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A Journey through Diastereomeric Space: The Design, Synthesis, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Activity, and Molecular Modeling of Novel Potent Diastereomeric MOR Agonists and Antagonists. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196455. [PMID: 36234992 PMCID: PMC9570967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four sets of diastereomeric C9-alkenyl 5-phenylmorphans, varying in the length of the C9-alkenyl chain, were designed to examine the effect of these spatially distinct ligands on opioid receptors. Functional activity was obtained by forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assays and several compounds were examined in the [35S]GTPgS assay and in an assay for respiratory depression. In each of the four sets, similarities and differences were observed dependent on the length of their C9-alkenyl chain and, most importantly, their stereochemistry. Three MOR antagonists were found to be as or more potent than naltrexone and, unlike naltrexone, none had MOR, KOR, or DOR agonist activity. Several potent MOR full agonists were obtained, and, of particular interest partial agonists were found that exhibited less respiratory depression than that caused by morphine. The effect of stereochemistry and the length of the C9-alkenyl chain was also explored using molecular modeling. The MOR antagonists were found to interact with the inactive (4DKL) MOR crystal structures and agonists were found to interact with the active (6DDF) MOR crystal structures. The comparison of their binding modes at the mouse MOR was used to gain insight into the structural basis for their stereochemically induced pharmacological differences.
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2
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Transformations of 1-phenethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Soares JX, Alves EA, Silva AMN, de Figueiredo NG, Neves JF, Cravo SM, Rangel M, Netto ADP, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Afonso CM. Street-Like Synthesis of Krokodil Results in the Formation of an Enlarged Cluster of Known and New Morphinans. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1609-1621. [PMID: 28708940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Xavier Soares
- LAQV, REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuele Amorim Alves
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- EPSJV−Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venâncio,
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil 4.365
Avenue, Manguinhos, 21.040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - André M. N. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campo Alegre Street, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Guimarães de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Derivatives, Analytical Chemistry
Division, National Institute of Technology, Venezuela Avenue, 82, Praça
Mauá, 20081-312 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João F. Neves
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Manuela Cravo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Institute
of Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista, Valonguinho Campus, Centro,
Niterói, 24020-150, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Street No. 228 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Prof. Hernâni Monteiro Alameda, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- IINFACTS-Institute
of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies,
Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Central de Gandra Street, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Manuel Afonso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, José Viterbo Ferreira Stree
No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), General Norton de Matos Avenue, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Brown JD, Saeed M, Do L, Braz J, Basbaum AI, Iadarola MJ, Wilson DM, Dillon WP. CT-guided injection of a TRPV1 agonist around dorsal root ganglia decreases pain transmission in swine. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:305ra145. [PMID: 26378245 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One approach to analgesia is to block pain at the site of origin or along the peripheral pathway by selectively ablating pain-transmitting neurons or nerve terminals directly. The heat/capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) expressed by nociceptive neurons is a compelling target for selective interventional analgesia because it leaves somatosensory and proprioceptive neurons intact. Resiniferatoxin (RTX), like capsaicin, is a TRPV1 agonist but has greater potency. We combine RTX-mediated inactivation with the precision of computed tomography (CT)-guided delivery to ablate peripheral pain fibers in swine. Under CT guidance, RTX was delivered unilaterally around the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and vehicle only was administered to the contralateral side. During a 4-week observation period, animals demonstrated delayed or absent withdrawal responses to infrared laser heat stimuli delivered to sensory dermatomes corresponding to DRG receiving RTX treatment. Motor function was unimpaired as assessed by disability scoring and gait analysis. In treated DRG, TRPV1 mRNA expression was reduced, as were nociceptive neuronal perikarya in ganglia and their nerve terminals in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. CT guidance to precisely deliver RTX to sites of peripheral pain transmission in swine may be an approach that could be tailored to block an array of clinical pain conditions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Brown
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Maythem Saeed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Loi Do
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Joao Braz
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - William P Dillon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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5
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Abstract
μ-Opioid agonists mediate their analgesic effect through GPCRs that are generated via alternate splicing of the Oprm1 transcript. While the majority of μ-opioids interact with receptors comprising the canonical 7 transmembrane (7TM) domain, a recently identified class of μ-opioids appears to require a 6TM domain variant. In this issue of the JCI, Lu and colleagues provide an in vivo proof-of-concept demonstration that a 6TM isoform of the μ-opioid receptor can support functional analgesia in Oprm1-deficent animals. The 6TM isoform was pharmacologically distinct from the canonical 7TM μ-opioid receptor, and 6TM agonists had a reduced side effect profile, which confers a strong therapeutic advantage over standard opioid analgesics. The observations of Lu et al. extend the reach of opioid-receptor neurobiology and pharmacology into a new era of analgesic discovery. This advance emerges from a series of fundamental research analyses in which elements of the endogenous opioid system were frequently in the vanguard.
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Varghese V, Hudlicky T. A Short History of the Discovery and Development of Naltrexone and Other Morphine Derivatives. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Enquist J, Ferwerda M, Milan-Lobo L, Whistler JL. Chronic methadone treatment shows a better cost/benefit ratio than chronic morphine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:386-92. [PMID: 22062352 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic treatment of pain with opiate drugs can lead to analgesic tolerance and drug dependence. Although all opiate drugs can promote tolerance and dependence in practice, the severity of those unwanted side effects differs depending on the drug used. Although each opiate drug has its own unique set of pharmacological profiles, methadone is the only clinically used opioid drug that produces substantial receptor endocytosis at analgesic doses. Here, we examined whether moderate doses of methadone carry any benefits over chronic use of equianalgesic morphine, the prototypical opioid. Our data show that chronic administration of methadone produces significantly less analgesic tolerance than morphine. Furthermore, we found significantly reduced precipitated withdrawal symptoms after chronic methadone treatment than after chronic morphine treatment. Finally, using a novel animal model with a degrading μ-opioid receptor we showed that, although endocytosis seems to protect against tolerance development, endocytosis followed by receptor degradation produces a rapid onset of analgesic tolerance to methadone. Together, these data indicated that opioid drugs that promote receptor endocytosis and recycling, such as methadone, may be a better choice for chronic pain treatment than morphine and its derivatives that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Enquist
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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8
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Fürst S, Hosztafi S. The chemical and pharmacological importance of morphine analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 95:3-44. [PMID: 18389996 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.95.2008.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The object of this review is to summarize the efforts which resulted in the discovery of therapeutically useful morphine-like drugs. The search for new analgesics can be divided into three stages: (a) search for analgesics with high efficacy and reduced unwanted side-effects; (b) understanding of structure-activity relationships; (c) studies on the mechanism of pain perception and its alleviation by investigation of the pharmacology of opioids. An immense body of literature has been produced on the syntheses of thousands of new compounds which resulted in the development of detailed structure-activity relationships. The physical and psychologic dependence of opioid analgesics also facilitated investigators to solve the problem of the separation of strong analgesia from addiction liability. In the past decades more mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics, pure antagonists devoid of agonist action and potent opioids like the 6,14-ethenomorphinan derivatives were developed. Naloxone, Naltrexone, Buprenorphine and Pentazocine are the outstanding representatives which are introduced into clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fürst
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad tr 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Woodcock J, Witter J, Dionne RA. Stimulating the development of mechanism-based, individualized pain therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:703-10. [PMID: 17762885 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical science has greatly improved our understanding of pain in recent decades, but few novel molecular entities that address fundamentally new pain mechanisms have entered the clinic, despite dramatically increased pharmaceutical investment. Indeed, virtually all new analgesics approved over the past 25 years are derivatives or reformulations of opioids or aspirin-like drugs, existing drugs given for a new indication or older drugs given by a different route of administration. Here, we discuss factors contributing to this lack of innovation in therapies for pain and advocate public-private partnerships (PPPs) to translate new knowledge into more efficacious and safer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Woodcock
- Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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Abstract
Structure and function are intimately related. Nowhere is this more important than the area of bioactive molecules. It has been shown that the enantioselectivity of an enzyme is directly related to its chirality. X-ray crystallography is the only method for determining the "absolute" configuration of a molecule and is the most comprehensive technique available to determine the structure of any molecule at atomic resolution. Results from crystallographic studies provide unambiguous, accurate, and reliable 3-dimensional structural parameters, which are prerequisites for rational drug design and structure-based functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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11
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Meldrum M. The ladder and the clock: cancer pain and public policy at the end of the twentieth century. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 29:41-54. [PMID: 15652438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the WHO Cancer Pain Relief Program (the Analgesic Ladder) and its research basis in two very different research traditions, one at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, the other at St. Christopher's Hospice in London, are discussed. The Sloan-Kettering group emphasized precise relative differences in analgesic effects of various drugs, whereas Twycross at St. Christopher's used patient well-being as the crucial benchmark. Despite these differences, both traditions presented evidence of the safe and effective use of strong opioids for cancer pain relief, in a setting of individualized attention and close physician monitoring. The success and limitations of the Ladder as a global health policy are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Meldrum
- Department of History, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473, USA
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12
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Spillane JF. Debating the Controlled Substances Act. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76:17-29. [PMID: 15380285 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, the basis of modern drug regulation is the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970. The CSA laid out the authority of the federal government and provided a framework within which all existing and new substances could be regulated on their abuse potential, safety, and medical utility. The debates over the CSA centered on several critical issues: where to place the authority to make scheduling designations, the impact of scheduling on drug research, and defining what constituted drug "abuse" for purposes of scheduling. Passage of the CSA was aided by broad language that provided a kind of "big tent" which could accommodate diverse points of view. A retrospective assessment of the CSA shows it to have greatly expanded federal administrative authority over the nation's drug supply, much as its authors intended. Other impacts of the CSA, however, are much less certain. This article concludes by highlighting the issues and questions that should guide future retrospective research on the efficacy of drug control regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Spillane
- Department of History and Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, P.O. Box 115950, Gainesville, FL 32611-5950, USA.
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13
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Kim IJ, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. A critical structural determinant of opioid receptor interaction with phenolic 5-phenylmorphans. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:4543-50. [PMID: 15265502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The opioid receptor binding affinities of N-methyl- and N-phenethyl-5-phenylmorphans with a meta-hydroxy substituent [3-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (1a), and 3-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (1b)] were compared with the affinities of four new ligands bearing an ortho- or para-hydroxyl substituent (2-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (2a) and 2-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (2b), 4-(2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (3a), and 4-(2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-5-yl)-phenol (3b)) that were synthesized from 2-bromoanisole or the known 2-methyl-5-phenyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (13), respectively. The data indicated that either the electronic state of the phenolic ring is critical for the ligand's interaction with an opioid receptor, or that there must be a specific distance and angle for a hydrogen bond between the phenolic moiety and an amino acid in the binding domain that cannot be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jong Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Building 8, Room B1-23, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815, USA
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14
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Karai L, Brown DC, Mannes AJ, Connelly ST, Brown J, Gandal M, Wellisch OM, Neubert JK, Olah Z, Iadarola MJ. Deletion of vanilloid receptor 1-expressing primary afferent neurons for pain control. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1344-52. [PMID: 15124026 PMCID: PMC398431 DOI: 10.1172/jci20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cancer, neuropathic, and postoperative pain is frequently inadequate or compromised by debilitating side effects. Inhibition or removal of certain nociceptive neurons, while retaining all other sensory modalities and motor function, would represent a new therapeutic approach to control severe pain. The enriched expression of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1; also known as the vanilloid receptor, VR1) in nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia allowed us to test this concept. Administration of the potent TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) to neuronal perikarya induces calcium cytotoxicity by opening the TRPV1 ion channel and selectively ablates nociceptive neurons. This treatment blocks experimental inflammatory hyperalgesia and neurogenic inflammation in rats and naturally occurring cancer and debilitating arthritic pain in dogs. Sensations of touch, proprioception, and high-threshold mechanosensitive nociception, as well as locomotor function, remained intact in both species. In separate experiments directed at postoperative pain control, subcutaneous administration of RTX transiently disrupted nociceptive nerve endings, yielding reversible analgesia. In human dorsal root ganglion cultures, RTX induced a prolonged increase in intracellular calcium in vanilloid-sensitive neurons, while leaving other, adjacent neurons unaffected. The results suggest that nociceptive neuronal or nerve terminal deletion will be effective and broadly applicable as strategies for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Karai
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Abstract
Advances in x-ray crystallographic data collection, structure solution, and refinement/validation have reduced the time required and expanded the range of samples amenable to x-ray crystallographic studies. Consequently, we can now collect complete atomic resolution data sets on physically smaller crystals and solve larger problems by direct methods beyond what could have been accomplished even five years ago. Applying these improved methods to the study of opioid ligands has enhanced our knowledge of the opioid pharmacophore. Despite considerable progress, it is still difficult to define the pharmacophoric parameters required for highly selective and potent opioid peptides. In part this is due to the conformational flexibility remaining even in conformationally constrained peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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16
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Handa S, Jones K, Newton CG. Synthetic studies on morphine-based analgesics. Intramolecular Diels–Alder approach to 4a-aryldecahydroisoquinolines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p19950001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Suzuki T, Narita M, Takahashi Y, Misawa M, Nagase H. Effects of nor-binaltorphimine on the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 213:91-7. [PMID: 1499660 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a highly selective kappa antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia and physical dependence on morphine were examined. Pretreatment with nor-BNI (5 mg/kg s.c.) 2 h prior to injection of morphine or a selective kappa agonist, U-50,488H, significantly antagonized the analgesic effect of U-50,488H, but not morphine analgesia in mice. The development of tolerance to morphine analgesia was significantly potentiated by pretreatment of mice with nor-BNI 2 h prior to morphine treatment during chronic morphine treatment for 5 days. Additionally, the pretreatment with nor-BNI during chronic treatment with the high dose of morphine for 5 days significantly potentiated the naloxone-induced body weight loss in morphine-dependent mice and rats. These findings suggest that inactivation of the kappa opioid system may potentiate the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia in mice and may aggravate the naloxone-precipitated body weight loss in morphine-dependent mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Fukagawa Y, Katz JL, Suzuki T. Effects of a selective kappa-opioid agonist, U-50,488H, on morphine dependence in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 170:47-51. [PMID: 2558895 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rats were made dependent on morphine by mixing the drug with their only source of food. Naltrexone (0.5 mg/kg) injection precipitated a syndrome of withdrawal signs including weight loss. Pretreatment with the selective kappa agonist, U-50,488H (1.0, 30.0 or 10.0 mg/kg), generally had no effects on the signs of morphine withdrawal. In other subjects, U-50,488H was repeatedly administered (1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg per 12 h) during the development of morphine dependence. In these subjects, the course of naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal was unchanged. These results suggest that agonist activity at kappa receptors is not sufficient to alter morphine dependence or withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University, Japan
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20
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21
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Kaiko RF, Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG, Grabinski PY, Houde RW. Analgesic and mood effects of heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:1501-5. [PMID: 7015131 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198106183042501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We designed a study to determine the relative analgesic potency of intramuscular heroin and morphine and to compare mood and side effects in 166 cancer patients with postoperative pain. Heroin was about twice as potent as morphine (95 per cent confidence limits, 1.6 to 2.6 times) in graded-dose, twin-crossover assays. Heroin provided an analgesic peak effect earlier than morphine (1.2 plus or minus 0.08 and 1.5 plus or minus 0.10 hours, respectively [mean plus or minus S.E.M.]). Doses with equal analgesic effects provided comparable improvements in various elements of mood, particularly feelings of peacefulness. Peak mood improvement occurred earlier after heroin than after morphine (1.2 plus or minus 0.10 and 1.8 plus or minus 0.13 hours, respectively). Both analgesia and mood improvement were less sustained after heroin at doses providing equal peak analgesic effects. The drugs shared the most common side effects, with no marked differences in their occurrence; sleepiness was the most frequent side effect after both drugs (46 per cent with each). Heroin has no apparent unique advantages or disadvantages for the relief pain in patients with cancer.
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22
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The interaction of N alpha-alkylenkephalins with opiate receptors. Tissue-dependent shifts in the opiate activity of methionine-enkephalin following N alpha-alkylation. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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24
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Hernández LL, Appel JB. Dopaminergic involvement in the mechanism of action of pentazocine. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1979; 26:384-400. [PMID: 227353 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(79)91392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Postoperative analgesia both by drugs and regional techniques is reviewed. In the United Kingdom in the last 25 years or more there has been little advance on either front. Some marginal improvement in regard to drugs might be brought about by better education of both doctors and nurses and better patient contact. Extradural analgesia and intercostal block do not offer a complete solution, though a judicious increase in the use certainly of the former might be beneficial. The problem awaits a radical new approach.
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Wikler A. Methadone maintenance and narcotic blocking drugs. Appendix. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS 1977; 12:869-81. [PMID: 338517 DOI: 10.3109/10826087709027257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The research history of norcodeine as a narcotic blocking drug is presented. Because of the limitations found for norcodeine usage, naloxone, cyclazocine, and naltrexone have recently received attention, and the results of research with them are detailed.
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Pert CB, Bowie DL, Pert A, Morell JL, Gross E. Agonist-antagonist properties of N-allyl-[D-Ala]2-Met-enkephalin. Nature 1977; 269:73-5. [PMID: 197431 DOI: 10.1038/269073a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gund P. Three-Dimensional Pharmacophoric Pattern Searching. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66626-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
The “War on Drugs” has spawned major research efforts that have led to the discovery of the “opiate receptor” and the development of new narcotic antagonists which may be useful adjuncts in the rehabilitation of chronic opiate addicts. At the moment, these findings are rich with potential applications and potential discovery. The authors review the current state of the art.
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Hsia JC, Tam JC, Giles HG, Leung CC, Marcus H, Marshman JA, Leblanc AE. Markers for detection of supplementation in narcotic programs--deuterium-labeled methadone. Science 1976; 193:498-500. [PMID: 941022 DOI: 10.1126/science.941022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Specific deuterium labeling of methadone and use of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique permits rapid and quanitative determination of the ratio of the labeled to unlabeled drug in body fluids. A trideuertiomethadone (methadone-d3) was shown to have exactly the same analgesic activity and toxicity in mice as methadone. The rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion of methadone-d3 and methadone were identical in rats. These observations suggest that methadone-d3 may be used as an in vivo marker for monitoring methadone intake of patients, and thus may improve the effectiveness of methadone treatment programs.
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Teaching Behavioral Pain Control to Health Professionals. Pain 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2304-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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BELLA DDELLA. STRUCTURAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH NARCOTICS AND NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS. Neuropharmacology 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-020565-6.50008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pert CB, Pasternak G, Snyder SH. Opiate agonists and antagonists discriminated by receptor binding in brain. Science 1973; 182:1359-61. [PMID: 4128222 DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4119.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Receptor binding of opiate agonists and antagonists can be differentiated in vivo and in vitro. Administration of either rapidly elevates stereospecific [(3)H]dihydromorphine binding to mouse brain extracts by 40 to 100 percent, but antagonists are 10 to 1000 times more potent than agonists; as little as 0.02 milligram of naloxone per kilogram of body weight significantly enhances opiate receptor binding. Sodium enhances antagonist binding in vitro but decreases agonist binding, a qualitative difference that may be relevant to the divergent pharmacological properties of opiate agonists and antagonists.
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