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Yi X, Long X, Chen Y, Cen X, Tang P, Chen F. Asymmetric total synthesis of prostaglandin C 2 TBS ether. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6000-6003. [PMID: 35485419 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01737g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We disclose an asymmetric total synthesis of prostaglandin C2 TBS ether, a derivative of an extremely sensitive natural prostaglandin C2. The key to the synthesis is a SmI2-mediated ketyl-enoate reaction that leads to the formation of the functionalized cyclopentane ring with high-level stereochemical control. Access to the crucial alkene system is realized late in the synthesis by the implementation of a Grignard addition/dehydration/metathesis sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Yi
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xueyu Long
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiangling Cen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Pei Tang
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Zhang F, Zeng J, Gao M, Wang L, Chen GQ, Lu Y, Zhang X. Concise, scalable and enantioselective total synthesis of prostaglandins. Nat Chem 2021; 13:692-697. [PMID: 34045714 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are among the most important natural isolates owing to their broad range of bioactivities and unique structures. However, current methods for the synthesis of prostaglandins suffer from low yields and lengthy steps. Here, we report a practicability-oriented synthetic strategy for the enantioselective and divergent synthesis of prostaglandins. In this approach, the multiply substituted five-membered rings in prostaglandins were constructed via the key enyne cycloisomerization with excellent selectivity (>20:1 d.r., 98% e.e.). The crucial chiral centre on the scaffold of the prostaglandins was installed using the asymmetric hydrogenation method (up to 98% yield and 98% e.e.). From our versatile common intermediates, a series of prostaglandins and related drugs could be produced in two steps, and fluprostenol could be prepared on a 20-gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingwen Zeng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mohan Gao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linzhou Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China. .,Medi-X, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China. .,Medi-X, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Moving forward with isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes: where are we now? Essays Biochem 2021; 64:463-484. [PMID: 32602531 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components in eukaryotic cell membrane. They take part in the regulation of cell signalling pathways and act as precursors in inflammatory metabolism. Beside these, PUFAs auto-oxidize through free radical initiated mechanism and release key products that have various physiological functions. These products surfaced in the early nineties and were classified as prostaglandin isomers or isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes. Although these molecules are considered robust biomarkers of oxidative damage in diseases, they also contain biological activities in humans. Conceptual progress in the last 3 years has added more understanding about the importance of these molecules in different fields. In this chapter, a brief overview of the past 30 years and the recent scope of these molecules, including their biological activities, biosynthetic pathways and analytical approaches are discussed.
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Sirois P. Leukotrienes: One step in our understanding of asthma. Respir Investig 2018; 57:97-110. [PMID: 30600174 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The steps leading to the discovery of leukotrienes and the researchers that played a major part in this long process are presented. The pharmacology of these exquisitely potent compounds shows that they express bronchoconstrictor activity and numerous cellular effects via very specific receptors. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that these mediators play a significant role in asthma physiopathology. Numerous approaches were taken to block their effects on the lungs and this led to the discovery of selected drugs used for asthma treatment. The complexity of this disease and its treatment is emphasized.
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Morley J, Beets JL, Bray MA, Paul W. Regulation of Allergic Responses by Prostaglandins: A Review. J R Soc Med 2018; 73:443-7. [PMID: 7014889 PMCID: PMC1437598 DOI: 10.1177/014107688007300610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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6
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Peng H, Chen FE. Recent advances in asymmetric total synthesis of prostaglandins. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:6281-6301. [PMID: 28737187 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are a series of hormone-like chemical messengers and play a critical role in regulating physiological activity. The diversified therapeutic activities and complex molecular architectures of PGs have attracted special attention, and huge progress has been made in asymmetric total synthesis and discovery of pharmaceutically useful drug candidates. In the last 10 years, several powerful syntheses have emerged as new solutions to the problem of building PGs and represent major breakthroughs in this area. This review highlights the advances in methodologies for the asymmetric total synthesis of prostaglandins. The application of these methodologies in the syntheses of medicinally useful prostaglandins is also described. The study has been carefully categorized according to the key procedures involved in the syntheses of various prostaglandins, aiming to give readers an easy understanding of this chemistry and provide insights for further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mrowka
- Klinik fuer Innere Medizin III; AG Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitaetsklinikum Jena; Jena Germany
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8
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Huang KH, Huang CC, Isobe M. Multicomponent Strategy for the Synthesis of Prostaglandin E2 Methyl Ester under Anion Relay Chelation Control. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1571-84. [PMID: 26811990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Starting with four components, the enantioselective synthesis of prostaglandin E2 methyl ester has been achieved through a highly stereoselective heteroatom-directed conjugate addition reaction and cyclopentanone ring cyclization as the key steps. This asymmetric strategy includes (i) an asymmetric Reformatsky reaction; (ii) conjugate addition of a chiral vinyllithium reagent; (iii) cyclization to form a sulfonylated cyclopentanone in one-pot; followed by (iv) allylation of the side chain. Four carbon-carbon bond-forming processes and three stereogenic centers were established, with the steps from (ii) to (iii) being achieved in a one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Minoru Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan (ROC)
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Fajmut A, Emeršič T, Dobovišek A, Antić N, Schäfer D, Brumen M. Dynamic model of eicosanoid production with special reference to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-triggered hypersensitivity. IET Syst Biol 2016; 9:204-15. [PMID: 26405144 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2014.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors developed a mathematical model of arachidonic acid (AA) degradation to prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), which are implicated in the processes of inflammation and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The model focuses on two PGs (PGE2 and PGD2) and one LT (LTC4), their % increases and their ratios. Results are compared with experimental studies obtained from non-asthmatics (NAs), and asthmatics tolerant (ATA) or intolerant (AIA) to aspirin. Simulations are carried out for predefined model populations NA, ATA and three AIA, based on the differences of two enzymes, PG E synthase and/or LTC4-synthase in two states, that is, no-inflammation and inflammation. Their model reveals that the model population with concomitant malfunctions in both enzymes is the most sensitive to NSAIDs, since the duration and the capacity for bronchoconstriction risk are highest after simulated oral dosing of indomethacin. Furthermore, inflammation prolongs the duration of the bronchoconstriction risk in all AIA model populations, and the sensitivity analysis reveals multiple possible scenarios leading to hypersensitivity, especially if inflammatory processes affect the expression of multiple enzymes of the AA metabolic pathway. Their model estimates the expected fold-changes in enzyme activities and gives valuable information for further targeted transcriptomic/proteomic and metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Fajmut
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Tadej Emeršič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Dobovišek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Antić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dirk Schäfer
- Allergie und Intoleranzlabor, Medizinisch Klinik III, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 4a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Brumen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova ulica 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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A unique mechanism of successful fertilization in a domestic bird. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7700. [PMID: 25572424 PMCID: PMC4287725 DOI: 10.1038/srep07700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is an indispensable step for formation of a zygote in sexual reproduction, leading to species survival. When mating occurs, sperm is transported to the female reproductive tracts via the seminal plasma (SP). SP is derived from male accessory sex glands and it plays pivotal roles for fertilization in animals. However, molecular mechanisms of SP or a fluid derived from male accessory sex glands for successful fertilization remain unclear. Here, we report that in male quail the cloacal gland (CG) produces prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) that contributes to successful fertilization. PGF2α, as well as the secretion of CG (CGS), induced vaginal contractions and caused the opening of the entrance of the sperm storage tubules, the structures responsible for the long-term sperm storage and fertilization. The removal of CGS from the male before mating reduced the fertility, but the supplementation of CGS or PGF2α rescued the subfertility. We further showed that male CG contains glucose that is utilized as energy source for the intrinsic sperm mobility after transportation to female vagina. This mechanism, in concert with the excitatory effects of PGF2α enables successful fertilization in the domestic bird.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated by complex and diverse microbial biofilms which form on the teeth, i.e. dental plaque. Substances released from this biofilm such as lipopolysaccharides, antigens and other virulence factors, gain access to the gingival tissue and initiate an inflammatory and immune response, leading to the activation of host defence cells. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and proteolytic enzymes collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. This review summarises recent studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis, with the main focus on inflammatory mediators and their role in periodontal disease.
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12
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Helmersson-Karlqvist J, Ärnlöv J, Larsson A, Basu S. Prostaglandin F2α formation is associated with mortality in a Swedish community-based cohort of older males. Eur Heart J 2013; 36:238-43. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Samar Basu
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence-Inflammation, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Ivanova NA, Kislitsina KS, Miftakhov MS. Synthesis of PGB type misoprostol analog. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Klok R, Pabon HJJ, van Dorp DA. Synthesis of DL
-Prostaglandin B1
and its reduction product DL-prostaglandin E1
-237. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19680870709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Heslinga L, van Gorkom M, van Dorp DA. Preparation and diastereoisomerism of four substituted epoxycyclopentanones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19680871211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Crabbé P, Barreiro E, Sook Choi H, Cruz A, Deprès JP, Gagnaire G, Greene AE, Meana MC, Padilla A, Williams L. Voies Nouvelles en Synthèse de Prostaglandins (1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19770860117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Hewett JA, Fuss B, Hewett SJ. Analysis and function of lipid mediators in the nervous system. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 91:61-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Low dietary intake of β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid is associated with increased inflammatory and oxidative stress status in a Swedish cohort. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1775-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508147377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including CVD. A part of these effects seen could be linked to anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, although this has not been thoroughly investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the dietary intake of β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on in vivo biomarkers of inflammation (PGF2α, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IL-6 formation) and oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane formation), the two important factors associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. The dietary intake of 704 participants in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) at age 70 years was registered and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified 7 years later. The registered dietary intakes of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were negatively associated linearly and in quartiles with both PGF2α, hsCRP, IL-6 and F2-isoprostanes, where ascorbic acid intake generally was more strongly associated. Dietary intake of β-carotene was only significantly negatively associated with F2-isoprostanes. In conclusion, the present study is the first to suggest that the intake of food rich in antioxidants is associated with reduced cyclo-oxygenase- and cytokine-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress at 7 years of follow-up. These associations could be linked to the beneficial effects of fruit and vegetables observed on CVD.
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Zhao GL, Ibrahem I, Dziedzic P, Sun J, Bonneau C, Córdova A. One-Pot Catalytic Enantioselective Domino Nitro-Michael/Michael Synthesis of Cyclopentanes with Four Stereocenters. Chemistry 2008; 14:10007-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Yonezawa T, Sanosaka M, Haga S, kobayashi Y, Katoh K, Obara Y. Regulation of uncoupling protein 2 expression by long-chain fatty acids and hormones in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Hafiez AA, Zaki K, Abbas EZ, Halawa FA. Interrelation between Human Fertility and Seminal Plasma Lipids, Prostaglandins and Zinc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10256018608623645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Hafiez
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Andrology , Cairo University , Faculty of Medicine
| | - K. Zaki
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Andrology , Cairo University , Faculty of Medicine
| | - E. Z. Abbas
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Andrology , Cairo University , Faculty of Medicine
| | - F. A. Halawa
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Andrology , Cairo University , Faculty of Medicine
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Ibrahem I, Zhao GL, Rios R, Vesely J, Sundén H, Dziedzic P, Córdova A. One-Pot Organocatalytic Domino Michael/α-Alkylation Reactions: Direct Catalytic Enantioselective Cyclopropanation and Cyclopentanation Reactions. Chemistry 2008; 14:7867-79. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Flower RJ. The role of prostaglandins in parturition, with special reference to the rat. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:297-318. [PMID: 246392 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720295.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evidence which suggests a role for prostaglandins in parturition is reviewed, with special reference to experimental observations on the rat. The pregnant uterus can both synthesize and metabolize prostaglandins. The biosynthetic capacity of the rat uterus increases as pregnancy proceeds. This increase, which is especially marked during the last few days of pregnancy, may be oestrogen-controlled. During pregnancy the tissue levels of the major prostaglandin-metabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.141) is greatly increased. This may prevent aberrant production of prostaglandins from terminating the pregnancy prematurely. The capacity for prostaglandin metabolism begins to fall (perhaps under hormonal control) as the expected day of delivery approaches; this, coupled with an augmented biosynthesis, produces a net increase in uterine prostaglandins which contribute to the process of parturition by causing a decrease in progesterone concentration, increasing the muscular tone of the uterus, and altering uterine haemodynamics. Agents which block either prostaglandin synthesis or metabolism delay or accelerate the parturition process in the rat.
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Lands B. A critique of paradoxes in current advice on dietary lipids. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 47:77-106. [PMID: 18177743 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about credible hypotheses of dietary causes of disease still need well-defined mediators to test for logical proof or disproof. We know that food energy causes transient postprandial oxidative insults that may not be fully reversible. Also, eating vitamin-like 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in foods maintains the 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in tissues. Tissue HUFA form hormone-like mediators that each amplify transient postprandial insults into fatal inflammatory, thrombotic and arrhythmic events in cardiovascular disease, a major preventable cause of death. Similar diet-based amplified events may also occur in other inflammatory proliferative disorders including cancer, dementia, arthritis and asthma. Puzzling paradoxes come from fragmented views of this situation which convey incomplete knowledge in oversimplified messages. Tools now exist to demonstrate successful prevention of two fatal food imbalances with credible dietary preventive interventions, but organizers and financers to help gather the evidence remain unknown. The overall evidence accumulated about diet, disease and death may be nearing a paradigm shift in which prior observed facts remain while beliefs about their accepted interpretation change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- 6100 Westchester Park Drive, #1219, College Park, MD 20740 USA.
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Basu S. Novel cyclooxygenase-catalyzed bioactive prostaglandin F2alpha from physiology to new principles in inflammation. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:435-68. [PMID: 17191216 DOI: 10.1002/med.20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), a foremost stable vasoactive cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed prostaglandin, regulates a number of key physiological functions such as luteolysis, ovarian function, luteal maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition as a constitutive part of ongoing reproductive processes of the body. It has recently been implicated in the regulation of intricate pathophysiological processes, such as acute and chronic inflammation, cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. Since the discovery of a second isoform of COXs, it has been shown that PGF2alpha can be formed in vivo from arachidonic acid through both isoforms of COXs, namely cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Being synthesized in various parts of the body, it metabolizes instantly to a number of rather inactive metabolites mainly in the lungs, liver, kidney, and efficiently excretes into the urine. 15-Keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha, a major stable metabolite of PGF2alpha that reflects in vivo PGF2alpha biosynthesis, is found in larger quantities than its parent compound in the circulation and urine in basal physiological conditions, with short-lived pulses during luteolysis, induced termination of pregnancy and parturition, and is increased in tissues and various body fluids during acute, sub-chronic, and severe chronic inflammation. Further, the close relationship of PGF2alpha with a number of risk factors for atherosclerosis indicates its major role in inflammation pathology. This review addresses multiple aspects of PGF2alpha in addition to its emerging role in physiology to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Rios R, Vesely J, Sundén H, Ibrahem I, Zhao GL, Córdova A. One-pot organocatalytic domino Michael/α-alkylation reactions: highly enantioselective synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanones and cyclopentanols. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Wohlin M, Helmersson J, Sundström J, Arnlöv J, Vessby B, Larsson A, Andrén B, Lind L, Basu S. Both cyclooxygenase- and cytokine-mediated inflammation are associated with carotid intima–media thickness. Cytokine 2007; 38:130-6. [PMID: 17644349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) is a valid index of atherosclerosis, which is viewed as an inflammatory disease. It is unknown if various modes of inflammation (cyclooxygenase [COX]-mediated, cytokine-mediated), oxidative stress and anti-oxidants are independently related to CCA-IMT. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated cross-sectional relations between CCA-IMT measured by B-mode ultrasound and COX-mediated inflammation (as measured by 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F(2alpha) [PGF(2alpha)], cytokine-mediated inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] and serum amyloid A protein [SAA]), oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF(2alpha), an F(2)-isoprostane; a non-enzymatic, free radical-induced product of arachidonic acid), and tocopherols (anti-oxidants) in a small subset of a population-based sample of elderly men (n=234) stating no use of anti-inflammatory medications. In a backward-stepwise regression analysis of correlates of CCA-IMT (with PGF(2alpha), hsCRP, IL-6, SAA, F(2)-isoprostanes, tocopherols, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), beta-blocker, statin treatment, smoking, hypertension and cholesterol), PGF(2alpha), CRP, beta-blocker treatment, diabetes and BMI were independently associated with CCA-IMT. There were no associations between F(2)-isoprostanes or tocopherols and CCA-IMT in this study. CONCLUSION This study suggests both COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammation to be independently associated with increased CCA-IMT, implying that there might be more than one mode of inflammation involved in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wohlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Casadesus G, Smith MA, Basu S, Hua J, Capobianco DE, Siedlak SL, Zhu X, Perry G. Increased isoprostane and prostaglandin are prominent in neurons in Alzheimer disease. Mol Neurodegener 2007; 2:2. [PMID: 17241462 PMCID: PMC1785381 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are both involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and have been shown to be reciprocally linked. One group of molecules that have been directly associated with inflammation and the production of free radicals are the prostaglandin 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2alpha and the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2alpha. RESULTS To further delineate the role of inflammatory and oxidative parameters in Alzheimer disease, in this study we evaluated the amount and localization of 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2alpha and 8-iso-PGF2alpha in hippocampal post mortem tissue samples from age-matched Alzheimer disease and control patients. Our results demonstrate increased levels of 13,14-dihydro 15-keto PGF2alpha and 8-iso-PGF2alpha in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer disease patients when compared to control patients. CONCLUSION These data not only support the shared mechanistic involvement of free radical damage and inflammation in Alzheimer disease, but also indicate that multiple pathogenic "hits" are likely necessary for both the development and propagation of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samar Basu
- Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dae E Capobianco
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Sheddan NA, Czybowski M, Mulzer J. Novel synthetic strategies for the preparation of prostacyclin and prostaglandin analogues ? off the beaten track. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2107-20. [PMID: 17520108 DOI: 10.1039/b617693n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in activity in the fields of neuroscience and life sciences has been mirrored by the design and synthesis of novel chemically and metabolically stable prostaglandin and prostacyclin analogues. Consequently, convenient and practical access to these important classes of compounds is greatly coveted. Various strategies for the preparation of prostacyclin, prostaglandin and isoprostane analogues are discussed, with particular focus on novel approaches developed in our own laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Sheddan
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
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Shaw JE, Ramwell PW. Separation, identification, and estimation of prostaglandins. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 17:325-71. [PMID: 4894563 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110355.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cha YI, Solnica-Krezel L, DuBois RN. Fishing for prostanoids: deciphering the developmental functions of cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins. Dev Biol 2005; 289:263-72. [PMID: 16310177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin G/H synthases (PGHS), commonly referred to as cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), catalyze a key step in the synthesis of biologically active prostaglandins (PGs), the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)). PGs have important functions in a variety of physiologic and pathologic settings, including inflammation, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproduction, and carcinogenesis. However, an evaluation of prostaglandin function in early development has been difficult due to the maternal contribution of prostaglandins from the uterus. The emergence of zebrafish as a model system has begun to provide some insights into the roles of this signaling cascade during vertebrate development. In zebrafish, COX-1 derived prostaglandins are required for two distinct stages of development, namely during gastrulation and segmentation. During gastrulation, PGE(2) signaling promotes cell motility, without altering the cell shape or directional migration of gastrulating cells. During segmentation, COX-1 signaling is also required for posterior mesoderm development, including the formation of vascular tube structures, angiogenesis of intersomitic vessels, and pronephros morphogenesis. We propose that deciphering the role for prostaglandin signaling in zebrafish development could yield insight and ultimately address the mechanistic details underlying various disease processes that result from perturbation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong I Cha
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2279, USA
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Ji J, Zhang L, Wang P, Mu YM, Zhu XY, Wu YY, Yu H, Zhang B, Chen SM, Sun XZ. Saturated free fatty acid, palmitic acid, induces apoptosis in fetal hepatocytes in culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:369-76. [PMID: 15945276 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of saturated free fatty acid, palmitic acid (PA), on hepatocytes, we administered PA to rat hepatocytes. We demonstrated that PA inhibited the cell growth as a dose- and time-dependent manner in rat hepatocytes. PA-induced morphological changes including swelling, membrane dissolution and formation of debris, and apoptosis with appearance of sub-G1 fraction determined by cell cycle analysis after treatment for 4 days. The level of Bcl-2 was slightly decreased, in contrast, the level of Bax elevated markedly, which resulted in a significant decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio after PA treatment on HepG2 cells. These findings demonstrated that PA induces cell death on hepatocytes, perhaps via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the present study indicates that PA's cell toxicity may play important roles in the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis in human especially with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Xuegong Street 42, Shahekou-qu, Dalian 116033, China
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Basu S, Larsson A, Vessby J, Vessby B, Berne C. Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased cyclooxygenase- and cytokine-mediated inflammation. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:1371-5. [PMID: 15920054 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.6.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The extent of involvement of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated inflammation in type 1 diabetes is unknown, and the association between the COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in type 1 diabetes is not fully understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), 24-h urinary and plasma 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (a metabolite of prostaglandin F(2alpha) [PGF(2alpha)] and an indicator of COX-mediated inflammation), serum amyloid protein A (SAA), and interleukin (IL)-6 (indicators of inflammation) were measured in 38 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 41 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS The inflammatory indicators (urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), P < 0.01; IL-6, P < 0.04) were increased in men with diabetes. CRP and SAA did not show any significant difference between the diabetic and the control subjects. Urinary levels of 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) correlated with the degree of glycemic control, HbA(1c) (r = 0.42, P < 0.0005). No correlation was found between the duration of diabetes and the inflammatory biomarkers or metabolic measurements. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an early low-grade inflammatory process reflected by elevated levels of PGF(2alpha) and IL-6 is involved in type 1 diabetes. Thus, both COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammatory pathways are significantly related to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Section of Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 609, SE-751 25 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Helmersson J, Larsson A, Vessby B, Basu S. Active smoking and a history of smoking are associated with enhanced prostaglandin F(2alpha), interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostane formation in elderly men. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:201-7. [PMID: 15939073 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which smoking induces cardiovascular diseases are largely unknown. The effect of smoking status on the cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated inflammatory indicator prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) has never been studied. Associations of cytokines and antioxidants and smoking status, have shown conflicting results. Urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) (a major metabolite of PGF(2alpha)), serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid protein A (SAA), urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (an F(2)-isoprostane, indicator of oxidative stress), and serum alpha-tocopherol were quantified in a population-based sample (n = 642) of 77-year old men without diabetes. Fifty-five men were current smokers and 391 former smokers. Inflammatory indicators were increased in current smokers (15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), P < 0.001; IL-6, P = 0.01) than non-smokers. 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) was increased (P < 0.01) and alpha-tocopherol reduced (P < 0.001) in current smokers. Further, former smokers had increased formation of 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) compared non-smokers. This is the first study to show that smokers have increased PGF(2alpha) formation, thus enhanced COX-mediated inflammation, in addition to elevated levels of cytokines and isoprostanes. Subclinical COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress are ongoing processes not only in active smokers but also in former smokers which may contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helmersson
- Sections of Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Helmersson J, Vessby B, Larsson A, Basu S. Cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin F2alpha is decreased in an elderly population treated with low-dose aspirin. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:227-33. [PMID: 15763433 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is used as prophylaxis against cardiovascular diseases. The effect of aspirin on inflammation and oxidative stress, processes known to be involved in cardiovascular diseases, are not fully known. The cyclooxygenase(COX)-mediated inflammatory indicator prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (15-keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha), cytokine-mediated inflammatory indicators (interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein), and oxidative stress indicators (8-iso-PGF2alpha, tocopherols) were quantified in men with daily 75 mg of aspirin (n=175) and control men (n=464), all of age 77, in a cross-sectional study. Men treated with aspirin had decreased levels of urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha than controls (P<0.01), independent of possible cardiovascular risk factors. Aspirin-treated men had increased levels of alpha-tocopherol than controls (P<0.05). This is the first study to indicate that low-dose aspirin treatment is associated with decreased levels of PGF2alpha. This observation suggests a possible COX-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose aspirin, which should be further confirmed by intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helmersson
- Section of Clinical Nutrition Research, Public Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Kålsängsgränd 10D, P.O. Box 609, SE-751 25 Uppsala, Sweden
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Helmersson J, Vessby B, Larsson A, Basu S. Association of type 2 diabetes with cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress in an elderly population. Circulation 2004; 109:1729-34. [PMID: 15037525 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000124718.99562.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been studied, and the association between cytokine-mediated inflammation and diabetes is not fully clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS 15-Keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F2alpha (a metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha and an indicator of COX-mediated inflammation), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein A (SAA), 8-iso-PGF2alpha (a nonenzymatic, free radical product of arachidonic acid and an indicator of oxidative stress), and alpha-tocopherol were measured in a population-based sample of 77-year-old men (n=765), in which 112 men had type 2 diabetes. The inflammatory indicators were increased in men with diabetes (urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha, P<0.001, CRP and SAA, P<0.05). However, when adjusted for body mass index, waist circumference, or fasting insulin, no association was found between diabetes and CRP or SAA. The oxidative stress indicator 8-iso-PGF2alpha in urine was increased (P<0.01) in men with diabetes. Patients who were newly diagnosed with diabetes (<7 years since diagnosis) had increased urinary 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2alpha and decreased alpha-tocopherol, but 8-iso-PGF2alpha was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that type 2 diabetes in elderly men is related to COX-mediated inflammation, reflected by enhanced prostaglandin formation. The high levels of cytokine-mediated acute-phase proteins observed in men with diabetes appear to be related to obesity and increased fasting insulin. The results further suggest that the appearance of chronic inflammation is an early process in the pathogenesis of diabetes, whereas oxidative injury may be a later process, possibly related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Helmersson
- Section of Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Bergström S. The Prostaglandins: From the Laboratory to the Clinic (Nobel Lecture). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198308581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Michibayashi T. Mechanism of action of hypotensive prostaglandins in patients with essential hypertension. J Smooth Muscle Res 2002; 38:51-61. [PMID: 12596885 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.38.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive investigation, the biological mechanisms causing essential hypertension (EHT) remain unclear. To clarify the means by which hypotensive prostaglandins (Hypo-PGs, mainly PGE1 and PGE2) act in patients with EHT, the interaction between intravenously infused Hypo-PGs and pressor substances such as an adrenergic neurotransmitter, noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II (AII) was examined both in patients with EHT and in perfused isolated rabbit ear artery preparations. In patients with EHT, Hypo-PGs were shown to reduce the pressor responses to intravenously infused NA or AII, although no significant difference was found between the pressor responses to NA under basal conditions and the responses during intravenous infusion of Hypo-PGs. Animal studies were undertaken to investigate the inhibitory action of Hypo-PGs on the vasoconstrictive responses to electrical stimulation of the perivascular sympathetic nerves (VSNS) and to exogenous NA at pre- and postjunctional sites in blood vessel walls. The suppressive action of Hypo-PGs on the response to VSNS was shown to be more potent than that to their action on the response to exogenous NA. Thus, it was concluded that the hypotensive action of intravenously infused Hypo-PGs in patients with EHT may be more dependent on prejunctional sites than on the postjunctional sites in the walls of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Michibayashi
- Clinical Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 16, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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Silverman ES, Le L, Baron RM, Hallock A, Hjoberg J, Shikanai T, Storm van's Gravesande K, Auron PE, Lu W. Cloning and functional analysis of the mouse 5-lipoxygenase promoter. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:475-83. [PMID: 11919084 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.4.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), an enzyme essential for the formation of all leukotrienes, is highly regulated at multiple levels, including gene transcription. The human ALOX5 promoter sequence has been cloned and is well characterized. Several important cis-acting elements have been identified including a G+C-rich sequence approximately 145-179 base pairs (bp) upstream from the ATG start codon. This region contains consensus-binding sites for the transcription factor serum protein 1, a zinc-finger transcription factor (SP1) and early growth-response protein 1, a zinc-finger transcription factor (EGR-1) and is unique in that functionally significant polymorphisms alter these sequences. To further understand the significance of these polymorphisms and other regulatory sequences in the promoter we cloned approximately 2,000 bp of the mouse promoter sequence from a 129/SvJ BAC library for direct comparison with the human gene. Like the human promoter, the mouse Alox5 promoter lacks a TATA box and has multiple start sites. The first 292 bp immediately upstream of the translational start site function as a core promoter that is capable of mediating high basal transcription in RAW cells but not 3T3 cells. There are vast differences in the distribution of consensus cis elements between human and mouse genes; however, three areas of strong homology exist and they contain consensus-binding sites for the SP1, GATA, GGAGA, and ETS family of transcription factors. We show that Sp1/Sp3 is essential for constitutive promoter-reporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Silverman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division and Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Said SI. The Viktor Mutt Memorial Lecture. Protection by VIP and related peptides against cell death and tissue injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 921:264-74. [PMID: 11193833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S I Said
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Specific Aspects of Lipid Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rodrı́guez A, Nomen M, Spur B, Godfroid J, Lee T. Total synthesis of 12( R )-HETE, 12( S )-HETE, 2 H 2 -12( R )-HETE and LTB 4 from racemic glycidol via hydrolytic kinetic resolution. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Silverman ES, Drazen JM. Genetic variations in the 5-lipoxygenase core promoter. Description and functional implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:S77-80. [PMID: 10673232 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.supplement_1.ltta-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E S Silverman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Silverman E, In KH, Yandava C, Drazen JM. Pharmacogenetics of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 Suppl 5:164-70; discussion 171-3. [PMID: 9988463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways; among the inflammatory cells that have been implicated in the asthmatic lesion are eosinophils and mast cells. Although these cells have the capacity to produce a number of distinct chemical mediators, the cysteinyl leukotrienes have recently been identified as important mediators of the asthmatic response. The leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipases. The archidonic acid so released in the presence of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activating protein becomes a substrate for the enzyme 5-LO. This enzyme catalyses the stereo-specific addition of molecular oxygen to arachidonic acid to form the product known as leukotriene A4. Leukotriene A4 subsequently becomes a substrate for one of two enzymes, leukotriene A4 epoxide hydrolase or LTC4 synthase. The former catalyses the formation of LTB4 while the later catalyses the formation of the cysteinyl leukotrienes. Thus the enzyme 5-LO is critically posed to serve as a regulator of leukotriene synthesis. 5-LO action is known to be regulated at a number of levels; the mechanisms include regulation of action of the mature protein and regulation of 5-LO gene transcription and translation; there is good reason to believe that all forms of 5-LO regulation are highly interdependent. In this regard we describe the presence and functional consequences of a series of naturally occurring mutations in 5-LO core promoter. These mutations modify gene transcription in vitro, and may have functional consequences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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