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Gressel J. The naming of the blue UV photoreceptor "cryptochrome": From despised pun to ubiquitously found chromophore(s) controlling multiple functions. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:521-523. [PMID: 37946612 DOI: 10.1111/php.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A triple-peaked UV-blue photoacceptor was first found in fungi and nicknamed cryptochrome due to its being cryptic and found then only in cryptogamous plants. It was subsequently discovered in higher plants and even later in algae, insects, fish, amphibians, and mammals including humans. Cryptochrome is the photoacceptor controlling a plethora of properties in all these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gressel
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Henríquez-Urrutia M, Spanner R, Olivares-Yánez C, Seguel-Avello A, Pérez-Lara R, Guillén-Alonso H, Winkler R, Herrera-Estrella AH, Canessa P, Larrondo LF. Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. eLife 2022; 11:71358. [PMID: 35950750 PMCID: PMC9427114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are important for an individual’s fitness, and recent studies have underlined their role in the outcome of biological interactions. However, the relevance of circadian clocks in fungal–fungal interactions remains largely unexplored. We sought to characterize a functional clock in the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride to assess its importance in the mycoparasitic interaction against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Thus, we confirmed the existence of circadian rhythms in T. atroviride, which are temperature-compensated and modulated by environmental cues such as light and temperature. Nevertheless, the presence of such molecular rhythms appears to be highly dependent on the nutritional composition of the media. Complementation of a clock null (Δfrq) Neurospora crassa strain with the T. atroviride-negative clock component (tafrq) restored core clock function, with the same period observed in the latter fungus, confirming the role of tafrq as a bona fide core clock component. Confrontation assays between wild-type and clock mutant strains of T. atroviride and B. cinerea, in constant light or darkness, revealed an inhibitory effect of light on T. atroviride’s mycoparasitic capabilities. Interestingly, when confrontation assays were performed under light/dark cycles, T. atroviride’s overgrowth capacity was enhanced when inoculations were at dawn compared to dusk. Deleting the core clock-negative element FRQ in B. cinerea, but not in T. atroviride, was vital for the daily differential phenotype, suggesting that the B. cinerea clock has a more significant influence on the result of this interaction. Additionally, we observed that T. atroviride clock components largely modulate development and secondary metabolism in this fungus, including the rhythmic production of distinct volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thus, this study provides evidence on how clock components impact diverse aspects of T. atroviride lifestyle and how daily changes modulate fungal interactions and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Henríquez-Urrutia
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Spanner
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Olivares-Yánez
- Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel-Avello
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Lara
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cetz-Chel JE, Balcázar-López E, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Herrera-Estrella A. The Trichoderma atroviride putative transcription factor Blu7 controls light responsiveness and tolerance. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:327. [PMID: 27142227 PMCID: PMC4855978 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most living organisms use sunlight as a source of energy and/or information about their environment. Consequently, they have developed mechanisms to sense light quality and quantity. In the fungus Trichoderma atroviride blue-light is perceived through the Blue Light Regulator Complex, which in turn up-regulates a set of genes (blu) and down-regulates another set (bld), triggering asexual reproduction. To gain insight into this process, we characterized the blu7 gene, which encodes a protein containing a C2H2 zinc finger domain. Results Δblu7 mutants show reduced conidiation at low light fluences, which is still clear even when exposed to saturating light. For the first time we show a genome wide survey of light regulated gene expression in T. atroviride, including RNA-seq analyses of the wild type and the Δblu7 strains after brief exposure to blue-light. Our data show a reduction in the number of induced genes and an increase in down-regulated genes in the mutant. Light activates stress responses and several metabolic processes in the wild type strain that are no longer activated in the mutant. In agreement with the misregulation of metabolic processes, continuous exposure to white light strongly inhibited growth of the ∆blu7 mutant, in a carbon source dependent fashion. RNA-seq analyses under constant white light using glucose as sole carbon source revealed that localization and transport process present the opposite regulation pattern in the ∆blu7 and wild type strains. Genes related to amino acid, sugar and general transporters were enriched in the induced genes in the mutant and the repressed genes of the wild type. Peptone supplemented in the media restored growth of the ∆blu7 mutant in constant light, suggesting a role of Blu7 in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the presence of light. Conclusions Blu7 appears to regulate light sensitivity in terms of induction of conidiation, and to play a major role in supporting growth under continuous exposure to light. The diminished conidiation observed in ∆blu7 mutants is likely due to misregulation of the cAMP signaling pathway and ROS production, whereas their low tolerance to continuous exposure to light indicates that Blu7 is required for adaptation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2639-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Cetz-Chel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Edgar Balcázar-López
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Edgardo U Esquivel-Naranjo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Present Address: Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Carreras-Villaseñor N, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Herrera-Estrella AH. Trichoderma: sensing the environment for survival and dispersal. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 158:3-16. [PMID: 21964734 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are free-living fungi common in soil and root ecosystems, and have a broad range of uses in industry and agricultural biotechnology. Some species of the genus are widely used biocontrol agents, and their success is in part due to mycoparasitism, a lifestyle in which one fungus is parasitic on another. In addition Trichoderma species have been found to elicit plant defence responses and to stimulate plant growth. In order to survive and spread, Trichoderma switches from vegetative to reproductive development, and has evolved with several sophisticated molecular mechanisms to this end. Asexual development (conidiation) is induced by light and mechanical injury, although the effects of these inducers are influenced by environmental conditions, such as nutrient status and pH. A current appreciation of the links between the molecular participants is presented in this review. The photoreceptor complex BLR-1/BLR-2, ENVOY, VELVET, and NADPH oxidases have been suggested as key participants in this process. In concert with these elements, conserved signalling pathways, such as those involving heterotrimeric G proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) are involved in this molecular orchestration. Finally, recent comparative and functional genomics analyses allow a comparison of the machinery involved in conidiophore development in model systems with that present in Trichoderma and a model to be proposed for the key factors involved in the development of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemí Carreras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - José Alejandro Sánchez-Arreguín
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alfredo H Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Km 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, Gto., México
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Schmoll M, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma in the light of day--physiology and development. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:909-16. [PMID: 20466064 PMCID: PMC2954361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of photoresponses and the mechanisms responsible for their induction in species of the genus Trichoderma. Although an influence of light on these fungi had already been reported five decades ago, their response is not limited to photoconidiation. While early studies on the molecular level concentrated on signaling via the secondary messenger cAMP, a more comprehensive scheme is available today. The photoreceptor-orthologs BLR1 and BLR2 are known to mediate almost all known light responses in these fungi and another light-regulatory protein, ENVOY, is suggested to establish the connection between light response and nutrient signaling. As a central regulatory mechanism, this light signaling machinery impacts diverse downstream pathways including vegetative growth, reproduction, carbon and sulfur metabolism, response to oxidative stress and biosynthesis of peptaibols. These responses involve several signaling cascades, for example the heterotrimeric G-protein and MAP-kinase cascades, resulting in an integrated response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166-5, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Sulová Z, Farkaš V. Photoinduced conidiation inTrichoderma viride: A study with inhibitors. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Parisot D, Malet-Martino MC, Crasnier P, Martino R. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of 5-fluorouracil metabolism in wild-type and 5-fluorouracil-resistant Nectria haematococca. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2474-9. [PMID: 2604390 PMCID: PMC203107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2474-2479.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutant (furA3) was isolated from the S1 wild-type strain of Nectria haematococca on the basis of its resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5FU). This mutant has greatly reduced activity of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, a pyrimidine salvage enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of UMP from uracil. The metabolism of 5FU was examined in both strains by using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the S1 strain, 5FU appears to be metabolized by two pathways operating simultaneously: (i) conversion to fluoronucleotides and (ii) degradation into alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine. The furA3 mutant shows metabolic changes consistent with a uracil phosphoribosyltransferase lesion, since it takes up 5FU and forms a small amount of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine but does not synthesize fluoronucleotides. Since pigment synthesis is strongly enhanced by 5FU in the S1 wild-type strain but not in the furA3 mutant, these results support the hypothesis that 5FU stimulation of secondary metabolism in N. haematococca is not mediated by the drug itself but involves a phosphorylated anabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Parisot
- Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Bâtiment 400, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France
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Fargasová A, Sipiczki M, Betina V. Morphological and colour mutants of Trichoderma viride: characterization and complementation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985; 30:433-42. [PMID: 4054736 DOI: 10.1007/bf02928753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 26 morphological and colour mutants of Trichoderma viride were characterized. They were divided into three groups based on morphology, pigmentation, growth rates and intensity of conidiation. Complementation analysis of colour mutants and mutants with disturbances in conidiation showed that after anastomosis and protoplast fusion only heterokaryotes are formed while no nuclear migration and diploidization takes place.
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Abstract
Both natural and synthetic substances are conveniently used for studying metabolism, genetic aspects, morphogenesis of cell structures, life cycle and differentiation of fungi.
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Durand R. Effect of inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on light-induced primordial initiation in Coprinus congregatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(83)80125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Induction of premature phialoconidiogenesis on germinated conidia of Trichoderma harzianum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(81)80070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Betina V, Zajacová J. Regulation of periodicity and intensity of photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1978; 23:453-9. [PMID: 570539 DOI: 10.1007/bf02885575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After a short irradiation at 366 nm with 200 lx, the intensity of conidiation of Trichoderma viride colonies grown in the dark increased for the first 10 s proportionally with time. The increase slowed down after 10 s-5 min of exposure and after 10-60 min of irradiation the conidiation intensity began to decrease. When photo-induced by daylight, the conidiation started at a high rate after 25 h and persisted even after 48 h. The conidiation had no circadian character and its periodicity depended on the periodicity of photo-induction. Its intensity was also influenced by the carbon sources used, a maximum being reached with glucose (1-2%). Higher glucose concentrations inhibited conidiation but had no influence on growth of colonies.
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Betina V, Zajacová J. Inhibition of photo-induced Trichoderma viride conidiation by inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1978; 23:460-4. [PMID: 105976 DOI: 10.1007/bf02885576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride is suppressed by ethidium bromide, acriflavin, lomofungin and 8-quinolinol at concentrations which do not inhibit the colony growth of this deuteromycete.
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Betina V. Suppression of photo-induced sporulation in Trichoderma viride by inhibitors. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1976; 21:362-70. [PMID: 61923 DOI: 10.1007/bf02876962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mycelium of Trichoderma viride grown in the dark under submerged conditions and transferred to membrane filters sporulated only after photoinduction. The optimum photoinduction of sporulation was reached when applying daylight for 3 min and near ultraviolet radiation (355 nm) for 10 to 30 sec. After the photoinduction probounced synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein was observed. The photoinduced sporulation was partially or fully inhibited in the presence of phenethyl alcohol, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide and ethidium bromide. The same inhibitors blocked also the photoinduced sporulation of surface growing colonies of Trichoderma viride. Various inhibitiors of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein, inhibitors impairing the function of membranes and certain other compounds were also effective.
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Mirelman D, Galun E, Sharon N, Lotan R. Inhibition of fungal growth by wheat germ agglutinin. Nature 1975; 256:414-6. [PMID: 1170502 DOI: 10.1038/256414a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Betina V, Janstová D, Spisiaková J. Effects of antibiotics on the life cycle of Neurospora crassa. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1975; 20:340-5. [PMID: 51812 DOI: 10.1007/bf02878116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some antibiotics and synthetic inhibitors affect, in several ways, the life cycle of Neurospora crassa (germination of conidia leads to myceliar growth leads to formation of conidia). Bikaverin, cyanein, scopathricin and phenethyl alcohol retard the germination of conidia, without inhibiting it completely. 5-Fluorouracil, ramihyphin A and zygosporin A (cytochalasin D) do not inhibit the germination. Bikaverin brings about a thickening of the hyphae of growing mycelium. Ramihyphin A, cyanein, scopathricin and zygosporin A stimulate the ramification of hyphae while 5-fluorouracil and phenethyl alcohol do not affect the myceliar morphology apart from their inhibitory effect on growth. Actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide, ramihyphin A and partially also sodium iodoacetate inhibit to a different degree the photoinduced formation of conidia. The inhibition by 5-fluorouracil is very conspicuous when the agent is present during the photoinduction but considerably weaker when it is applied 2 h after the photoinduction.
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Stavy R, Galun E, Gressel J. Morphogenesis in Trichoderma: RNA-DNA Hybridization studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 259:321-9. [PMID: 5062503 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Galun E. Morphogenesis of Trichoderma: autoradiography of intact colonies labeled by ( 3 H)-acetylglucosamine as a marker of new cell wall biosynthesis. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 86:305-14. [PMID: 4673464 DOI: 10.1007/bf00424987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy revealed a clear distinction between hyphal types and enabled early detection of hyphal initiation. Stages in the photoinduced differentiation in Trichoderma leading to conidiation could thus be studied.
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Smith JE, Galbraith JC. Biochemical and physiological aspects of differentiation in the fungi. Adv Microb Physiol 1971; 5:45-134. [PMID: 4950260 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stavy R, Stavy L, Galun E. Protein synthesis in aged and young zones of Trichoderma colonies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 217:468-76. [PMID: 5528802 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rotem J, Bashi E. Induction of sporulation of Alternaria porri f. sp. Solani by inhibition of its vegetative development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(69)80101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Nonconidiating (Con(-)) mutants were isolated from wild-type and color mutants of the fungus Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries. Heterokaryons were easily produced and maintained, and the complementation relationships among the Con(-) mutants were established. Most Con(-) mutants could complement one or more of the other Con(-) mutants. When marked Con(-) mutants were mixed with marked Con(+) testers, conidiating heterokaryons were formed. The conidia thus obtained produced only the parental type colonies after replating, indicating that nonconidiation is a nuclear characteristic. Allowing two Con(-) colonies to meet and produce a heterokaryon, it was found that the migration of nuclei reached a rate of 5 mm per hr, which is several times greater than the rate of hyphal elongation; it was also found that heterokaryosis of a mycelial region preceded its ability to conidiate.
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The Incorporation of 5-Fluorouracil Into RNA and its Molecular Consequences. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46200-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yoshihara H. The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the development of tail vertebrae of mice in organ culture. TERATOLOGY 1968; 1:291-7. [PMID: 5759549 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Betina V, Betinová M, Kutková M. Effects of cyanein on growth and morphology of pathogenic fungi. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1966; 55:1-16. [PMID: 6011380 DOI: 10.1007/bf00409151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hohr H, Senf R. [The inhibitory effect of puromycin and 2-thiouracil on the phytochrome-mediated synthesis of anthocyanin]. PLANTA 1966; 71:195-203. [PMID: 24554043 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1966] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome-mediated anthocyanin synthesis of the mustard seelding, Sinapis alba L., can be stopped by the application of relatively low concentrations of puromycin and 2-thiouracil. While actinomycin D, which has been investigated in a previous paper (LANGE and MOHR, 1965), will block phytochrome-induced anthocyanin synthesis only if it is applied before or at the onset of light, puromycin and 2-thiouracil will stop anthocyanin synthesis even if they are applied at a later stage, e.g., 12 hours after the onset of light. - The effect of 2-thiouracil can be reversed if the seedlings are transferred to a medium containing uracil or to blank water. The simultaneous application of 2-thiouracil and uracil also leads to at least a partial reversal of the 2-thiouracil effect. - The kinetics of the puromycin inhibition (Fig. 2) indicate that the enzyme with the shortest "life-time" among those enzymes which are involved in anthocyanin production has a "life-time" in the order of 6 hours. One may reasonably conclude on the basis of Fig. 1 and 2 that synthesis of this particular enzyme is controlled by phytochrome 730. - The effect of 2-thiouracil (Fig. 3) cannot - in our case at least - be understood by only assuming that 2-thiouracil will be incorporated into RNA and thus will lead to the formation of "wrong" RNA. Inhibition by 2-thiouracil is much faster than inhibition by puromycin (Fig. 2,3). We have rather to conclude that 2-thiouracil may exert its effect mainly through a direct competitive enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hohr
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
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