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Robins RK. Purine Nucleoside 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphates as Hormonal Modulators of Cellular Proliferation, Metastases and Lymphocyte Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318208078836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Myers DE, Chandan-Langlie M, Chelstrom LM, Uckun FM. In vitro and in vivo anti-leukemic efficacy of cyclic AMP modulating agents against human leukemic B-cell precursors. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22:259-64. [PMID: 8819074 DOI: 10.3109/10428199609051756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We show that the adenylate cyclase activating diterpine, forskolin, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, aminophylline, and the permeant cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP inhibit the in vitro clonogenic growth of leukemic B-cell precursors. We also used a SCID mouse xenograft model of refractory human B-cell precursor leukemia to evaluate the anti-leukemic effect of aminophylline in vivo. Treatment with aminophylline (6 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/hour x 7 days) significantly prolonged the event-free survival of SCID mice (median survival of control mice, 39 days, N = 79; median survival of aminophylline-treated mice, 60 days, N = 10; P < 0.0001 by log-rank test) and it was more effective than treatment with vincristine (median survival = 51 days, N = 5) or L asparaginase (median survival = 44 days, N = 5). However, aminophylline was not as effective as methylprednisolone (median survival: 103 days, N = 5). These results indicate that cAMP modulating agents may be useful in treatment of refractory human B-cell precursor leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Myers
- University of Minnesota Biotherapy Program, Roseville 55113, USA
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Abstract
The extent of FSH-mediated LH/hCG receptor induction and of basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells in vitro, in serum-containing medium, is directly related to the plating density. Relative to pre-culture levels, low- and high-density cultures of cells routinely exhibited 1-2- and 10-11-fold increases in [125I]iodo-hCG binding, respectively. Monolayer growth, i.e. cell division, as measured by increases in cell protein or DNA content, was inversely related to plating density. This density-directed inverse relationship between growth and differentiation did not appear to be coupled under the conditions utilized. Whereas monolayer growth was dependent upon the cell surface density, i.e. the number of cells per unit surface area, differentiation was dependent upon cell concentration, i.e. cells per unit volume of medium. Cells plated at low density in medium containing 10% serum exhibited 50% less [125I]iodo-hCG binding than cells in 5% serum (P less than 0.025). Conversely, cells plated at high density exhibited a 14% increase (P less than 0.025) in binding at the higher serum level. Thus, it appears that the extent of differentiation depends upon the capacity of cells to neutralize serum inhibition which in turn is dependent upon the cell concentration. Serum neutralization by granulosa cells is an FSH-dependent process. Conditioned medium derived from insulin-treated, high-density cultures did not facilitate optimum LH/hCG receptor induction in low-density cultures. Conditioned medium from cultures treated with insulin plus FSH, however, facilitated LH/hCG receptor induction in low-density cultures to the same extent as obtained in high-density cultures. The enhancement by FSH-conditioned medium cannot be attributed to residual FSH or to dilution of serum components during the preparation of the conditioned medium. The phenomena of serum-attenuated granulosa cell differentiation in vitro, and of a density-dependent reversal of this process, may have regulatory implications in vivo since follicular fluid contains many serum components and since the granulosa cell complement is an important determinant of follicle maturation.
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Kiss Z, Zamfirova R. Protamine inhibits adenylate cyclase activity: a possible reason for the toxicity of protamine. EXPERIENTIA 1983; 39:1381-2. [PMID: 6653727 DOI: 10.1007/bf01990114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protamine is an effective inhibitor of the various activated forms of adenylate cyclase of liver plasma membranes. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase may account for its toxic but not its antitumor effects.
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Abu Sinna G. The effect of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and chemically related compounds on the growth of mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1983; 74:433-6. [PMID: 6133692 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the chemically related compounds: serotonin, tryptophan, I. pyruvic, I. butyric, I. propionic and tryptamine on the growth of 3T3 cells has been studied. 2. Each of these compounds increases the cell number in a variable degree. The increase is related to the presence of the serum in the medium. 3. The kinetic relation between IAA, foetal calf serum and cell growth was studied. 4. It may be that IAA and related compounds affect the cell growth through adenylate cyclase and cAMP-cGMP systems.
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Hopkins D, Manchester KL. Cyclic nucleotides in the denervated rat diaphragm and the effect of cyclic AMP on ornithine and adenosylmethionine decarboxylases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 678:388-94. [PMID: 6274418 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured in the denervated rat diaphragm at various times following unilateral phrenicectomy. Cyclic AMP concentration was raised by the second day after operation, reached a peak by the third day, followed by another increase at around 10 days. By contrast, cyclic GMP concentration was decreased within a day after denervation and remained below control levels at all subsequent times studied. Epinephrine in vitro produced a comparable increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP in both normal and denervated tissue. The concentration of adenosine appeared unchanged in the denervated diaphragm by comparison with its innervated control. Activity of ornithine decarboxylase was elevated in the diaphragms of rats treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but this effect could also be achieved with sodium butyrate alone. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity, was unaffected after treatment with either compound. These observations and others discussed are taken to indicate a lack of direct relationship between cyclic AMP concentrations and the activity of the rate-limiting enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis in the rat diaphragm.
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Anderson WB, Jaworski CJ. Potentiation of hormone-stumulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in cultured fibroblasts by trypsin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 207:465-8. [PMID: 6264860 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Oleinick NL, Daniel JW, Brewer EN. Absence of a correlation between cyclic nucleotide fluctuations and cell cycle progression. Exp Cell Res 1981; 131:373-7. [PMID: 6258949 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Adachi K, Aoyagi T, Nemoto O, Halprin KM, Levine V. Epidermal cyclic GMP is increased in psoriasis lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1981; 76:19-20. [PMID: 6257790 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12524471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP levels in epidermis of normal subjects and of psoriatic patients were measured with a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay method. Technical improvements for the assay are 2-fold: (1) skin samples were frozen in vivo before biopsy and local injection of any anesthetic was avoided to overcome ischemia effect which could lower cyclic GMP artificially; (2) epidermis was microdissected to avoid contamination of dermis and keratin layers. The results show that on a per mg tissue dry weight basis the cyclic GMP levels are about 200 fmol in the involved lesional epidermis and 70 fmol in the uninvolved or normal epidermis. Similarly increases in the cyclic GMP levels in the lesional epidermis are observed when the data are expressed either on a DNA or protein basis. The cyclic GMP level in normal epidermis from nonpsoriatic subjects is the same as that in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriasis patients.
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Binet E, Evain D, Anderson WB. Calcitonin-responsive adenylate cyclase in cultured F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1980; 129:466-9. [PMID: 6253308 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Court D, Gottesman M, Gallo M. Bacteriophage lambda hin function. I. Pleiotropic alteration in host physiology. J Mol Biol 1980; 138:715-29. [PMID: 6157830 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thomas G, Siegmann M, Kubler AM, Gordon J, Jimenez de Asua L. Regulation of 40S ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. Cell 1980; 19:1015-23. [PMID: 6247069 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Addition of serum to resting cultures of Swiss mouse 3T3 cells causes an immediate multiple phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6. After 60 min of stimulation, changing to medium containing no serum led to the net dephosphorylation of S6. During this same period, a second protein, as yet unidentified, became increasingly phosphorylated. Incubation of cells with cycloheximide prior to the addition of serum almost completely blocked the activation of protein synthesis. There was no effect on the serum-induced phosphorylation of S6. If cells were stimulated in the presence of cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline or SQ 20006, both S6 phosphorylation and the activation of protein synthesis were inhibited. Stimulation of cells with serum also led to an immediate drop in total intracellular cAMP levels. This was blocked by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), which caused a 10 fold increase in total intracellular cyclic AMP. However, PGE1 had no effect on protein synthesis or S6 phosphorylation.
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Derubertis FR, Craven PA, Saito R. Studies of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine action on the guanylate cyclase-guanosine 3'5' monophosphate system of isolated colonic epithelial cells. Cancer 1980; 45:1052-9. [PMID: 6101992 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800315)45:5+<1052::aid-cncr2820451304>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hyndman AG. Thymidine phosphorylase activity in the optic tectum of developing chick embryos and the effects of 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides and monosodium glutamate on enzyme activity. J Neurochem 1980; 34:316-20. [PMID: 6251165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, Shanfeld JL, Montgomery PC, Korostoff E. Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. II. Increase in rate of tooth movement and periodontal cyclic nucleotide levels by combined force and electric current. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1980; 77:33-47. [PMID: 6243448 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(80)90222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric currents in mechanically stressed bone were implicated in the activation of bone cells. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the usefulness of exogenous electric currents in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and to study the effect of electric-orthodontic treatment on periodontal cyclic nucleotides. Maxillary canines were tipped in five cats by 80 g force. Two groups of five cats each were treated by an electric-orthodontic procedure to one maxillary canine for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Teeth treated by force and electricity moved significantly faster than those treated by force alone. Enhanced bone resorption was observed near the anode (PDL compression site), while bone formation was pronounced near the cathode (PDL tension site). Staining for cyclic nucleotides was increased when electric stimulation was added to the mechanical force. These results suggest that orthodontic tooth movement may be accelerated by the use of locally applied electric currents.
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Das M. Mitogenic hormone-induced intracellular message: assay and partial characterization of an activator of DNA replication induced by epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:112-6. [PMID: 6965791 PMCID: PMC348218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the pathway from nuclear quiescence to mitogenesis. It describes an in vitro assay for an activator of DNA replication induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in responsive cells. Cytoplasmic extracts from EGF-treated 3T3 cells were found to contain substances that can stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from spleen cells of adult frogs. Extracts from untreated resting 3T3 cells lack this activity, and EGF itself is incapable of stimulating DNA synthesis in these cell-free systems. The extract-induced stimulation of incorporation of [3H]dTTP into nuclear DNA is ATP dependent and requires the presence of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, suggesting the occurrence of replication rather than repair synthesis. This cell-free assay has been used to obtain some initial insights into the mechanism of induction and biochemical characterization of the intermediate in EGF action. Half-maximal induction of the active intracellular substance is achieved at about 0.08 nM EGF, a concentration that correlates well with the concentration required for half-maximal mitogenesis. Studies on the biochemical characteristics of this active substance strongly suggest that the activity is associated with a protein. The activity is nondialyzable and sensitive to trypsin and heat. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of the extract revealed three peaks of activity with molecular weights of 46,000, 110,000, and 270,000 (sedimentation coefficients: 3.7 S, 6.6 S, and 12 S, respectively). These results indicate that receptor-EGF interaction at the cell surface leads to the intracellular generation of protein that are capable of stimulating quiescent nuclei into activity.
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Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, Shanfeld JL, Montgomery PC, Korostoff E. Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. I. The effect of electric currents on periodontal cyclic nucleotides. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1980; 77:14-32. [PMID: 6243447 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(80)90221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis has been found to occur in response to the application of electric currents to bone. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of D.C. electric currents on periodontal tissues in cats. Cyclic nucleotides, compounds known to be involved in cellular activation, were studied by immunohistochemistry in the involved tissues. Three groups of three young adult cats each were treated for 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively, by a device delivering 15 microamperes of direct current to bone osteoblasts and PDL cells stained intensely for cAMP and cGMP were observed adjacent to the cathode and anode, and bone apposition was found near the cathode. These results suggest that electric stimulation enhances cellular enzymatic phosphorylation activities in periodontal tissues and may be a potent tool in accelerating alveolar bone turnover.
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Iizuka H, Adachi K, Aoyagi T, Halprin KM, Levine V. Cyclic GMP system in epidermis: II. Histamine stimulates cyclic GMP formation. J Invest Dermatol 1979; 73:313-6. [PMID: 227965 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12549695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Boynton AL, Whitfield JF. The cyclic AMP-dependent initiation of DNA synthesis by T51B rat liver epithelioid cells. J Cell Physiol 1979; 101:139-48. [PMID: 94328 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brief rise in the cellular cyclic AMP content which occurs late in the prereplicative phases of rat hepatocytes in vivo and T51B rat liver epitheloid cells in vitro seems to be necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus, the extracellular calcium-deprivation in T51B rat liver cells in culture which induces a late G-1 block is rapidly reversible (cells surge into S phase within one hour) either by creating a cyclic AMP surge by the addition of calcium or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or by the exogenous addition of low concentrations of cyclic AMP itself (i.e., 10(-8)-10(-5) M). On the other hand, prevention of the calcium-induced cyclic AMP surge by imidazole (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activator) blocked the initiation of DNA synthesis by the calcium-deprived T51B cells.
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Hunt NH, Martin TJ. Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in tumours. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1979; 9:584-99. [PMID: 231426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb03401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many hormones act by combining with cell surface receptors and stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. The cyclic AMP generated is the mediator of a number of cellular metabolic processes. Other processes may be influenced by changes in cyclic GMP levels. Although much evidence from cultured cells suggested that low cellular levels of cyclic AMP and high levels of cyclic GMP are a feature of rapid cell growth and of malignant transformation, review of the data reveals many inconsistencies. Thus in established tumours growing in vivo, for example, cyclic AMP levels appear to be unrelated to tumour growth rates. It seems that tumour cell cyclic AMP is more likely concerned with the regulation of tumour cell function than of growth. This would have implications for therapy, in that drugs which influence cyclic nucleotide metabolism could influence tumour cell function. The control of cyclic nucleotide production in normal and tumour cells is discussed, together with the possible ways in which abnormalities of this may occur.
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Evain D, Gottesman M, Pastan I, Anderson WB. A mutation affecting the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in CHO cells. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Anderson WB, Gallo M, Wilson J, Lovelace E, Pastan I. Effect of epidermal growth factor on prostaglandin E1-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in fibroblastic cells. FEBS Lett 1979; 102:329-32. [PMID: 222620 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Anderson W, Jaworski C. Isoproterenol-induced desensitization of adenylate cyclase responsiveness in a cell-free system. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Anderson WB, Wilson J, Rechler MM, Nissley SP. Effect of multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) on intracellular cAMP levels and adenylate cyclase activity in chick embryo fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1979; 120:47-53. [PMID: 220067 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Evain D, Anderson WB. Gonadotropin stimulation of cyclic AMP levels in Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 1979; 99:153-8. [PMID: 222777 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040990116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, incubated in serum-free medium, are exposed to gonadotropins a transient increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP is observed. Maximum accumulation of cyclic AMP is noted 30 minutes after addition of either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Within one to two hours after hormone addition, the intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP have returned to basal levels. The enhancement of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by hCG is hormone concentration dependent, with maximal stimulation observed at 10 micrograms/ml hCG. The exogenous addition of gonadotropins also slows the growth rate of CHO cells. This effect on growth seems to be mediated through cyclic AMP since the growth rate of a mutant of CHO cells defective in the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase is only slightly decreased.
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Rudland PS, Jimenez de Asua L. Action of growth factors in the cell cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1979; 560:91-133. [PMID: 216405 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(79)90004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Present knowledge on regulation of fibroblast growth is based on in vitro culture of fibroblasts from different sources. The research has focused on 2 problems: identification of the signal that reaches the fibroblast from outside and tells it to grow and identification of metabolic reactions inside the cell that commit it to initiate DNA synthesis after the signal arrives. Although the signal and the metabolic reactions have not yet been clearly identified, and the relationship between in vivo conditions and the result of these in vitro studies still has to be determined, the large body of data collected so far and the steadily growing information concerning these problems suggest a complex interrelation between cellular environment and metabolic processes involved in growth regulation.
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Ahn HS, Horowitz SG, Eagle H, Makman MH. Effects of cell density and cell growth alterations on cyclic nucleotide levels in cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1978; 114:101-10. [PMID: 207538 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yasuda H, Hanai N, Kurata M, Yamada M. Cyclic GMP metabolism in relation to the regulation of cell growth in BALB/c3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 1978; 114:111-6. [PMID: 26583 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Alterations in the intracellular distribution of cGMP and guanylate cyclase activity during rat liver regeneration. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wray HL, Glinos AD. Cyclic nucleotides and growth regulation in suspension cultures of mammalian cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1978; 234:C131-8. [PMID: 206153 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1978.234.5.c131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Boynton AL, Whitfield JF, Isaacs RJ, Tremblay RG. An examination of the roles of cyclic nucleotides in the initiation of cell proliferation. Life Sci 1978; 22:703-10. [PMID: 204846 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Derubertis FR, Craven PA. Activation of the renal cortical and hepatic guanylate cyclase-guanosine 3' ,5'-monophosphate systems by nitrosoureas. Divalent cation requirements and relationship to thiol reactivity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1977; 499:337-51. [PMID: 20981 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Grummt F, Grummt I. The effect of cyclic nucleotides on cellular ATP levels and ribosomal RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 79:387-93. [PMID: 562746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid starvation of Ehrlich ascites cells leads to a significant decrease of the intracellular ATP concentration concomitant with a marked decrease in nucleolar RNA polymerase activity. Addition of 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (br8cGMP) to the amino-acid-deficient culture medium increased the cellular ATP levels and restored the rRNA synthesis capacity of nucleoli to control levels. Exogenous br8cAMP overcame the effects of br8cGMP. Administration of br8cAMP to exponentially growing ascites cells resulted in a shrinkage of ATP levels and in an inhibition of nucleolar RNA synthesis similar to that observed under shift-down conditions. These effects of br8cAMP could be antagonized by exogenous br8cGMP or hypoxanthine. Since the br8cGMP-induced increase in the total adenine nucleotides was abolished in the presence of azaserine (an inhibitor of the amidation of formylglycineamide ribonucleotide) it is concluded that cyclic nucleotides exert at least a part of their regulatory effects on cell proliferation by regulating nucleotide biosynthesis de novo.
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Gray NC, Dickinson JR, Swoboda BE. Cyclic GMP metabolism in Tetrahymena pyriformis synchronized by a single hypoxic shock. FEBS Lett 1977; 81:311-4. [PMID: 21815 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bhargava PM. Regulation of cell division and malignant transformation: a new model for control by uptake of nutrients. J Theor Biol 1977; 68:101-37. [PMID: 916700 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Seltzer S. Discussion of vascular permeability and other factors in the modulation of the inflammatory response. J Endod 1977; 3:214-7. [PMID: 267159 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(77)80134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumakura K, Frattola L, Spano PF, Trabucchi M. Guanylate cyclase in human brain tumors: regulation of cellular growth. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1977; 9:579-86. [PMID: 19773 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(77)80086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hickie RA. Regulation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in Morris hepatomas and liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 92:451-88. [PMID: 24988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8852-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Anderson WB, Jaworski CJ. Modulation of adenylate cyclase activity of fibroblasts by free fatty acids and phospholipids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 180:374-83. [PMID: 560173 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tisdale MJ, Phillips BJ. cAMP binding, protein kinase activation and the inhibition of cell growth. Exp Cell Res 1977; 104:135-42. [PMID: 188667 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Festoff BW. Neurotrophic control of cyclic nucleotide levels during muscle differentiation in cell culture. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1977; 8:57-65. [PMID: 190351 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chick brain-spinal cord extract on morphological development and cyclic nucleotide levels of cultured chick embryo skeletal muscle cells were determined. It had previously been shown that the extract stimulated morphological differentiation, protein synthesis, and choliniesterase activity of muscle cells. Myoblasts fused earlier and an increase in number as well as diameter of myotubes were seen in the extract treated cultures. Cyclic nucleotides levels were higher (almost twice the controls for both adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) and preceded their occurrence in the control cultures. It was suggested that factor(s) in the extract interact with membrane receptor(s) to alter nucleotide levels which, in turn, allow the effects to be expressed.
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DeRubertis FR, Craven PA. Sequential alterations in the hepatic content and metabolism of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP induced by DL-ethionine: evidence for malignant transformation of liver with a sustained increase in cyclic AMP. Metabolism 1976; 25:1611-25. [PMID: 186692 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(76)90114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence than adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) may have antagonistic actions on cell growth, with cAMP inhibiting and cGMP stimulating this process. However, reductions in cAMP and increases in cGMP are not charactersitic of all neoplastic tissues. Thus, benign and malignant tissues from hepatoma-bearing rats exposed to the hepatic carcinogen DL-ethionine have elevated rather than depressed cAMP, compared to control liver, and parenteral administration of this drug increases hepatic cAMP within hours. In the present study, the effects of ethionine ingestion on the hepatic content and metabolism of both cAMP and cGMP were examined sequentially in rats at 2 and then 6 wk intervals, from the initiation of drug administration until the development of hepatomas. After 2 wk, cAMP content of quick-frozen liver from rats receiving ethionine (E) was significantly increased (826 +/- 91 pmole/g wet weight) above that of liver from pair-fed controls (C, 415 +/- 44), whether calculated by tissue wet weight, protein, or DNA content. In benign tissue from E, higher cAMP was still evident after in vitro incubations of slices with 2 mM 1-methyl-3-iso-butylxanthine (MIX) and was associated with enhanced adenylate cyclase and unchanged high or low Km cAMP-phosphodiesterase activities. These findings are compatible with accelerated cAMP generation in liver from E. Protein kinase activity ratios were significantly increased in frozen liver from E (0.52 +/- 0.04 versus 0.36 +/- 0.03 in C), and the percent glycogen synthetase in the I form was clearly reduced (19% +/- 2% in E versus 47% +/- 5% in c). incubation of hepatic slices from E or C with MIX and/or 10 muM glucagon further increased cAMP and protein kinase activity ratios, data which imply higher effective, as well as total, cellular cAMP in E. Changes in cAMP metabolism and action observed at 2 wk persisted throughout the 38-wk period of drug ingestion. Adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP content, and protein kinase activity ratios of ethionine-induced hepatomas exceeded those of both the surrounding liver from tumor-bearing rats and that of control liver, but alterations in these parameters were qualitatively similar in both tissues from E. By contrast, while cGMP in quick-frozen surrounding liver from tumor-bearing rats (36 +/- 4 pmole/g wet weight) did not differ from that of control liver (30 +/- 3), cGMP in the hepatomas was increased. This change was evident in both frozen tumor (89 +/- 10) and in tumor slices incubated in vitro with MIX (C, 90 +/- 11; surrounding liver, 85 +/- 10; hepatoma 231 +/- 29). These results indicate that malignant conversion can occur in liver with a sustained elevation of both total and effective cAMP during the premalignant phase. The increase in cGMP detected in ethionine-induced hepatomas could also be a key determinant of malignant transformation in the model, although premalignant changes in cGMP were not apparent.
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Induction of refractoriness to thyrotropin stimulation in cultured thyroid cells. Dependence on new protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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DeRubertis FR, Craven PA. Calcium-independent modulation of cyclic GMP and activation of guanylate cyclase by nitrosamines. Science 1976; 193:897-9. [PMID: 7837 DOI: 10.1126/science.7837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines markedly increase concentrations of guanosine 3', 5' - monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in several tissues from the rat and in human colonic mucosa. These agents are effective in the absence of extracellular calcium and enhance guanylate cyclase activity in tissue homogenates. Stimulation of cyclic GMP was greatest in liver, where the carcinogenic activity of nitrosamines is also most pronounced.
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Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Pyridine nucleotide levels as a function of growth in normal and transformed 3T3 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 175:627-34. [PMID: 8713 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Of the major achievements in cell biology during the last 25 years, none is more important than the understanding of regulation of cell cycles. In 1953 two fundamental observations concerning DNA were made. Watson and Crick suggested that the three-dimensional structure of DNA exists as a double helix with specific base pairings, and Howard and Pelc observed that DNA is replicated during a specific phase in the mitotic cycle. Thus developed the theory of cell cycles. Next, investigators explored which events occur during each phase of the cycle and what controls the readout of the genes of proliferation or differentiation. In 1961, Jacob and Monod proposed that for prokaryotic cells the operon is the mechanism which controls the readout of the genes; and by the end of the 1960s, several investigators had defined the role of cyclic AMP and its mechanism of action at the gene level. The control mechanisms of eukaryotic cells are less well defined. Basically there are two types of regulatory molecules: those that arrive at the cell surface and send messages inside the cell; and those that enter the cell, bind to receptors, and then enter the nucleus to interact with the genes. During the past five to ten years, the cell surface and its receptors have received considerable attention as the recognition and control areas for cell proliferation and differentiation, and currently the role of the cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins is being investigated. Various model systems are now available for detailed studies of these control mechanisms.
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