to early-onset Alzheimer's disease, impairs lysosomal function, and facilitates amyloid-β pathology and cognitive decline. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:325. [PMID: 34465723 PMCID: PMC8408221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and brain atrophy, with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits and hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangle accumulation in the brain tissue, which all lead to loss of cognitive function. Pathogenic mutations in the well-known AD causal genes including APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 impair a variety of pathways, including protein processing, axonal transport, and metabolic homeostasis. Here we identified a missense variant rs117916664 (c.896T>C, p.Asn299Ser [p.N299S]) of the acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1) gene in a Han Chinese AD family by whole-genome sequencing and validated its association with early-onset familial AD in an independent cohort. Further in vitro and in vivo evidence showed that ACAA1 p.N299S contributes to AD by disturbing its enzymatic activity, impairing lysosomal function, and aggravating the Aβ pathology and neuronal loss, which finally caused cognitive impairment in a murine model. Our findings reveal a fundamental role of peroxisome-mediated lysosomal dysfunction in AD pathogenesis.
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23
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Bhardwaj S, Kesari KK, Rachamalla M, Mani S, Ashraf GM, Jha SK, Kumar P, Ambasta RK, Dureja H, Devkota HP, Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Singh SK, Dua K, Ruokolainen J, Kamal MA, Ojha S, Jha NK. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: New hope for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Adv Res 2021; 40:207-221. [PMID: 36100328 PMCID: PMC9481950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 are known factors for AD pathobiology. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach hold promises in AD management. CRISPR/Cas9 is utilized to help correct anomalous genetic functions. Off-target mutations may impair the functionality of edited cells. Non-viral vectors show better efficacy and safety than viral vectors.
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious, irreversible, and progressive neurodegenerative health condition manifesting as cognitive deficits and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Approximately 50 million individuals are affected by AD, and the number is rapidly increasing globally. This review explores the role of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the management of AD and its clinical manifestations. Aim of Review This review aims to provide a deep insight into the recent progress in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and its use against neurodegenerative disorders, specifically AD. However, we have referred to its use against parkinsons’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and other human diseases, as is one of the most promising and emerging technologies for disease treatment. Key Scientific Concepts of Review The pathophysiology of AD is known to be linked with gene mutations, that is, presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). However, clinical trials focused at the genetic level could not meet the desired efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool is one of the most powerful technologies for correcting inconsistent genetic signatures and now extensively used for AD management. It has significant potential for the correction of undesired gene mutations associated with AD. This technology has allowed the development of empirical AD models, therapeutic lines, and diagnostic approaches for better understanding the nervous system, from in vitro to in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Emerging Disease, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India.
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24
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Sigmarsdottir TB, McGarrity S, Yurkovich JT, Rolfsson Ó, Sigurjónsson ÓE. Analyzing Metabolic States of Adipogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Genome Scale Metabolic Model Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642681. [PMID: 34150750 PMCID: PMC8212021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their initial discovery in 1976, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been gathering interest as a possible tool to further the development and enhancement of various therapeutics within regenerative medicine. However, our current understanding of both metabolic function and existing differences within the varying cell lineages (e.g., cells in either osteogenesis or adipogenesis) is severely lacking making it more difficult to fully realize the therapeutic potential of MSCs. Here, we reconstruct the MSC metabolic network to understand the activity of various metabolic pathways and compare their usage under different conditions and use these models to perform experimental design. We present three new genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) each representing a different MSC lineage (proliferation, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis) that are biologically feasible and have distinctive cell lineage characteristics that can be used to explore metabolic function and increase our understanding of these phenotypes. We present the most distinctive differences between these lineages when it comes to enriched metabolic subsystems and propose a possible osteogenic enhancer. Taken together, we hope these mechanistic models will aid in the understanding and therapeutic potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah McGarrity
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - James T Yurkovich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Óttar Rolfsson
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The Blood Bank, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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25
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Ceyzériat K, Zilli T, Millet P, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Tournier BB. Learning from the Past: A Review of Clinical Trials Targeting Amyloid, Tau and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:112-125. [PMID: 32129164 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200304085513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and cause of dementia. Characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau, AD pathology has been intensively studied during the last century. After a long series of failed trials of drugs targeting amyloid or Tau deposits, currently, hope lies in the positive results of one Phase III trial, highly debated, and on other ongoing trials. In parallel, some approaches target neuroinflammation, another central feature of AD. Therapeutic strategies are initially evaluated on animal models, in which the various drugs have shown effects on the target (decreasing amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation) and sometimes on cognitive impairment. However, it is important to keep in mind that rodent models have a less complex brain than humans and that the pathology is generally not fully represented. Although they are indispensable tools in the drug discovery process, results obtained from animal models must be viewed with caution. In this review, we focus on the current status of disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation with particular attention on the discrepancy between positive preclinical results on animal models and failures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
Somatic mutations arise postzygotically, producing genetic differences between cells in an organism. Well established as a driver of cancer, somatic mutations also exist in nonneoplastic cells, including in the brain. Technological advances in nucleic acid sequencing have enabled recent break-throughs that illuminate the roles of somatic mutations in aging and degenerative diseases of the brain. Somatic mutations accumulate during aging in human neurons, a process termed genosenium. A number of recent studies have examined somatic mutations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), primarily from the perspective of genes causing familial AD. We have also gained new information on genome-wide mutations, providing insights into the cellular events driving somatic mutation and cellular dysfunction. This review highlights recent concepts, methods, and findings in the progress to understand the role of brain somatic mutation in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Hannah C Reed
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA;
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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28
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Biamonti G, Amato A, Belloni E, Di Matteo A, Infantino L, Pradella D, Ghigna C. Alternative splicing in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:747-758. [PMID: 31583531 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, occurring in approximately 20% of people older than 80. The molecular causes of AD are still poorly understood. However, recent studies have shown that Alternative Splicing (AS) is involved in the gene expression reprogramming associated with the functional changes observed in AD patients. In particular, mutations in cis-acting regulatory sequences as well as alterations in the activity and sub-cellular localization of trans-acting splicing factors and components of the spliceosome machinery are associated with splicing abnormalities in AD tissues, which may influence the onset and progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the current molecular understanding of how alterations in the AS process contribute to AD pathogenesis. Finally, recent therapeutic approaches targeting aberrant AS regulation in AD are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Biamonti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Angela Amato
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Belloni
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Di Matteo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Infantino
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Pradella
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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29
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Sar P, Dalai S. CRISPR/Cas9 in epigenetics studies of health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:309-343. [PMID: 34127198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the heritable phenotypic changes without altering the genotype. Epigenetic processes are such as histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, ADP ribosylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs interactions associated with structural changes in chromatin. The change of structure is either open chromatin for "active" state or closed chromatin for "inactive" state, that regulates important biological phenomenon like chromatin condensation, gene expression, DNA repair, cellular development, differentiation and homeostasis, etc. However, dysregulation of epigenetic patterns causes diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorder, infectious diseases, autoimmunity etc. Besides, the most important clinical uses of Epigenetics studies are i. identification of disease biomarkers and ii. development of their therapeutics. Epigenetic therapies include epi-drugs, combinatorial therapy, nanocarriers, plant-derived products that are being used for changing the epigenetic pattern to reverse gene expression. However, the developed epi- drugs cause off-target gene and transposable elements activation; promote mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in normal cells, are the major hurdles regarding their clinical use. Therefore, advanced epigenetic therapeutics are required to develop target-specific epigenetic modifications to reverse gene expression pattern. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindrome Repeats-associated protein 9) system-mediated gene activation mechanism paves new methods of target-specific epigenetic therapeutics to cure diseases. In this chapter, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 have recently been engineered for epigenome editing. Different strategies have been discussed used for epigenome editing based on their efficacy and complexity. Last but not least we have discussed the limitations, different uses of CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 in the area of genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Sar
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
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30
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Gomes GN, Levine ZA. Defining the Neuropathological Aggresome across in Silico, in Vitro, and ex Vivo Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1974-1996. [PMID: 33464098 PMCID: PMC8362740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The loss of proteostasis over the life course is associated with a wide range of debilitating degenerative diseases and is a central hallmark of human aging. When left unchecked, proteins that are intrinsically disordered can pathologically aggregate into highly ordered fibrils, plaques, and tangles (termed amyloids), which are associated with countless disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, cancer, and even certain viral infections. However, despite significant advances in protein folding and solution biophysics techniques, determining the molecular cause of these conditions in humans has remained elusive. This has been due, in part, to recent discoveries showing that soluble protein oligomers, not insoluble fibrils or plaques, drive the majority of pathological processes. This has subsequently led researchers to focus instead on heterogeneous and often promiscuous protein oligomers. Unfortunately, significant gaps remain in how to prepare, model, experimentally corroborate, and extract amyloid oligomers relevant to human disease in a systematic manner. This Review will report on each of these techniques and their successes and shortcomings in an attempt to standardize comparisons between protein oligomers across disciplines, especially in the context of neurodegeneration. By standardizing multiple techniques and identifying their common overlap, a clearer picture of the soluble neuropathological aggresome can be constructed and used as a baseline for studying human disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory-Neal Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zachary A. Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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31
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Is γ-secretase a beneficial inactivating enzyme of the toxic APP C-terminal fragment C99? J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100489. [PMID: 33662398 PMCID: PMC8027268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, and anatomical grounds led to the proposal of the amyloid cascade hypothesis centered on the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. In this context, a bulk of efforts have aimed at developing therapeutic strategies seeking to reduce Aβ levels, either by blocking its production (γ- and β-secretase inhibitors) or by neutralizing it once formed (Aβ-directed immunotherapies). However, so far the vast majority of, if not all, clinical trials based on these strategies have failed, since they have not been able to restore cognitive function in AD patients, and even in many cases, they have worsened the clinical picture. We here propose that AD could be more complex than a simple Aβ-linked pathology and discuss the possibility that a way to reconcile undoubted genetic evidences linking processing of APP to AD and a consistent failure of Aβ-based clinical trials could be to envision the pathological contribution of the direct precursor of Aβ, the β-secretase-derived C-terminal fragment of APP, βCTF, also referred to as C99. In this review, we summarize scientific evidences pointing to C99 as an early contributor to AD and postulate that γ-secretase should be considered as not only an Aβ-generating protease, but also a beneficial C99-inactivating enzyme. In that sense, we discuss the limitations of molecules targeting γ-secretase and propose alternative strategies seeking to reduce C99 levels by other means and notably by enhancing its lysosomal degradation.
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Rajabli F, Feliciano-Astacio BE, Cukier HN, Wang L, Griswold AJ, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Adams LD, Rodriguez VC, Mena PR, Tejada S, Celis K, Whitehead PL, Van Booven DJ, Hofmann NK, Bussies PL, Prough M, Chinea A, Feliciano NI, Vardarajan BN, Reitz C, Lee JH, Prince MJ, Jimenez IZ, Mayeux RP, Acosta H, Dalgard CL, Haines JL, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Beecham GW, Pericak-Vance MA. Linkage of Alzheimer disease families with Puerto Rican ancestry identifies a chromosome 9 locus. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 104:115.e1-115.e7. [PMID: 33902942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic admixture of Caribbean Hispanics provides an opportunity to discover novel genetic factors in Alzheimer disease (AD). We sought to identify genetic variants for AD through a family-based design using the Puerto Rican (PR) Alzheimer Disease Initiative (PRADI). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and parametric linkage analysis were performed for 100 individuals from 23 multiplex PRADI families. Variants were prioritized by minor allele frequency (<0.01), functional potential [combined annotation dependent depletion score (CADD) >10], and co-segregation with AD. Variants were further ranked using an independent PR case-control WGS dataset (PR10/66). A genome-wide significant linkage peak was found in 9p21 with a heterogeneity logarithm of the odds score (HLOD) >5.1, which overlaps with an AD linkage region from two published independent studies. The region harbors C9orf72, but no expanded repeats were observed in the families. Seven variants prioritized by the PRADI families also displayed evidence for association in the PR10/66 (p < 0.05), including a missense variant in UNC13B. Our study demonstrated the importance of family-based design and WGS in genetic study of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Holly N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kara L Hamilton-Nelson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa C Rodriguez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pedro R Mena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sergio Tejada
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katrina Celis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrice L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Derek J Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia K Hofmann
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Parker L Bussies
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Prough
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angel Chinea
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Nereida I Feliciano
- Hospital De Psiquiatría Estatal Dr. Ramón Fernández Marina-Centro Médico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Prince
- Department of Epidemiological Psychiatry, Centre for Public Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | | | - Richard P Mayeux
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Medina LD, Woo E, Rodriguez-Agudelo Y, Chaparro Maldonado H, Yi D, Coppola G, Zhou Y, Chui HC, Ringman JM. Reaction time and response inhibition in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105656. [PMID: 33310624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subtle deficits in several cognitive domains characterize the neuropsychological profile of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assessment of preclinical individuals with genes causing autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) provides a model for prodromal disease. We sought to sensitively evaluate attention and working memory using a computerized battery in non-demented persons carrying ADAD mutations. METHOD A total of 71 non-demented Latinos at-risk for ADAD mutations were recruited [40 mutation carriers (MCs), 31 non-mutation carriers (NCs)] and completed a Spanish language chronometric battery of speeded decision and working memory tasks. RESULTS On two complex reaction time (RT) tasks involving decision-making and response inhibition, MCs exhibited slower RTs than NCs as they approached their anticipated age of dementia diagnosis. Education moderated these effects, but only in younger MCs. APOE ε4 status was not associated with age-related slowing among NCs or MCs on any of the tests. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate MCs respond more slowly as they approach the age of dementia onset on tasks with greater demands on executive function. Our results also suggest these effects were not explained by APOE ε4 status independently of ADAD mutation status. Computerized reaction time tests can provide sensitive measures of the earliest cognitive changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D Medina
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ellen Woo
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yan Zhou
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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George EK, Reddy PH. Can Healthy Diets, Regular Exercise, and Better Lifestyle Delay the Progression of Dementia in Elderly Individuals? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:S37-S58. [PMID: 31227652 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. Current healthcare costs for over 50 million people afflicted with AD are about $818 million and are projected to be $2 billion by 2050. Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available that can delay and/or prevent the progression of disease in elderly individuals and in AD patients. Loss of synapses and synaptic damage are largely correlated with cognitive decline in AD patients. Women are at a higher lifetime risk of developing AD encompassing two-thirds of the total AD afflicted population. Only about 1-2% of total AD patients can be explained by genetic mutations in APP, PS1, and PS2 genes. Several risk factors have been identified, such as Apolipoprotein E4 genotype, type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, depression, and hormonal imbalance, are reported to be associated with late-onset AD. Strong evidence reveals that antioxidant enriched diets and regular exercise reduces toxic radicals, enhances mitochondrial function and synaptic activity, and improves cognitive function in elderly populations. Current available data on the use of antioxidants in mouse models of AD and antioxidant(s) supplements in diets of elderly individuals were investigated. The use of antioxidants in randomized clinical trials in AD patients was also critically assessed. Based on our survey of current literature and findings, we cautiously conclude that healthy diets, regular exercise, and improved lifestyle can delay dementia progression and reduce the risk of AD in elderly individuals and reverse subjects with mild cognitive impairment to a non-demented state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
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35
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Li QS, Tian C, Hinds D, Seabrook GR. The association of clinical phenotypes to known AD/FTD genetic risk loci and their inter-relationship. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241552. [PMID: 33152005 PMCID: PMC7644002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate how variants in genetic risk loci previously implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and/or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) contribute to expression of disease phenotypes, a phenome-wide association study was performed in two waves. In the first wave, we explored clinical traits associated with thirteen genetic variants previously reported to be linked to disease risk using both the 23andMe and UKB cohorts. We tested 30 additional AD variants in UKB cohort only in the second wave. APOE variants defining ε2/ε3/ε4 alleles and rs646776 were identified to be significantly associated with metabolic/cardiovascular and longevity traits. APOE variants were also significantly associated with neurological traits. ABI3 variant rs28394864 was significantly associated with cardiovascular (e.g. (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, coronary atherosclerosis, angina) and immune-related trait asthma. Both APOE variants and CLU variant were significantly associated with nearsightedness. HLA- DRB1 variant was associated with diseases with immune-related traits. Additionally, variants from 10+ AD genes (BZRAP1-AS1, ADAMTS4, ADAM10, APH1B, SCIMP, ABI3, SPPL2A, ZNF232, GRN, CD2AP, and CD33) were associated with hematological measurements such as white blood cell (leukocyte) count, monocyte count, neutrophill count, platelet count, and/or mean platelet (thrombocyte) volume (an autoimmune disease biomarker). Many of these genes are expressed specifically in microglia. The associations of ABI3 variant with cardiovascular and immune-related traits are one of the novel findings from this study. Taken together, it is evidenced that at least some AD and FTD variants are associated with multiple clinical phenotypes and not just dementia. These findings were discussed in the context of causal relationship versus pleiotropy via Mendelian randomization analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqin S. Li
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao Tian
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | | | - David Hinds
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | - Guy R. Seabrook
- Johnson & Johnson Innovation, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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36
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Mo D, Li X, Raabe CA, Rozhdestvensky TS, Skryabin BV, Brosius J. Circular RNA Encoded Amyloid Beta peptides-A Novel Putative Player in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E2196. [PMID: 33003364 PMCID: PMC7650678 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related detrimental dementia. Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) play a crucial role in the pathology of AD. In familial AD, Aβ are generated from the full-length amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) via dysregulated proteolytic processing; however, in the case of sporadic AD, the mechanism of Aβ biogenesis remains elusive. circRNAs are a class of transcripts preferentially expressed in brain. We identified a circRNA harboring the Aβ-coding region of the APP gene termed circAβ-a. This circular RNA was detected in the brains of AD patients and non-dementia controls. With the aid of our recently established approach for analysis of circRNA functions, we demonstrated that circAβ-a is efficiently translated into a novel Aβ-containing Aβ175 polypeptide (19.2 KDa) in both cultured cells and human brain. Furthermore, Aβ175 was shown to be processed into Aβ peptides-a hallmark of AD. In summary, our analysis revealed an alternative pathway of Aβ biogenesis. Consequently, circAβ-a and its corresponding translation product could potentially represent novel therapeutic targets for AD treatment. Importantly, our data point to yet another evolutionary route for potentially increasing proteome complexity by generating additional polypeptide variants using back-splicing of primary transcripts that yield circular RNA templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Mo
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49—box 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.S.R.); (B.V.S.)
| | - Xinping Li
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.A.R.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Timofey S. Rozhdestvensky
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.S.R.); (B.V.S.)
| | - Boris V. Skryabin
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.S.R.); (B.V.S.)
| | - Juergen Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (C.A.R.); (J.B.)
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, China
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Bi HR, Zhou CH, Zhang YZ, Cai XD, Ji MH, Yang JJ, Chen GQ, Hu YM. Neuron-specific deletion of presenilin enhancer2 causes progressive astrogliosis and age-related neurodegeneration in the cortex independent of the Notch signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:174-185. [PMID: 32961023 PMCID: PMC7816208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presenilin enhancer2 (Pen‐2) is an essential subunit of γ‐secretase, which is a key protease responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Mutations on Pen‐2 cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether Pen‐2 regulates neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in the adult brain. Methods Forebrain neuron‐specific Pen‐2 conditional knockout (Pen‐2 cKO) mice were generated for this study. Pen‐2 cKO mice expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) conditionally in cortical neurons were also generated. Results Loss of Pen‐2 causes astrogliosis followed by age‐dependent cortical atrophy and neuronal loss. Loss of Pen‐2 results in microgliosis and enhanced inflammatory responses in the cortex. Expression of NICD in Pen‐2 cKO cortices ameliorates neither neurodegeneration nor neuroinflammation. Conclusions Pen‐2 is required for neuronal survival in the adult cerebral cortex. The Notch signaling may not be involved in neurodegeneration caused by loss of Pen‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Bi
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Cai
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Lodato MA, Walsh CA. Genome aging: somatic mutation in the brain links age-related decline with disease and nominates pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:R197-R206. [PMID: 31578549 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a mysterious process, not only controlled genetically but also subject to random damage that can accumulate over time. While DNA damage and subsequent mutation in somatic cells were first proposed as drivers of aging more than 60 years ago, whether and to what degree these processes shape the neuronal genome in the human brain could not be tested until recent technological breakthroughs related to single-cell whole-genome sequencing. Indeed, somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) increase with age in the human brain, in a somewhat stochastic process that may nonetheless be controlled by underlying genetic programs. Evidence from the literature suggests that in addition to demonstrated increases in somatic SNVs during aging in normal brains, somatic mutation may also play a role in late-onset, sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss somatic mutation in the human brain, mechanisms by which somatic mutations occur and can be controlled, and how this process can impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lodato
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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39
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Cai T, Tomita T. Structure-activity relationship of presenilin in γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:102-109. [PMID: 32171519 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic research on familial cases of Alzheimer disease have identified presenilin (PS) as an important membrane protein in the pathomechanism of this disease. PS is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, which is responsible for the generation of amyloid-β peptide deposited in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients. γ-Secretase is an atypical protease composed of four membrane proteins (i.e., presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective-1 (Aph-1), and presenilin enhancer-2 (Pen-2)) and mediates intramembrane proteolysis. Numerous investigations have been conducted toward understanding the structural features of γ-secretase components as well as the cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and activity relationship of the γ-secretase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Cai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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40
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Genetic architecture of neurodegenerative dementias. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108014. [PMID: 32097768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetics has been an invaluable tool to help understand the molecular basis of neurodegenerative dementias. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic architecture underlying some of the most prevalent causes of dementia, including Alzheimer's dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body dementia, and prion diseases. We also discuss the complexity of the human genome and how the novel technologies have revolutionized and accelerated the way we screen the variety of our DNA. Finally, we also provide some examples about how this genetic knowledge is being transferred into the clinic through personalized medicine. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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41
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Bajic VP, Essack M, Zivkovic L, Stewart A, Zafirovic S, Bajic VB, Gojobori T, Isenovic E, Spremo-Potparevic B. The X Files: "The Mystery of X Chromosome Instability in Alzheimer's Disease". Front Genet 2020; 10:1368. [PMID: 32047510 PMCID: PMC6997486 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and can occur relatively early or later in life. It is well known that genetic components, such as the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21, are fundamental in early-onset AD (EOAD). To date, however, only the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) gene has been proved to be a genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD). In recent years, despite the hypothesis that many additional unidentified genes are likely to play a role in AD development, it is surprising that additional gene polymorphisms associated with LOAD have failed to come to light. In this review, we examine the role of X chromosome epigenetics and, based upon GWAS studies, the PCDHX11 gene. Furthermore, we explore other genetic risk factors of AD that involve X-chromosome epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan P Bajic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lada Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alan Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Zafirovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma Isenovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nunes KM, Benzaquem DC, Carvalho NDM, Vianez TN, Fernandes ERDQGDSE, Fantin C. Investigation of chromosomal alterations in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 77:855-859. [PMID: 31939582 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) has as its main characteristic the deterioration of cerebral functions. Its etiology is still complex and undefined despite the progress made in understanding its neurological, infectious, biochemical, genetic and cytogenetic mechanisms. METHODS Considering this, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosomal alterations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, and to verify if there was a high frequency of these alterations in patients diagnosed with AD at the University Hospital GetúLio Vargas Outpatient Clinic Araújo Lima in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS Among the nine patients in the AD group, only one patient did not have metaphases with chromosomal alterations (2n = 46,XX), while eight patients with AD showed numerical chromosomal alterations, classified as X chromosome aneupLoidy (2n = 45,X) and double aneupLoidy (2n = 44,X,-X,-10; 2n = 44,X,-X,-13 and 2n = 44,X,-X,-21). CONCLUSION In the control group, no chromosomal changes were found in the karyotypes of these individuals. Therefore, the karyotypes of patients with AD undergo chromosomal alterations at different levels. These findings are being described for the first time in the population of Amazonas, and they highlight the importance of the inclusion of cytogenetic investigations in the routine management of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kledson Moraes Nunes
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Denise Corrêa Benzaquem
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Natalia Dayane Moura Carvalho
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | - Talísia Nascimento Vianez
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, Departamento de Neurologia, Manaus AM, Brasil
| | | | - Cleiton Fantin
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Manaus AM, Brasil
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Penney J, Ralvenius WT, Tsai LH. Modeling Alzheimer's disease with iPSC-derived brain cells. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:148-167. [PMID: 31391546 PMCID: PMC6906186 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. Countless promising therapeutics have shown efficacy in rodent Alzheimer's disease models yet failed to benefit human patients. While hope remains that earlier intervention with existing therapeutics will improve outcomes, it is becoming increasingly clear that new approaches to understand and combat the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease are needed. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies have changed the face of preclinical research and iPSC-derived cell types are being utilized to study an array of human conditions, including neurodegenerative disease. All major brain cell types can now be differentiated from iPSCs, while increasingly complex co-culture systems are being developed to facilitate neuroscience research. Many cellular functions perturbed in Alzheimer's disease can be recapitulated using iPSC-derived cells in vitro, and co-culture platforms are beginning to yield insights into the complex interactions that occur between brain cell types during neurodegeneration. Further, iPSC-based systems and genome editing tools will be critical in understanding the roles of the numerous new genes and mutations found to modify Alzheimer's disease risk in the past decade. While still in their relative infancy, these developing iPSC-based technologies hold considerable promise to push forward efforts to combat Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Penney
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Bram JMDF, Talib LL, Joaquim HPG, Sarno TA, Gattaz WF, Forlenza OV. Protein levels of ADAM10, BACE1, and PSEN1 in platelets and leukocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:963-972. [PMID: 29845446 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a probabilistic formulation that may lack accuracy particularly at early stages of the dementing process. Abnormalities in amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) metabolism and in the level of APP secretases have been demonstrated in platelets, and to a lesser extent in leukocytes, of AD patients, with conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to compare the protein level of the APP secretases A-disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) in platelets and leukocytes from 20 non-medicated older adults with AD and 20 healthy elders, and to determine the potential use of these biomarkers to discriminate cases of AD from controls. The protein levels of all APP secretases were significantly higher in platelets compared to leukocytes. We found statistically a significant decrease in ADAM10 (52.5%, p < 0.0001) and PSEN1 (32%, p = 0.02) in platelets from AD patients compared to controls, but not in leukocytes. Combining all three secretases to generate receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we found a good discriminatory effect (AD vs. controls) when using platelets (the area under the curve-AUC-0.90, sensitivity 88.9%, specificity 66.7%, p = 0.003), but not in leukocytes (AUC 0.65, sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 50.0%, p = 0.2). Our findings indicate that platelets represent a better biological matrix than leukocytes to address the peripheral level of APP secretases. In addition, combining the protein level of ADAM10, BACE1, and PSEN1 in platelets, yielded a good accuracy to discriminate AD from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessyka Maria de França Bram
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Leda Leme Talib
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Helena Passarelli Giroud Joaquim
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Tamires Alves Sarno
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.
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45
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Valenti MT, Serena M, Carbonare LD, Zipeto D. CRISPR/Cas system: An emerging technology in stem cell research. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:937-956. [PMID: 31768221 PMCID: PMC6851009 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new and even more precise technologies for modifying and manipulating the genome has been a challenge since the discovery of the DNA double helix. The ability to modify selectively specific genes provides a powerful tool for characterizing gene functions, performing gene therapy, correcting specific genetic mutations, eradicating diseases, engineering cells and organisms to achieve new and different functions and obtaining transgenic animals as models for studying specific diseases. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has recently revolutionized genome engineering. The application of this new technology to stem cell research allows disease models to be developed to explore new therapeutic tools. The possibility of translating new systems of molecular knowledge to clinical research is particularly appealing for addressing degenerative diseases. In this review, we describe several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 to stem cells related to degenerative diseases. In addition, we address the challenges and future perspectives regarding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 as an important technology in the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Verona 37134, Italy
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Abstract
Importance Worldwide, 47 million people live with dementia and, by 2050, the number is expected to increase to 131 million. Observations Dementia is an acquired loss of cognition in multiple cognitive domains sufficiently severe to affect social or occupational function. In the United States, Alzheimer disease, one cause of dementia, affects 5.8 million people. Dementia is commonly associated with more than 1 neuropathology, usually Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular pathology. Diagnosing dementia requires a history evaluating for cognitive decline and impairment in daily activities, with corroboration from a close friend or family member, in addition to a thorough mental status examination by a clinician to delineate impairments in memory, language, attention, visuospatial cognition such as spatial orientation, executive function, and mood. Brief cognitive impairment screening questionnaires can assist in initiating and organizing the cognitive assessment. However, if the assessment is inconclusive (eg, symptoms present, but normal examination findings), neuropsychological testing can help determine whether dementia is present. Physical examination may help identify the etiology of dementia. For example, focal neurologic abnormalities suggest stroke. Brain neuroimaging may demonstrate structural changes including, but not limited to, focal atrophy, infarcts, and tumor, that may not be identified on physical examination. Additional evaluation with cerebrospinal fluid assays or genetic testing may be considered in atypical dementia cases, such as age of onset younger than 65 years, rapid symptom onset, and/or impairment in multiple cognitive domains but not episodic memory. For treatment, patients may benefit from nonpharmacologic approaches, including cognitively engaging activities such as reading, physical exercise such as walking, and socialization such as family gatherings. Pharmacologic approaches can provide modest symptomatic relief. For Alzheimer disease, this includes an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as donepezil for mild to severe dementia, and memantine (used alone or as an add-on therapy) for moderate to severe dementia. Rivastigmine can be used to treat symptomatic Parkinson disease dementia. Conclusions and Relevance Alzheimer disease currently affects 5.8 million persons in the United States and is a common cause of dementia, which is usually accompanied by other neuropathology, often cerebrovascular disease such as brain infarcts. Causes of dementia can be diagnosed by medical history, cognitive and physical examination, laboratory testing, and brain imaging. Management should include both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches, although efficacy of available treatments remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Dept of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Dept of Family Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Dept of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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A Large Panel of Isogenic APP and PSEN1 Mutant Human iPSC Neurons Reveals Shared Endosomal Abnormalities Mediated by APP β-CTFs, Not Aβ. Neuron 2019; 104:256-270.e5. [PMID: 31416668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) results from mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes. Here we leveraged recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technologies to generate a panel of isogenic knockin human iPSC lines carrying APP and/or PSEN1 mutations. Global transcriptomic and translatomic profiling revealed that fAD mutations have overlapping effects on the expression of AD-related and endocytosis-associated genes. Mutant neurons also increased Rab5+ early endosome size. APP and PSEN1 mutations had discordant effects on Aβ production but similar effects on APP β C-terminal fragments (β-CTFs), which accumulate in all mutant neurons. Importantly, endosomal dysfunction correlated with accumulation of β-CTFs, not Aβ, and could be rescued by pharmacological modulation of β-secretase (BACE). These data display the utility of our mutant iPSCs in studying AD-related phenotypes in a non-overexpression human-based system and support mounting evidence that β-CTF may be critical in AD pathogenesis.
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. Lessons on Differential Neuronal-Death-Vulnerability from Familial Cases of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133297. [PMID: 31277513 PMCID: PMC6651599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), the two most common neurodegenerative pathologies, is aging. In contrast to sporadic cases, whose symptoms appear at >60 years of age, familial PD or familial AD affects younger individuals. Finding early biological markers of these diseases as well as efficacious treatments for both symptom relief and delaying disease progression are of paramount relevance. Familial early-onset PD/AD are due to genetic factors, sometimes a single mutation in a given gene. Both diseases have neuronal loss and abnormal accumulations of specific proteins in common, but in different brain regions. Despite shared features, the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological processes are not known. This review aims at finding, among the genetic-associated cases of PD and AD, common trends that could be of interest to discover reliable biomarkers and efficacious therapies, especially those aimed at affording neuroprotection, i.e., the prevention of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Chemistry School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 02028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Salud del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Yuksel M, Tacal O. Trafficking and proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein and secretases in Alzheimer's disease development: An up-to-date review. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172415. [PMID: 31132354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is predicted to affect 1 in 85 persons worldwide by 2050, results in progressive loss of neuronal functions, leading to impairments in memory and cognitive abilities. As being one of the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, senile plaques mainly consist of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. Although the overproduction and accumulation of Aβ peptides are at the center of AD research, the new discoveries point out to the complexity of the disease development. In this respect, it is crucial to understand the processing and the trafficking of APP, the enzymes involved in its processing, the cleavage products and their therapeutic potentials. This review summarizes the salient features of APP processing focusing on APP, the canonical secretases as well as the novel secretases and the cleavage products with an update of the recent developments. We also discussed the intracellular trafficking of APP and secretases in addition to their potential in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Yuksel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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50
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Zhang DF, Fan Y, Xu M, Wang G, Wang D, Li J, Kong LL, Zhou H, Luo R, Bi R, Wu Y, Li GD, Li M, Luo XJ, Jiang HY, Tan L, Zhong C, Fang Y, Zhang C, Sheng N, Jiang T, Yao YG. Complement C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Natl Sci Rev 2018; 6:257-274. [PMID: 31032141 PMCID: PMC6477931 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and has a high level of genetic heritability and population heterogeneity. In this study, we performed the whole-exome sequencing of Han Chinese patients with familial and/or early-onset Alzheimer's disease, followed by independent validation, imaging analysis and function characterization. We identified an exome-wide significant rare missense variant rs3792646 (p.K420Q) in the C7 gene in the discovery stage (P = 1.09 × 10−6, odds ratio = 7.853) and confirmed the association in different cohorts and a combined sample (1615 cases and 2832 controls, Pcombined = 2.99 × 10−7, odds ratio = 1.930). The risk allele was associated with decreased hippocampal volume and poorer working memory performance in early adulthood, thus resulting in an earlier age of disease onset. Overexpression of the mutant p.K420Q disturbed cell viability, immune activation and β-amyloid processing. Electrophysiological analyses showed that the mutant p.K420Q impairs the inhibitory effect of wild type C7 on the excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons. These findings suggested that C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guihong Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Li Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | | | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Nengyin Sheng
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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