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An RNA-centric historical narrative around the Protein Data Bank. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100555. [PMID: 33744291 PMCID: PMC8080527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the amazing contributions brought to the scientific community by the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are described. The focus is on nucleic acid structures with a bias toward RNA. The evolution and key roles in science of the PDB and other structural databases for nucleic acids illustrate how small initial ideas can become huge and indispensable resources with the unflinching willingness of scientists to cooperate globally. The progress in the understanding of the molecular interactions driving RNA architectures followed the rapid increase in RNA structures in the PDB. That increase was consecutive to improvements in chemical synthesis and purification of RNA molecules, as well as in biophysical methods for structure determination and computer technology. The RNA modeling efforts from the early beginnings are also described together with their links to the state of structural knowledge and technological development. Structures of RNA and of its assemblies are physical objects, which, together with genomic data, allow us to integrate present-day biological functions and the historical evolution in all living species on earth.
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Foley SW, Kramer MC, Gregory BD. RNA structure, binding, and coordination in Arabidopsis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [PMID: 28660659 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
From the moment of transcription, up through degradation, each RNA transcript is bound by an ever-changing cohort of RNA binding proteins. The binding of these proteins is regulated by both the primary RNA sequence, as well as the intramolecular RNA folding, or secondary structure, of the transcript. Thus, RNA secondary structure regulates many post-transcriptional processes. With the advent of next generation sequencing, several techniques have been developed to generate global landscapes of both RNA-protein interactions and RNA secondary structure. In this review, we describe the current state of the field detailing techniques to globally interrogate RNA secondary structure and/or RNA-protein interaction sites, as well as our current understanding of these features in the transcriptome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1426. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1426 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn W Foley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marianne C Kramer
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Vandivier LE, Anderson SJ, Foley SW, Gregory BD. The Conservation and Function of RNA Secondary Structure in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:463-88. [PMID: 26865341 PMCID: PMC5125251 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
RNA transcripts fold into secondary structures via intricate patterns of base pairing. These secondary structures impart catalytic, ligand binding, and scaffolding functions to a wide array of RNAs, forming a critical node of biological regulation. Among their many functions, RNA structural elements modulate epigenetic marks, alter mRNA stability and translation, regulate alternative splicing, transduce signals, and scaffold large macromolecular complexes. Thus, the study of RNA secondary structure is critical to understanding the function and regulation of RNA transcripts. Here, we review the origins, form, and function of RNA secondary structure, focusing on plants. We then provide an overview of methods for probing secondary structure, from physical methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to chemical and nuclease probing methods. Combining these latter methods with high-throughput sequencing has enabled them to scale across whole transcriptomes, yielding tremendous new insights into the form and function of RNA secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Vandivier
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, and
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | | | - Shawn W Foley
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, and
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, and
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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Perrigue PM, Erdmann VA, Barciszewski J. Alexander Rich: In Memoriam. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:623-4. [PMID: 26439533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Giegé R. A historical perspective on protein crystallization from 1840 to the present day. FEBS J 2013; 280:6456-97. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Giegé
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Université de Strasourg et CNRS; France
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Abstract
In the mid-1950s, RNA was a somewhat mysterious molecule with unknown three-dimensional structure and little hard evidence of biological function. Changes began with the 1956 discoveries of the RNA double helix and the phenomenon of nucleic acid hybridization. Discovery of the DNA-RNA hybrid helix in 1960 opened the door to understanding biological information transfer. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis made it possible to precisely define the RNA double helix, discover the novel L-shaped fold of transfer RNA (tRNA), and finally reveal the complete three-dimensional tRNA structure by 1974. By then, a functional understanding of protein synthesis had developed with an appreciation of the various roles of different RNA species. This was the era of RNA awakening.
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McPherson A. The growth and preliminary investigation of protein and nucleic acid crystals for X-ray diffraction analysis. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 23:249-345. [PMID: 12447 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110430.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
I had the good luck to start research at the dawn of molecular biology when it was possible to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the nucleic acids and how information is transferred in living systems. The search for answers led me into many different areas, often with the question of how molecular structure leads to biological function. Early work in this period provided some of the roots supporting the current explosive developments in life sciences. Here I give a brief account of my development, describe some contributions, and provide a hint of the exhilaration in discovering new things. Most of all, I had the good fortune to have inspiring teachers, stimulating colleagues, and excellent students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rich
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-430, USA
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Rayment I. Small-scale batch crystallization of proteins revisited: an underutilized way to grow large protein crystals. Structure 2002; 10:147-51. [PMID: 11839300 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth of high-quality crystals is a major obstacle in many structural investigations. In recent years, the techniques for screening crystals have improved dramatically, whereas the methods for obtaining large crystals have progressed more slowly. This is an important issue since, although many structures can be solved from small crystals with synchrotron radiation, it is far easier to solve and refine structures when strong data is recorded from large crystals. In an effort to improve the size of crystals, a strategy for a small-scale batch method has been developed that in many cases yields far larger crystals than attainable by vapor diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
The current state of three-dimensional structure analysis of RNA by x-ray crystallography is summarized. The methods of sample preparation, crystallization, data collection, and structure solution are discussed, followed by a review of the RNA structures that have been determined and of common structural features, and finally, an appraisal of future prospects for x-ray crystal structure analysis of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Holbrook
- Structural Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA
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11
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Alefelder S, Sigurdsson ST. Interstrand disulfide cross-linking of internal sugar residues in duplex RNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:269-73. [PMID: 10968286 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide cross-linking is being used increasingly more to study the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids. We have previously developed a procedure for the formation of disulfide cross-links through the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Here we report the preparation and characterization of an RNA duplex containing a disulfide interstrand cross-link. A self-complementary oligoribonucleotide duplex containing an interstrand cross-link was prepared from the corresponding 2'-amino modified oligomer. Selective modification of the 2'-amino group with an aliphatic isocyanate, containing a protected disulfide, gave the corresponding 2'-urea derivative in excellent yield. An RNA duplex containing an intrahelical, interstrand disulfide cross-link was subsequently prepared by a thiol disulfide exchange reaction in nearly quantitative yield as judged by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE). The cross-linked RNA was further characterized by enzymatic digestion and the Structure of the cross-link lesion was verified by comparison to an authentic sample, prepared by chemical synthesis. The effect of the chemical modifications on duplex stability was determined by UV thermal denaturation experiments. The intrahelical cross-link stabilized the duplex considerably: the disulfide cross-linked oligomer had a melting temperature that was ca. 40 degrees C higher than that of the noncross-linked oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alefelder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rich
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Dock AC, Lorber B, Moras D, Pixa G, Thierry JC, Giégé R. Crystallization of transfer ribonucleic acids. Biochimie 1984; 66:179-201. [PMID: 6204693 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(84)90063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A compilation of crystallization experiments of tRNAs published in literature as well as original results are given and discussed in this paper. Up to now 17 different tRNA species originating from Escherichia coli and from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been crystallized. All structural tRNA families are represented, namely the tRNAs with large or small extra-loops and among them the initiator tRNAs. The tRNAs with small variable loops (4 to 5 nucleotides), e.g. tRNAAsp and tRNAPhe, yield the best diffracting crystals. Crystalline polymorphism is a common feature; about 100 different crystal forms have been observed, but only 6 among them enabled structure determination studies by X-ray diffraction. Crystallization strongly depends upon experimental parameters such as the presence of polyamines and magnesium as well as upon the purity and the molecular integrity of the tRNAs. Crystals are usually obtained by vapour diffusion methods using salts (e.g. ammonium sulfate), organic solvents (e.g. isopropanol, dioxane or 2-methyl-2,4-pentane diol) or polyethylene glycol as precipitants. A methodological strategy for crystallyzing new tRNA species is described.
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Gilliland GL, Davies DR. Protein crystallization: the growth of large-scale single crystals. Methods Enzymol 1984; 104:370-81. [PMID: 6717290 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(84)04104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Goddard JP. The structures and functions of transfer RNA. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(78)90021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
This review is concerned primarily with the physical structure and changes in the structure of RNA molecules. It will be evident that we have not attempted comprehensive coverage of what amounts to a vast literature. We have tried to stay away from particular areas that have been recently reviewed elsewhere. Citations to and information from them are included, however, so that access to the literature is available. Much of what we treat in depth deals with the crystal structures and solution behaviour of model RNA compounds, including synthetic polymers and molecular fragments such as dinucleoside phosphates. Sequence data on natural RNA are cited, but not in detail. Similarly, apart from tRNA, natural RNAs the structural determinations of which are presently not so far advanced, are not dwelt upon. We have tried to present in detail the available structural data with scaled drawings that permit facile comparisons of molecular geometries.
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Kim SH. Three-dimensional structure of transfer RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 17:181-216. [PMID: 778921 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Price PG, Hancock RL. Electron microscopy of negatively stained tRNA. Nature 1973; 241:529-30. [PMID: 4120986 DOI: 10.1038/241529a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sakurai T, Rao ST, Rubin J, Sundaralingam M. X-ray diffraction patterns of transfer RNA consistent with the presence of short parallel helices in the molecule. Science 1971; 172:1234-7. [PMID: 4930513 DOI: 10.1126/science.172.3989.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction data of yeast formylmethionine transfer RNA, Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer RNA, and Escherichia coli arginine transfer RNA single crystals are compared with the Fourier transform of a helix. The results are consistent with the presence of short parallel double helical segments in the transfer RNA molecules.
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Cantor CR. Fluorescence studies of biopolymer structure. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1971; 33:576-85. [PMID: 4938302 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1971.tb02623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Kim SH, Quigley G, Suddath FL, Rich A. High-resolution x-ray diffraction patterns of crystalline transfer RNA that show helical regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:841-5. [PMID: 5279525 PMCID: PMC389056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.4.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast phenylalanyl transfer RNA crystallizes in a simple orthorhombic unit cell (a = 33.2, b = 56.1, c = 161 A), and the crystal yields an x-ray diffraction pattern with a resolution of 2.3 A. From an analysis of the packing in the unit cell it is concluded that the molecular dimensions are approximately 80 by 33 by 28 A. The diffraction pattern viewed along the a-axis has a distribution characteristic of double-helical nucleic acids. However, this distribution is not found when the pattern is viewed along the b-axis. This has been interpreted as indicating that the double-helical portions of the transfer RNA molecule are approximately half a helical turn in length, and therefore can contain 4-7 base pairs. These results are consistent with the cloverleaf formulation of transfer RNA secondary structure.
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Thang MN, Beltchev B, Grunberg-Manago M. Phosphorolysis of tRNA. Multiple conformational states of the tRNA in solution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 19:184-93. [PMID: 4928255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cramer F. Three-dimensional structure of tRNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1971; 11:391-421. [PMID: 4339145 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Young JD, Bock RM. [11] Crystallization of transfer RNA. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)20013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davies DR, Segal D. [25] Protein crystallization: Micro techniques involving vapor diffusion. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(71)22027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cramer F, von der Haar F, Holmes KC, Saenger W, Schlimme E, Schulz GE. Crystallization of yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. J Mol Biol 1970; 51:523-30. [PMID: 5492604 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schofield P. Isolation and some properties of methionine transfer ribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1970; 9:1694-700. [PMID: 4909079 DOI: 10.1021/bi00810a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Simkin RD, Cole SA, Ozawa H, Magdoff-Fairchild B, Eggena P, Rudko A, Low BW. Precipitation and crystallization of insulin in the presence of lysozyme and salmine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 200:385-94. [PMID: 5461233 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(70)90181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Strahs G. Crystal-Structure Data for Simple Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kaji H. Intraribosomal environment of the nascent peptide chain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 29:169-211. [PMID: 4928380 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Voet D, Rich A. The crystal structures of purines, pyrimidines and their intermolecular complexes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970; 10:183-265. [PMID: 4910304 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kim SH, Rich A. Crystalline transfer RNA: the three-dimensional Patterson function at 12-angstrom resolution. Science 1969; 166:1621-4. [PMID: 5360582 DOI: 10.1126/science.166.3913.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An orthorhombic form of crystalline formylmethionine transter RNA has been obtained which contains one molecule as the asymmetric unit of the unit cell. Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data have been collected up to a resolution of 12 angstroms, and from this a Patterson function has been calculated. The function contains an elongated ridge of interatomic vectors parallel to the c-axis of the crystal. Analysis of the function suggests that the molecules are elogated and dimerized in an overlapping antiparrael fashion along the c-axis. The dimer has a length near 109 angstroms and a width of 35 angstroms in one direction. The individual molecular length is approximately 80 angstroms with an irregular cross section measuring 25 by 35 angstrms.
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Khorana HG, Höpner T. Nucleinsäure-Synthese als Werkzeug für das Studium des genetischen Codes (Nobel-Vortrag). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19690812404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shugart L, Chastain B, Novelli GD. A chromatographically different form of the formyl-accepting methionine transfer RNA from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 37:305-12. [PMID: 5823937 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cramer F, Erdmann VA, von der Haar F, Schlimme E. Structure and reactivity of tRNA. J Cell Physiol 1969; 74:Suppl 1:163+. [PMID: 4902817 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040740416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shugart L, Chastain B, Novelli GD. Use of reversed-phase column chromatography for rapid isolation and identification of formylmethionyl transfer RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 186:384-6. [PMID: 4898485 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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