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Roh YR, Yim HS, Park K, Lee JH. Molecular characterization of positively selected genes contributing aquatic adaptation in marine mammals. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:775-783. [PMID: 38733518 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine mammals, which have evolved independently into three distinct lineages, share common physiological features that contribute to their adaptation to the marine environment. OBJECTIVE To identify positively selected genes (PSGs) for adaptation to the marine environment using available genomic data from three taxonomic orders: cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians. METHODS Based on the genomes within each group of Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Afrotheria, we performed selection analysis using the branch-site model in CODEML. RESULTS Based on the branch-site model, 460, 614, and 359 PSGs were predicted for the cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that genes associated with hemostasis were positively selected across all lineages of marine mammals. We observed positive selection signals for the hemostasis and coagulation-related genes plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU), multimerin 1 (MMRN1), gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), and platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1). Additionally, we found out that the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9 (SCN9A), serine/arginine repetitive matrix 4 (SRRM4), and Ki-ras-induced actin-interacting protein (KRAP) are under positive selection pressure and are associated with cognition, neurite outgrowth, and IP3-mediated Ca2 + release, respectively. CONCLUSION This study will contribute to our understanding of the adaptive evolution of marine mammals by providing information on a group of candidate genes that are predicted to influence adaptation to aquatic environments, as well as their functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Rim Roh
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Yim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiejung Park
- Cheonan Industry-Academic Collaboration Foundation, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyeongdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Felipo-Benavent M, O'Connor JE, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, Rojo C, García-Párraga D, Martínez-Romero A, Rubio-Guerri C. Monitoring platelet function in marine mammals: Intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization as a biomarker of platelet activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:105080. [PMID: 37844676 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelet functionality plays a crucial role in marine mammals. Alterations in platelet function can result from stress, pathologies, or exposure to xenobiotics, among others. The early detection of platelet function abnormalities is essential in these species to prevent advanced pathology and mitigate potential risks. Our main objective was to establish a range of physiological values of platelet function in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), sea lions (Otaria flavescens) and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). Intraplatelet Ca2+ mobilization using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a platelet agonist was used as a platelet function biomarker, adapting the methodology previously described by us in dolphins (Felipo-Benavent et al., 2022) to the rest of the species. The assay was also adapted to a seal (Phoca vitulina). Numerical indicators of intraplatelet Ca2+ mobilization kinetics were established, and statistical analyses were performed to compare the effects of species, sex, age, aquarium and species. Significant differences were observed between species, being the platelets of the sea lions the more reactive to the agonist. This work demonstrates the usefulness of this assay in the diagnosis or monitoring of animals with hemostatic diseases, showing two clinical cases in which intraplatelet calcium mobilization values were altered in marine mammals suffering haemorrhages. This assay may also serve as a means to monitor environmental changes and their potential impact on the health of marine mammal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Enrique O'Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls-Torres
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Rojo
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain; Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Martínez-Romero
- Cytomics Technological Service, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Rubio-Guerri
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, 46013, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Coban A, Bornberg-Bauer E, Kemena C. Domain Evolution of Vertebrate Blood Coagulation Cascade Proteins. J Mol Evol 2022; 90:418-428. [PMID: 36181519 PMCID: PMC9643190 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate blood coagulation is controlled by a cascade containing more than 20 proteins. The cascade proteins are found in the blood in their zymogen forms and when the cascade is triggered by tissue damage, zymogens are activated and in turn activate their downstream proteins by serine protease activity. In this study, we examined proteomes of 21 chordates, of which 18 are vertebrates, to reveal the modular evolution of the blood coagulation cascade. Additionally, two Arthropoda species were used to compare domain arrangements of the proteins belonging to the hemolymph clotting and the blood coagulation cascades. Within the vertebrate coagulation protein set, almost half of the studied proteins are shared with jawless vertebrates. Domain similarity analyses revealed that there are multiple possible evolutionary trajectories for each coagulation protein. During the evolution of higher vertebrate clades, gene and genome duplications led to the formation of other coagulation cascade proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulbaki Coban
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck-Institute for Biology Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Kemena
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Konrath S, Mailer RK, Renné T. Mechanism, Functions, and Diagnostic Relevance of FXII Activation by Foreign Surfaces. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:489-501. [PMID: 34592776 DOI: 10.1055/a-1528-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) is a serine protease zymogen produced by hepatocytes and secreted into plasma. The highly glycosylated coagulation protein consists of six domains and a proline-rich region that regulate activation and function. Activation of FXII results from a conformational change induced by binding ("contact") with negatively charged surfaces. The activated serine protease FXIIa drives both the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin pathway and the procoagulant intrinsic coagulation cascade, respectively. Deficiency in FXII is associated with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) but not with an increased bleeding tendency. However, genetic or pharmacological deficiency impairs both arterial and venous thrombosis in experimental models. This review summarizes current knowledge of FXII structure, mechanisms of FXII contact activation, and the importance of FXII for diagnostic coagulation testing and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020350. [PMID: 33578962 PMCID: PMC7916692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited. This review summarizes published reports on streptococcal species, which have been detected in marine mammals. Furthermore, we discuss streptococcal transmission between and adaptation to their marine mammalian hosts. We conclude that streptococci colonize and/or infect marine mammals very frequently, but in many cases, streptococci isolated from marine mammals have not been further identified. How these bacteria disseminate and adapt to their specific niches can only be speculated due to the lack of respective research. Considering the relevance of pathogenic streptococci for marine mammals as part of the marine ecosystem, it seems that they have been neglected and should receive scientific interest in the future.
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Ponczek MB, Shamanaev A, LaPlace A, Dickeson SK, Srivastava P, Sun MF, Gruber A, Kastrup C, Emsley J, Gailani D. The evolution of factor XI and the kallikrein-kinin system. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6135-6147. [PMID: 33351111 PMCID: PMC7757006 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a plasma protease (FXIa) that contributes to hemostasis by activating factor IX (FIX). In the original cascade model of coagulation, FXI is converted to FXIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), a component, along with prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). More recent coagulation models emphasize thrombin as a FXI activator, bypassing the need for FXIIa and the KKS. We took an evolutionary approach to better understand the relationship of FXI to the KKS and thrombin generation. BLAST searches were conducted for FXI, FXII, prekallikrein, and HK using genomes for multiple vertebrate species. The analysis shows the KKS appeared in lobe-finned fish, the ancestors of all land vertebrates. FXI arose later from a duplication of the prekallikrein gene early in mammalian evolution. Features of FXI that facilitate efficient FIX activation are present in all living mammals, including primitive egg-laying monotremes, and may represent enhancement of FIX-activating activity inherent in prekallikrein. FXI activation by thrombin is a more recent acquisition, appearing in placental mammals. These findings suggest FXI activation by FXIIa may be more important to hemostasis in primitive mammals than in placental mammals. FXI activation by thrombin places FXI partially under control of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation mechanism, reducing the importance of the KKS in blood coagulation. This would explain why humans with FXI deficiency have a bleeding abnormality, whereas those lacking components of the KKS do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał B Ponczek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandr Shamanaev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alec LaPlace
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - S Kent Dickeson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mao-Fu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
- Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR
| | - Christian Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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7
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Williams TM, Davis RW. Physiological resiliency in diving mammals: Insights on hypoxia protection using the Krogh principle to understand COVID-19 symptoms. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110849. [PMID: 33227435 PMCID: PMC8711794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sequential diving by wild marine mammals results in a lifetime of rapid physiological transitions between lung collapse-reinflation, bradycardia-tachycardia, vasoconstriction-vasodilation, and oxygen store depletion-restoration. The result is a cycle of normoxia and hypoxia in which blood oxygen partial pressures can decline to <20–30 mmHg during a dive, a level considered injurious to oxygen-dependent human tissues (i.e., brain, heart). Safeguards in the form of enhanced on-board oxygen stores, selective oxygen transport, and unique tissue buffering capacities enable marine-adapted mammals to maintain physiological homeostasis and energy metabolism even when breathing and pulmonary gas exchange cease. This stands in stark contrast to the vulnerability of oxygen-sensitive tissues in humans that may undergo irreversible damage within minutes of ischemia and tissue hypoxia. Recently, these differences in protection against hypoxic injury have become evident in the systemic, multi-organ physiological failure during COVID-19 infection in humans. Prolonged recoveries in some patients have led to delays in the return to normal exercise levels and cognitive function even months later. Rather than a single solution to this problem, we find that marine mammals rely on a unique, integrative assemblage of protections to avoid the deleterious impacts of hypoxia on tissues. Built across evolutionary time, these solutions provide a natural template for identifying the potential for tissue damage when oxygen is lacking, and for guiding management decisions to support oxygen-deprived tissues in other mammalian species, including humans, challenged by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrie M Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Randall W Davis
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Bonato M, Bagnoli P, Centelleghe C, Maric M, Brocca G, Mazzariol S, Cozzi B. Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus): the role of the retia mirabilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.198457. [PMID: 30760548 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retia mirabilia are vascular nets composed of small vessels dispersed among numerous veins, allowing blood storage, regulation of flow and pressure damping effects. Here, we investigated their potential role during the diving phase of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To this effect, the whole vertebral retia mirabilia of a series of dolphins were removed during post-mortem analysis and examined to assess vessel diameters, and estimate vascular volume and flow rate. We formulated a new hemodynamic model to help clarify vascular dynamics throughout the diving phase, based on the total blood volume of a bottlenose dolphin, and using data available about the perfusion of the main organs and body systems. We computed the minimum blood perfusion necessary to the internal organs, and the stroke volume and cardiac output during the surface state. We then simulated breath-holding conditions and perfusion of the internal organs under the diving-induced bradycardia and reduction of stroke volume and cardiac output, using 10 beats min-1 as the limit for the heart rate for an extended dive of over 3 min. Within these simulated conditions, the retia mirabilia play a vital role as reservoirs of oxygenated blood that permit functional performances and survival of the heart and brain. Our theoretical model, based on the actual blood capacity of the retia mirabilia and available data on organ perfusion, considers the dynamic trend of vasoconstriction during the diving phase and may represent a baseline for future studies on the diving physiology of dolphins and especially for the blood supply to their brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Technology Transfer Office, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mike Maric
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Zhu S, Herbig BA, Yu X, Chen J, Diamond SL. Contact Pathway Function During Human Whole Blood Clotting on Procoagulant Surfaces. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:209. [PMID: 30083534 PMCID: PMC6064720 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic thrombosis assays allow the control of anticoagulation, hemodynamics, pharmacology, and procoagulant surfaces containing collagen ± tissue factor (TF). With corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) ranging from low (1–4 μg/mL) to high levels (40–60 μg/mL), the function of Factor XIIa (FXIIa) can be modulated in the presence of low or high surface TF. With high CTI and no collagen/TF in the assay, no thrombin is generated during 15-min microfluidic perfusion. At low CTI (no TF), the generation of FXIa leads to fibrin polymerization at ~300 s after the initiation of flow over collagen, an onset time shortened at zero CTI and prolonged at high CTI. The engagement of FXIa was difficult to observe for clotting on high TF surfaces due to the dominance of the extrinsic pathway. Low TF surfaces allowed observable crosstalk between extrinsic pathway generation of thrombin and thrombin-mediated activation of FXIa, a feedback detected at >5 min and attenuated with polyphosphate inhibitor. From thrombin-antithrombin immunoassay of the effluent of blood flowing over collagen/TF, the majority of thrombin was found captured on intrathrombus fibrin. Additionally, extreme shear rates (>10,000 s−1) can generate massive von Willebrand Factor fibers that capture FXIIa and FXIa to drive fibrin generation, an event that facilitates VWF fiber dissolution under fibrinolytic conditions. Finally, we found that occlusive sterile thrombi subjected to pressure drops >70 mm-Hg/mm-clots have interstitial stresses sufficient to drive NETosis. These microfluidic studies highlight the interaction of contact pathway factors with the extrinsic pathway, platelet polyphosphate, VWF fibers, and potentially shear-induced NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bradley A Herbig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinren Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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COAGULATION ASSESSMENT: UNDERUTILIZED DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN ZOO AND AQUATIC ANIMAL MEDICINE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 48:947-953. [PMID: 29297814 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0145r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians specializing in nondomestic species are faced with unique challenges regarding research and diagnostic capabilities given the wild and frequently dangerous nature of their patients. Standard diagnostic techniques used in small or large animal practice are not always possible due to anatomical constraints, size, tractability, or the inherent risk of anesthesia in highly valued, rare species. Diagnostic modalities that utilize simple, relatively noninvasive techniques show promise in evaluating nondomestic species and elucidating the pathophysiology behind poorly characterized disease processes in both wild and captive populations. Coagulation profiles, which may include prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), D-dimer concentration, platelet count, and thromboelastography (TEG) are frequently used in domestic species but often overlooked in exotic medicine due to lack of normal reference values and/or availability. Whenever possible, coagulation profiles should be utilized in the evaluation of various disease processes including neoplasia, sepsis, trauma, inflammation, toxin exposure, and envenomation. There are several reports of coagulopathies in both wild and captive species; however, few studies on coagulation profiles have been published on nondomestic species. Clinicians should consider coagulation testing as part of the diagnostic work-up in nondomestic species. A review of available coagulation diagnostic tests is provided here in addition to summarizing the pertinent coagulation disorders currently established in the literature.
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Proteomic Analysis of Non-depleted Serum Proteins from Bottlenose Dolphins Uncovers a High Vanin-1 Phenotype. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33879. [PMID: 27667588 PMCID: PMC5036180 DOI: 10.1038/srep33879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted approaches have been widely used to help explain physiological adaptations, but few studies have used non-targeted omics approaches to explore differences between diving marine mammals and terrestrial mammals. A rank comparison of undepleted serum proteins from common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and pooled normal human serum led to the discovery of 11 proteins that appeared exclusive to dolphin serum. Compared to the comprehensive human plasma proteome, 5 of 11 serum proteins had a differential rank greater than 200. One of these proteins, Vanin-1, was quantified using parallel reaction monitoring in dolphins under human care and free-ranging dolphins. Dolphin serum Vanin-1 ranged between 31–106 μg/ml, which is 20–1000 times higher than concentrations reported for healthy humans. Serum Vanin-1 was also higher in dolphins under human care compared to free-ranging dolphins (64 ± 16 vs. 47 ± 12 μg/ml P < 0.05). Vanin-1 levels positively correlated with liver enzymes AST and ALT, and negatively correlated with white blood cell counts and fibrinogen in free-ranging dolphins. Major differences exist in the circulating blood proteome of the bottlenose dolphin compared to terrestrial mammals and exploration of these differences in bottlenose dolphins and other marine mammals may identify veiled protective strategies to counter physiological stress.
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Normal Hemostatic Profiles and Coagulation Factors in Healthy Free-Living Florida Manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris). J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:907-911. [PMID: 27525595 DOI: 10.7589/2015-12-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemostatic disorders presumptively play an important role in the pathophysiology of several important disease conditions in the Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris). Prior to pursuing such clinical implications, it is essential to establish normal hemostatic profiles in clinically healthy animals. During annual health assessments of free-living manatees organized by the US Geological Survey, blood samples were collected from 12 healthy animals from the Atlantic coast and 28 from the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida, with body lengths of 210-324 cm. The following analyses were performed on citrated plasma: prothrombin (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and concentrations of fibrinogen, D-dimers, and coagulation factors VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Compared to other mammalian species, manatees had short PT (9.2±1.5 s) and PTT (10.7±0.5 s), fibrinogen was 369±78.7 mg/dL, antithrombin III was 132±11%, and D-dimer was 142±122 ng/mL. Baseline concentrations for the listed coagulation factors were established. When comparing coagulation factors between locations, Atlantic coast manatees had significantly higher factors VIII, IX, and X than did Gulf Coast manatees. This finding may reflect differences in water salinity, diet, or genetics. There were no differences in coagulation factors when among sexes and sizes. These baselines for hemostatic profiles and coagulation factors in healthy free-living manatees lay the foundation for diagnosis and future research of hemostatic disorders and contribute to understanding their role in the pathophysiology of manatees affected by various diseases.
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Griffeth RJ, García-Párraga D, Mellado-López M, Crespo-Picazo JL, Soriano-Navarro M, Martinez-Romero A, Moreno-Manzano V. Platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine-associated treatments in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108439. [PMID: 25251412 PMCID: PMC4177220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dolphins exhibit an extraordinary capacity to heal deep soft tissue injuries. Nevertheless, accelerated wound healing in wild or captive dolphins would minimize infection and other side effects associated with open wounds in marine animals. Here, we propose the use of a biological-based therapy for wound healing in dolphins by the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Blood samples were collected from 9 different dolphins and a specific and simple protocol which concentrates platelets greater than two times that of whole blood was developed. As opposed to a commonly employed human protocol for PRP preparation, a single centrifugation for 3 minutes at 900 rpm resulted in the best condition for the concentration of dolphin platelets. By FACS analysis, dolphin platelets showed reactivity to platelet cell-surface marker CD41. Analysis by electron microscopy revealed that dolphin platelets were larger in size than human platelets. These findings may explain the need to reduce the duration and speed of centrifugation of whole blood from dolphins to obtain a 2-fold increase and maintain proper morphology of the platelets. For the first time, levels of several growth factors from activated dolphin platelets were quantified. Compared to humans, concentrations of PDGF-BB were not different, while TGFβ and VEGF-A were significantly lower in dolphins. Additionally, adipose tissue was obtained from cadaveric dolphins found along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) were successfully isolated, amplified, and characterized. When dolphin ASCs were treated with 2.5 or 5% dolphin PRP they exhibited significant increased proliferation and improved phagocytotic activity, indicating that in culture, PRP may improve the regenerative capacity of ASCs. Taken together, we show an effective and well-defined protocol for efficient PRP isolation. This protocol alone or in combination with ASCs, may constitute the basis of a biological treatment for wound-healing and tissue regeneration in dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Griffeth
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Tissue and Neuronal Regeneration Lab, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maravillas Mellado-López
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Tissue and Neuronal Regeneration Lab, Valencia, Spain
- FactorStem, Ltd. Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Tissue and Neuronal Regeneration Lab, Valencia, Spain
- FactorStem, Ltd. Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Woodruff RS, Sullenger B, Becker RC. The many faces of the contact pathway and their role in thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 32:9-20. [PMID: 21404067 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-011-0578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding inherent differences between thrombosis and hemostasis in the vascular system are critical to developing safe and effective anticoagulants. To this end, constituents of the contact activated and intrinsic pathway of coagulation appear to be involved in pathological thrombus formation, but are not required for normal hemostasis. In addition to coagulation, activation of the contact system is involved in fibrinolytic, inflammatory, and angiogenic processes that can also contribute to the thrombotic environment. This review discusses the role of the contact system in these processes, and highlights the potential of FXII and FXI as safer targets for antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Woodruff
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Abstract
During surface-initiated blood coagulation in vitro, activated factor XII (fXIIa) converts factor XI (fXI) to fXIa. Whereas fXI deficiency is associated with a hemorrhagic disorder, factor XII deficiency is not, suggesting that fXI can be activated by other mechanisms in vivo. Thrombin activates fXI, and several studies suggest that fXI promotes coagulation independent of fXII. However, a recent study failed to find evidence for fXII-independent activation of fXI in plasma. Using plasma in which fXII is either inhibited or absent, we show that fXI contributes to plasma thrombin generation when coagulation is initiated with low concentrations of tissue factor, factor Xa, or alpha-thrombin. The results could not be accounted for by fXIa contamination of the plasma systems. Replacing fXI with recombinant fXI that activates factor IX poorly, or fXI that is activated poorly by thrombin, reduced thrombin generation. An antibody that blocks fXIa activation of factor IX reduced thrombin generation; however, an antibody that specifically interferes with fXI activation by fXIIa did not. The results support a model in which fXI is activated by thrombin or another protease generated early in coagulation, with the resulting fXIa contributing to sustained thrombin generation through activation of factor IX.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have noted that factor (F) XI and FXII and prekallikrein (the contact phase proteases) are absent in fish. OBJECTIVES A broad survey of recently completed genomes was undertaken to find where during the course of vertebrate evolution these coagulation factors appeared. METHODS BLAST searches were conducted for the various factors on genomes of lamprey, puffer fish, zebra fish, frog, chicken, platypus, and opossum. RESULTS It was confirmed that FXII is absent from fish; it is present in frog, platypus, and opossum, but is absent in chicken, an apparent example of gene loss. A single gene corresponding to the evolutionary predecessor of FXI and prekallikrein occurs in frog, chicken, and platypus. The opossum (a marsupial) has both prekallikrein and FXI, completing the full complement of these genes that occurs in eutherian mammals. CONCLUSIONS The step-by-step accrual of genes for these factors by a series of timely gene duplications has been confirmed by phylogenetic analysis and other considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal B. Ponczek
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Univ. Calif. San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David Gailani
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
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18
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Characterization of the coagulation system in healthy dolphins: the coagulation factors, natural anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-005-0567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Semba U, Shibuya Y, Okabe H, Hayashi I, Yamamoto T. Whale high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight kininogens. Thromb Res 2000; 97:481-90. [PMID: 10704658 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(99)00199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight kininogen mRNAs in the whale liver was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide sequences of the high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight kininogen cDNAs were analyzed and deduced to the amino acid sequences. The high-molecular-weight kininogen composed of 609 amino acid residues with 18 signal peptides possessed the consensus sequences of the cysteine protease inhibitor domains I and II, the bradykinin domain, the histidine-rich region, and the prekallikrein-binding region. Except for the histidine-rich region, the overall homologies with bovine, human, and rat high-molecular-weight kininogens were 81%, 76%, and 62%, respectively. The low-molecular-weight kininogen is composed of 408 amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequence down to C(1200) as well as the amino acid sequence till Ile(382) is identical to that of the high-molecular-weight kininogen. The remaining low-molecular-weight kininogen-specific carboxy-terminal portion possessed an amino acid sequence similar to that of the land mammals. The overall homologies with bovine, human, and rat low-molecular-weight kininogens were 82%, 79%, and 64%, respectively. The amino acid sequences of both whale high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight kininogens are most similar to those of the bovine among the land mammals analyzed so far. An incubation of dolphin/whale plasma with human plasma kallikrein, or with bovine trypsin, in the presence of carboxypeptidase inhibitors generated bradykinin antigen as well as the spasmogenic activity to the estrous rat uterus. The amount of bradykinin released by the latter enzyme was almost double of the former, indicating that the dolphin/whale plasma contained similar concentrations of low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight kininogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Semba
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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21
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Güttner J. Hereditary and acquired disturbances of haemostasis in animals. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1991; 14:153-6. [PMID: 1805724 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74936-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Güttner
- Institute of Microbiology and Experimental Therapy, Jena
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Abstract
Inherited coagulation disorders have been diagnosed in many breeds of dogs as well as in mongrels and cats. This article presents the different coagulation factor deficiencies that are known to exist in small animals. A description is given of each coagulation factor along with the relevant clinical signs, inheritance, and the breeds affected. Suggestions are also given for the diagnosis and therapy of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fogh
- Department of In Vitro Biology, Nordisk Gentofte A/S, Denmark
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23
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24
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Comparative hematology: Studies on cats including one with factor XII (hageman) deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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26
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Ratnoff OD. The Physiology of Blood Coagulation. Blood 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-595705-2.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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