1
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Nixon CA. The Composition and Chemistry of Titan's Atmosphere. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:406-456. [PMID: 38533193 PMCID: PMC10961852 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this review I summarize the current state of knowledge about the composition of Titan's atmosphere and our current understanding of the suggested chemistry that leads to that observed composition. I begin with our present knowledge of the atmospheric composition, garnered from a variety of measurements including Cassini-Huygens, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and other ground- and space-based telescopes. This review focuses on the typical vertical profiles of gases at low latitudes rather than global and temporal variations. The main body of the review presents a chemical description of how complex molecules are believed to arise from simpler species, considering all known "stable" molecules-those that have been uniquely identified in the neutral atmosphere. The last section of the review is devoted to the gaps in our present knowledge of Titan's chemical composition and how further work may fill those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor A. Nixon
- Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United
States
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2
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Vanuzzo G, Marchione D, Mancini L, Liang P, Pannacci G, Recio P, Tan Y, Rosi M, Skouteris D, Casavecchia P, Balucani N. The N( 2D) + CH 2CHCN (Vinyl Cyanide) Reaction: A Combined Crossed Molecular Beam and Theoretical Study and Implications for the Atmosphere of Titan. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6110-6123. [PMID: 36053010 PMCID: PMC9483977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction of electronically excited nitrogen atoms,
N(2D), with vinyl cyanide, CH2CHCN, has been
investigated
under single-collision conditions by the crossed molecular beam (CMB)
scattering method with mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight
(TOF) analysis at the collision energy, Ec, of 31.4 kJ/mol. Synergistic electronic structure calculations of
the doublet potential energy surface (PES) have been performed to
assist in the interpretation of the experimental results and characterize
the overall reaction micromechanism. Statistical (Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus,
RRKM) calculations of product branching fractions (BFs) on the theoretical
PES have been carried out at different values of temperature, including
the one corresponding to the temperature (175 K) of Titan’s
stratosphere and at a total energy corresponding to the Ec of the CMB experiment. According to our theoretical
calculations, the reaction is found to proceed via barrierless addition
of N(2D) to the carbon–carbon double bond of CH2=CH–CN, followed by the formation of cyclic
and linear intermediates that can undergo H, CN, and HCN elimination.
In competition, the N(2D) addition to the CN group is also
possible via a submerged barrier, leading ultimately to N2 + C3H3 formation, the most exothermic of all
possible channels. Product angular and TOF distributions have been
recorded for the H-displacement channels leading to the formation
of a variety of possible C3H2N2 isomeric
products. Experimentally, no evidence of CN, HCN, and N2 forming channels was observed. These findings were corroborated
by the theory, which predicts a variety of competing product channels,
following N(2D) addition to the double bond, with the main
ones, at Ec = 31.4 kJ/mol, being six isomeric
H forming channels: c-CH(N)CHCN + H (BF = 35.0%), c-CHNCHCN + H (BF = 28.1%), CH2NCCN + H (BF =
26.3%), c-CH2(N)CCN(cyano-azirine) + H
(BF = 7.4%), trans-HNCCHCN + H (BF = 1.6%), and cis-HNCCHCN + H (BF = 1.3%), while C–C bond breaking
channels leading to c-CH2(N)CH(2H-azirine)
+ CN and c-CH2(N)C + HCN are predicted
to be negligible (0.02% and 0.2%, respectively). The highly exothermic
N2 + CH2CCH (propargyl) channel is also predicted
to be negligible because of the very high isomerization barrier from
the initial addition intermediate to the precursor intermediate able
to lead to products. The predicted product BFs are found to have,
in general, a very weak energy dependence. The above cyclic and linear
products containing an additional C–N bond could be potential
precursors of more complex, N-rich organic molecules that contribute
to the formation of the aerosols on Titan’s upper atmosphere.
Overall, the results are expected to have a significant impact on
the gas-phase chemistry of Titan’s atmosphere and should be
properly included in the photochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Vanuzzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Demian Marchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pengxiao Liang
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pannacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pedro Recio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Yuxin Tan
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Piergiorgio Casavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Mancini L, Vanuzzo G, Marchione D, Pannacci G, Liang P, Recio P, Rosi M, Skouteris D, Casavecchia P, Balucani N. The Reaction N( 2D) + CH 3CCH (Methylacetylene): A Combined Crossed Molecular Beams and Theoretical Investigation and Implications for the Atmosphere of Titan. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8846-8859. [PMID: 34609869 PMCID: PMC8521525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction of excited
nitrogen atoms N(2D) with CH3CCH (methylacetylene)
was investigated under single-collision
conditions by the crossed molecular beams (CMB) scattering method
with mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis at the
collision energy (Ec) of 31.0 kJ/mol.
Synergistic electronic structure calculations of the doublet potential
energy surface (PES) were performed to assist the interpretation of
the experimental results and characterize the overall reaction micromechanism.
Theoretically, the reaction is found to proceed via a barrierless addition of N(2D) to the carbon–carbon
triple bond of CH3CCH and an insertion of N(2D) into the CH bond of the methyl group, followed
by the formation of cyclic and linear intermediates that can undergo
H, CH3, and C2H elimination or isomerize to
other intermediates before unimolecularly decaying to a variety of
products. Kinetic calculations for addition and insertion mechanisms
and statistical (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) computations of product
branching fractions (BFs) on the theoretical PES were performed at
different values of total energy, including the one corresponding
to the temperature (175 K) of Titan’s stratosphere and that
of the CMB experiment. Up to 14 competing product channels were statistically
predicted, with the main ones, at Ec =
31.0 kJ/mol, being the formation of CH2NH (methanimine)
+ C2H (ethylidyne) (BF = 0.41), c-C(N)CH
+ CH3 (BF = 0.32), CH2CHCN (acrylonitrile) +
H (BF = 0.12), and c-CH2C(N)CH + H (BF
= 0.04). Of the 14 possible channels, seven correspond to H displacement
channels of different exothermicity, for a total H channel BF of ∼0.25
at Ec = 31.0 kJ/mol. Experimentally, dynamical
information could only be obtained about the overall H channels. In
particular, the experiment corroborates the formation of acrylonitrile
+ H, which is the most exothermic of all 14 reaction channels and
is theoretically calculated to be the dominant H-forming channel (BF
= 0.12). The products containing a novel C–N bond could be
potential precursors to form other nitriles (C2N2, C3N) or more complex organic species containing N atoms
in planetary atmospheres, such as those of Titan and Pluto. Overall,
the results are expected to have a potentially significant impact
on the understanding of the gas-phase chemistry of Titan’s
atmosphere and the modeling of that atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Vanuzzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Demian Marchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pannacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pengxiao Liang
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pedro Recio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Piergiorgio Casavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Melin H. The upper atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190478. [PMID: 33161864 PMCID: PMC7658783 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We review the current understanding of the upper atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, and explore the upcoming opportunities available to study these exciting planets. The ice giants are the least understood planets in the solar system, having been only visited by a single spacecraft, in 1986 and 1989, respectively. The upper atmosphere plays a critical role in connecting the atmosphere to the forces and processes contained within the magnetic field. For example, auroral current systems can drive charged particles into the atmosphere, heating it by way of Joule heating. Ground-based observations of H3+ provides a powerful remote diagnostic of the physical properties and processes that occur within the upper atmosphere, and a rich dataset exists for Uranus. These observations span almost three decades and have revealed that the upper atmosphere has continuously cooled between 1992 and 2018 at about 8 K/year, from approximately 750 K to approximately 500 K. The reason for this trend remain unclear, but could be related to seasonally driven changes in the Joule heating rates due to the tilted and offset magnetic field, or could be related to changing vertical distributions of hydrocarbons. H3+ has not yet been detected at Neptune, but this discovery provides low-hanging fruit for upcoming facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the next generation of 30 m telescopes. Detecting H3+ at Neptune would enable the characterization of its upper atmosphere for the first time since 1989. To fully understand the ice giants, we need dedicated orbital missions, in the same way the Cassini spacecraft explored Saturn. Only by combining in situ observations of the magnetic field with in-orbit remote sensing can we get the complete picture of how energy moves between the atmosphere and the magnetic field. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Future exploration of ice giant systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Melin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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5
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On an EUV Atmospheric Simulation Chamber to Study the Photochemical Processes of Titan's Atmosphere. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10009. [PMID: 32561886 PMCID: PMC7305212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ exploration of Titan’s atmosphere requires the development of laboratory experiments to understand the molecular growth pathways initiated by photochemistry in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Key species and dominant reaction pathways are used to feed chemical network models that reproduce the chemical and physical processes of this complex environment. Energetic UV photons initiate highly efficient chemistry by forming reactive species in the ionospheres of the satellite. We present here a laboratory experiment based on a new closed and removable photoreactor coupled here to an Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) irradiation beam produced by the high-order harmonic generation of a femtosecond laser. This type of EUV stable source allow long-term irradiation experiments in which a plethora of individual reactions can take place. In order to demonstrate the validity of our approach, we irradiated for 7 hours at 89.2 nm, a gas mixture based on N2/CH4 (5%). Using only one wavelength, products of the reaction reveal an efficient photochemistry with the formation of large hydrocarbons but especially organic compounds rich in nitrogen similar to Titan. Among these nitrogen compounds, new species had never before been identified in the mass spectra obtained in situ in Titan’s atmosphere. Their production in this experiment, on the opposite, corroborates previous experimental measurements in the literature on the chemical composition of aerosol analogues produced in the laboratory. Diazo-compounds such as dimethyldiazene (C2H6N2), have been observed and are consistent with the large nitrogen incorporation observed by the aerosols collector pyrolysis instrument of the Huygens probe. This work represents an important step forward in the use of a closed cell chamber irradiated by the innovative EUV source for the generation of photochemical analogues of Titan aerosols. This approach allows to better constrain and understand the growth pathways of nitrogen incorporation into organic aerosols in Titan’s atmosphere.
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6
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Melin H, Fletcher LN, Stallard TS, Miller S, Trafton LM, Moore L, O'Donoghue J, Vervack RJ, Dello Russo N, Lamy L, Tao C, Chowdhury MN. The H 3+ ionosphere of Uranus: decades-long cooling and local-time morphology. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180408. [PMID: 31378181 PMCID: PMC6710888 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The upper atmosphere of Uranus has been observed to be slowly cooling between 1993 and 2011. New analysis of near-infrared observations of emission from H3+ obtained between 2012 and 2018 reveals that this cooling trend has continued, showing that the upper atmosphere has cooled for 27 years, longer than the length of a nominal season of 21 years. The new observations have offered greater spatial resolution and higher sensitivity than previous ones, enabling the characterization of the H3+ intensity as a function of local time. These profiles peak between 13 and 15 h local time, later than models suggest. The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility iSHELL instrument also provides the detection of a bright H3+ signal on 16 October 2016, rotating into view from the dawn sector. This feature is consistent with an auroral signal, but is the only of its kind present in this comprehensive dataset. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Advances in hydrogen molecular ions: H3+, H5+ and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Melin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - L. N. Fletcher
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - T. S. Stallard
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S. Miller
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - L. M. Trafton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - L. Moore
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R. J. Vervack
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - N. Dello Russo
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - L. Lamy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Meudon, France
| | - C. Tao
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. N. Chowdhury
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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7
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Lee HK, Li X, Miliordos E, Hunt KLC. The interaction-induced dipole of H 2–H: New ab initioresults and spherical tensor analysis. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5098900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Kuang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36489, USA
| | - Katharine L. C. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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8
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Kawai J, Kebukawa Y, McKay CP, Kobayashi K. Nucleic acid bases in Titan tholins and possible genetic systems in the Titan liquidosphere. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 20:20-29. [PMID: 30797431 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and possesses a dense atmosphere composed of nitrogen and methane. Various types of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, nitriles, etc.) have been found on Titan, which were generated by reactions taking place in its atmosphere. These reactions are considered to provide crucial evidence for chemical reactions which may have occurred in the atmosphere of primitive Earth. Cassini discovered several lakes of liquid methane and ethane on Titan's surface; in addition, the presence of ammonia water in its sub-surface was implied. In order to simulate the chemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere, gas mixtures of nitrogen and methane have been exposed to plasma discharges to synthesize complex organic matters. In this study, we focused on the formation of nucleic acid bases and related compounds recovered from synthesized Titan tholins. The five nucleic acid bases that terrestrial life uses (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, and uracil) have already been reported to be present in synthesized Titan tholins. Purines and pyrimidines, including the five aforementioned nucleic acid bases, were extracted from synthesized Titan tholins and analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS. As a result, the pyrimidine bases of isocytosine and 2, 4-diaminopyrimidine were detected together with the terrestrial nucleic acid bases of adenine, uracil, and cytosine. The results obtained in conjunction with those from previous studies show that some nucleic acid bases and related pyrimidine bases are found in synthesized Titan tholins, suggesting that chemical evolutions toward xenogenetic systems could occur in Titan's environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kawai
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kebukawa
- Yokohama National University, 79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | | | - Kensei Kobayashi
- Yokohama National University, 79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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Toumi A, Piétri N, Couturier-Tamburelli I. Infrared study of matrix-isolated ethyl cyanide: simulation of the photochemistry in the atmosphere of Titan. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:30352-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature Ar matrix isolation has been carried out to investigate the infrared spectrum of ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN), a molecule present in the atmosphere of Titan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Toumi
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- PIIM
- UMR 7345
- 13397 Marseille
| | - N. Piétri
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- PIIM
- UMR 7345
- 13397 Marseille
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10
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Goguen JD. Planetary surface photometry and imaging: progress and perspectives. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:104901. [PMID: 25313169 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/10/104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spacecraft have visited and returned many thousands of images and spectra of all of the planets, many of their moons, several asteroids, and a few comet nuclei during the golden age of planetary exploration. The signal in each pixel of each image or spectral channel is a measurement of the radiance of scattered sunlight into a specific direction. The information on the structure and composition of the surface that is contained in variation of the radiance with scattering geometry and wavelength, including polarization state, has only just begun to be exploited and is the topic of this review. The uppermost surfaces of these bodies are mainly composed of particles that are continuously generated by impacts of micrometeoroids and larger impactors. Models of light scattering by distributions of sizes and irregular shapes of particles and by closely packed particles within a surface are challenging. These are active topics of research where considerable progress has recently been made. We focus on the surfaces of bodies lacking atmospheres.These surfaces are diverse and their morphologies give evidence of their evolution by impacts and resurfacing by a variety of processes including down slope movement and electrostatic transport of particles, gravitational accumulation of debris, volatile outgassing and migration, and magnetospheric interactions. Sampling of scattering geometries and spatial resolution is constrained by spacecraft trajectories. However, the large number of archived images and spectra demand more quantitative interpretation. The scattering geometry dependence of the radiance is underutilized and promises constraints on the compositions and structure of the surface for materials that lack diagnostic wavelength dependence. The general problem is considered in terms of the lunar regolith for which samples have been returned to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D Goguen
- Mail Stop 183-401, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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11
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Fegley B. Properties and Composition of the Terrestrial Oceans and of the Atmospheres of the Earth and Other Planets. AGU REFERENCE SHELF 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/rf001p0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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13
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Hamilton DC, Brown DC, Gloeckler G, Axford WI. Energetic atomic and molecular ions in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p08905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Yelle RV, McConnell JC, Sandel BR, Broadfoot AL. The dependence of electroglow on the solar flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia13p15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Hartle RE, Sittler EC, Ogilvie KW, Scudder JD, Lazarus AJ, Atreya SK. Titan's ion exosphere observed from Voyager 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia03p01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Bertaux JL, Kockarts G. Distribution of molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere of Titan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p08716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Strobel DF, Shemansky DE. EUV emission from Titan's upper atmosphere: Voyager 1 encounter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia03p01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Smith GR, Strobel DF, Broadfoot AL, Sandel BR, Shemansky DE, Holberg JB. Titan's upper atmosphere: Composition and temperature from the EUV solar occultation results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia03p01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Singhal RP, Bhardwaj A. Monte Carlo simulation of photoelectron energization in parallel electric fields: Electroglow on Uranus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sittler EC, Ogilvie KW, Scudder JD. Survey of low-energy plasma electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere: Voyagers 1 and 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p08847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Samuelson RE, Maguire WC, Hanel RA, Kunde VG, Jennings DE, Yung YL, Aikin AC. CO2on Titan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p08709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith GR, Shemansky DE, Holberg JB, Broadfoot AL, Sandel BR, McConnell JC. Saturn's upper atmosphere from the Voyager 2 Euv solar and stellar occultations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p08667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Gustin J, Bonfond B, Grodent D, Gérard JC. Conversion from HST ACS and STIS auroral counts into brightness, precipitated power, and radiated power for H2giant planets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Badman SV, Achilleos N, Arridge CS, Baines KH, Brown RH, Bunce EJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Fujimoto M, Hospodarsky G, Kasahara S, Kimura T, Melin H, Mitchell DG, Stallard T, Tao C. Cassini observations of ion and electron beams at Saturn and their relationship to infrared auroral arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Niemann HB, Atreya SK, Demick JE, Gautier D, Haberman JA, Harpold DN, Kasprzak WT, Lunine JI, Owen TC, Raulin F. Composition of Titan's lower atmosphere and simple surface volatiles as measured by the Cassini-Huygens probe gas chromatograph mass spectrometer experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Titan's dense and cold nitrogen atmosphere contains a small amount of methane under conditions at least approaching those at which one or both constituents would condense. The possibility of methane and nitrogen rain clouds and global methane oceans has been discussed widely. From specific features of radio occultation and other Voyager results, however, it is concluded that nitrogen does not condense on Titan and that Titan has neither global methane oceans nor a global cloud of liquid methane droplets. Certain results indirectly support the conjecture that methane does not condense at any location. However, other considerations favor a methane ice haze high in the troposphere, and liquid and solid methane might exist on the surface and as low clouds at polar latitudes.
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Hanel R, Conrath B, Flasar FM, Kunde V, Maguire W, Pearl J, Pirraglia J, Samuelson R, Herath L, Allison M, Cruikshank D, Gautier D, Gierasch P, Horn L, Koppany R, Ponnamperuma C. Infrared observations of the saturnian system from voyager 1. Science 2010; 212:192-200. [PMID: 17783829 DOI: 10.1126/science.212.4491.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During the passage of Voyager 1 through the Saturn system, the infrared instrument acquired spectral and radiometric data on Saturn, the rings, and Titan and other satellites. Infrared spectra of Saturn indicate the presence of H(2), CH(4), NH(3), PH(3), C(2)H(2), C(2)H(6), and possibly C(3)H(4) and C(3)H(8). A hydrogen mole fraction of 0.94 is inferred with an uncertainty of a few percent, implying a depletion of helium in the atmosphere of Saturn relative to that of Jupiter. The atmospheric thermal structure of Saturn shows hemisphere asymmetries that are consistent with a response to the seasonally varying insolation. Extensive small-scale latitudinal structure is also observed. On Titan, positive identifications of infrared spectral features are made for CH(4), C(2)H(2), C(2)H(4), C(2)H(6), and HCN; tentative identifications are made for C(3)H(4) and C(3)H(8). The infrared continuum opacity on Titan appears to be quite small between 500 and 600 cm(-1), implying that the solid surface is a major contributor to the observed emission over this spectral range; between 500 and 200 cm(-1) theopacity increases with decreasing wave number, attaining an optical thickness in excess of 2 at 200 cm(-1). Temperatures near the 1-millibar level are independent of longitude and local time but show a decrease of approximately 20 K between the equator and north pole, which suggests a seasonally dependent cyclostrophic zonal flow in the stratosphere of approximately 100 meters per second. Measurements of the C ring of Saturn yield a temperature of 85 +/- 1 K and an infrared optical depth of 0.09 +/- 0.01. Radiometer observations of sunlight transmitted through the ring system indicate an optical depth of 10(-1.3 +/-0.3) for the Cassini division. A phase integral of 1.02 +/- 0.06 is inferred for Rhea, which agrees with values for other icy bodies in the solar system. Rhea eclipse observations indicate the presence of surface materials with both high and low thermal inertias, the former most likely a blocky component and the latter a frost.
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Lavín C, Velasco A, Martín I. Rotational line intensities of the c4′1Σu+(1)-X1Σg+(0-2) bands of N2. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Nixon CA, Achterberg RK, Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, Flaud JM, Kleiner I, Dehayem-Kamadjeu A, Brown LR, Sams RL, Bézard B, Coustenis A, Ansty TM, Mamoutkine A, Vinatier S, Bjoraker GL, Jennings DE, Romani PN, Flasar FM. Upper limits for undetected trace species in the stratosphere of Titan. Faraday Discuss 2010; 147:65-81; discussion 83-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c003771k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li Y, Liu HL, Sun YB, Li Z, Huang XR, Sun CC. Theoretical study on the ion–molecule reaction of HCN+ with NH3. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Nichols JD, Clarke JT, Cowley SWH, Duval J, Farmer AJ, Gérard JC, Grodent D, Wannawichian S. Oscillation of Saturn's southern auroral oval. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Nichols
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - J. T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - J. Duval
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - A. J. Farmer
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - S. Wannawichian
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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32
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Li Y, Liu HL, Huang XR, Wang D, Sun CC, Tang AC. Reaction Mechanism of HCN+ + C2H4: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12252-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805285p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-ri Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dequan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chia-chung Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Au-chin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Müller-Wodarg ICF, Yelle RV, Cui J, Waite JH. Horizontal structures and dynamics of Titan's thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Li Y, Liu HL, Huang XR, Wang DQ, Sun CC, Tang AC. Theoretical study of HCN(+) + C2H2 reaction. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8188-97. [PMID: 18693709 DOI: 10.1021/jp801352z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A detailed theoretical investigation for the ion-molecule reaction of HCN (+) with C 2H 2 is performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2pd) (single-point) levels. Possible energetically allowed reaction pathways leading to various low-lying dissociation products are probed. It is shown that eight dissociation products P 1 (H 2C 3N (+)+H), P 2 (CN+C 2H 3 (+)), P 3 (HC 3N (+)+H 2), P 4 (HCCCNH (+)+H), P 5 (H 2NCCC (+)+H), P 6 (HCNCCH (+)+H), P 7 (C 2H 2 (+)+HCN), and P 8 (C 2H 2 (+)+HNC) are both thermodynamically and kinetically accessible. Among the eight dissociation products, P 1 is the most abundant product. P 7 and P 3 are the second and third feasible products but much less competitive than P 1 , followed by the almost negligible product P 2 . Other products, P 4 (HCCCNH (+)+H), P 5 (HCNCCH (+)+H), P 6 (H 2NCCC (+)+H), and P 8 (C 2H 2 (+)+HNC) may become feasible at high temperatures. Because the intermediates and transition states involved in the reaction HCN (+) + C 2H 2 are all lower than the reactant in energy, the title reaction is expected to be rapid, as is consistent with the measured large rate constant at room temperature. The present calculation results may provide a useful guide for understanding the mechanism of HCN (+) toward other pi-bonded molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
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Johnson PV, Malone CP, Khakoo MA, McConkey, JW, Kanik I. Electron collisions with constituents of planetary atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/88/1/012069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Wu CYR, Fung HS, Chang KY, Singh TS, Mu XL, Nee JB, Chiang SY, Judge DL. Fluorescence excitation spectra of the bΠu1, b′Σu+1, cnΠu1, and cn′Σu+1 states of N2 in the 80–100nm region. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:084314. [PMID: 17764255 DOI: 10.1063/1.2768923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence excitation spectra produced through photoexcitation of N(2) using synchrotron radiation in the spectral region between 80 and 100 nm have been studied. Two broadband detectors were employed to simultaneously monitor fluorescence in the 115-320 nm and 300-700 nm regions, respectively. The peaks in the vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence excitation spectra are found to correspond to excitation of absorption transitions from the ground electronic state to the b (1)Pi(u), b(') (1)Sigma(u) (+), c(n) (1)Pi(u) (with n=4-8), c(n) (') (1)Sigma(u) (+) (with n=5-9), and c(4) (')(v('))(1)Sigma(u) (+) (with v(')=0-8) states of N(2). The relative fluorescence production cross sections for the observed peaks are determined. No fluorescence has been produced through excitation of the most dominating absorption features of the b-X transition except for the (1,0), (5,0), (6,0), and (7,0) bands, in excellent agreement with recent lifetime measurements and theoretical calculations. Fluorescence peaks, which correlate with the long vibrational progressions of the c(4) (') (1)Sigma(u) (+) (with v(')=0-8) and the b(') (1)Sigma(u) (+) (with v(') up to 19), have been observed. The present results provide important information for further unraveling of complicated and intriguing interactions among the excited electronic states of N(2). Furthermore, solar photon excitation of N(2) leading to the production of c(4) (')(0) may provide useful data required for evaluating and analyzing dayglow models relevant to the interpretation of c(4) (')(0) in the atmospheres of Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Titan, and Triton.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Robert Wu
- Space Sciences Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1341, USA.
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38
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Gérard JC, Grodent D, Cowley SWH, Mitchell DG, Kurth WS, Clarke JT, Bunce EJ, Nichols JD, Dougherty MK, Crary FJ, Coates AJ. Saturn's auroral morphology and activity during quiet magnetospheric conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Sittler EC, Johnson RE, Smith HT, Richardson JD, Jurac S, Moore M, Cooper JF, Mauk BH, Michael M, Paranicas C, Armstrong TP, Tsurutani B. Energetic nitrogen ions within the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Jurac S, Richardson JD. A self-consistent model of plasma and neutrals at Saturn: Neutral cloud morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jurac
- Center for Space Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - J. D. Richardson
- Center for Space Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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41
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Sittler EC, Hartle RE, Viñas AF, Johnson RE, Smith HT, Mueller-Wodarg I. Titan interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere: Voyager 1 results revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Sittler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. E. Hartle
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - A. F. Viñas
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. E. Johnson
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - H. T. Smith
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
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Bertaux JL, Leblanc F, Witasse O, Quemerais E, Lilensten J, Stern SA, Sandel B, Korablev O. Discovery of an aurora on Mars. Nature 2005; 435:790-4. [PMID: 15944698 DOI: 10.1038/nature03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the high-latitude regions of Earth, aurorae are the often-spectacular visual manifestation of the interaction between electrically charged particles (electrons, protons or ions) with the neutral upper atmosphere, as they precipitate along magnetic field lines. More generally, auroral emissions in planetary atmospheres "are those that result from the impact of particles other than photoelectrons" (ref. 1). Auroral activity has been found on all four giant planets possessing a magnetic field (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune), as well as on Venus, which has no magnetic field. On the nightside of Venus, atomic O emissions at 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm appear in bright patches of varying sizes and intensities, which are believed to be produced by electrons with energy <300 eV (ref. 7). Here we report the discovery of an aurora in the martian atmosphere, using the ultraviolet spectrometer SPICAM on board Mars Express. It corresponds to a distinct type of aurora not seen before in the Solar System: it is unlike aurorae at Earth and the giant planets, which lie at the foot of the intrinsic magnetic field lines near the magnetic poles, and unlike venusian auroras, which are diffuse, sometimes spreading over the entire disk. Instead, the martian aurora is a highly concentrated and localized emission controlled by magnetic field anomalies in the martian crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Loup Bertaux
- Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS/IPSL, BP 3, Verrières-le-Buisson, 91371, France.
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Esposito LW, Colwell JE, Larsen K, McClintock WE, Stewart AIF, Hallett JT, Shemansky DE, Ajello JM, Hansen CJ, Hendrix AR, West RA, Keller HU, Korth A, Pryor WR, Reulke R, Yung YL. Ultraviolet Imaging Spectroscopy Shows an Active Saturnian System. Science 2005; 307:1251-5. [PMID: 15604361 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neutral oxygen in the saturnian system shows variability, and the total number of oxygen atoms peaks at 4 x 10(34). Saturn's aurora brightens in response to solar-wind forcing, and the auroral spectrum resembles Jupiter's. Phoebe's surface shows variable water-ice content, and the data indicate it originated in the outer solar system. Saturn's rings also show variable water abundance, with the purest ice in the outermost A ring. This radial variation is consistent with initially pure water ice bombarded by meteors, but smaller radial structures may indicate collisional transport and recent renewal events in the past 10(7) to 10(8) years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry W Esposito
- University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, 234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, CO 80303-7814, USA.
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Clarke JT, Gérard JC, Grodent D, Wannawichian S, Gustin J, Connerney J, Crary F, Dougherty M, Kurth W, Cowley SWH, Bunce EJ, Hill T, Kim J. Morphological differences between Saturn's ultraviolet aurorae and those of Earth and Jupiter. Nature 2005; 433:717-9. [PMID: 15716945 DOI: 10.1038/nature03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has often been stated that Saturn's magnetosphere and aurorae are intermediate between those of Earth, where the dominant processes are solar wind driven, and those of Jupiter, where processes are driven by a large source of internal plasma. But this view is based on information about Saturn that is far inferior to what is now available. Here we report ultraviolet images of Saturn, which, when combined with simultaneous Cassini measurements of the solar wind and Saturn kilometric radio emission, demonstrate that its aurorae differ morphologically from those of both Earth and Jupiter. Saturn's auroral emissions vary slowly; some features appear in partial corotation whereas others are fixed to the solar wind direction; the auroral oval shifts quickly in latitude; and the aurora is often not centred on the magnetic pole nor closed on itself. In response to a large increase in solar wind dynamic pressure Saturn's aurora brightened dramatically, the brightest auroral emissions moved to higher latitudes, and the dawn side polar regions were filled with intense emissions. The brightening is reminiscent of terrestrial aurorae, but the other two variations are not. Rather than being intermediate between the Earth and Jupiter, Saturn's auroral emissions behave fundamentally differently from those at the other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Clarke
- Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Badman SV, Bunce EJ, Clarke JT, Cowley SWH, Gérard JC, Grodent D, Milan SE. Open flux estimates in Saturn's magnetosphere during the January 2004 Cassini-HST campaign, and implications for reconnection rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Gérard JC, Bunce EJ, Grodent D, Cowley SWH, Clarke JT, Badman SV. Signature of Saturn's auroral cusp: Simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations and upstream solar wind monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Prangé R, Pallier L, Hansen KC, Howard R, Vourlidas A, Courtin R, Parkinson C. An interplanetary shock traced by planetary auroral storms from the Sun to Saturn. Nature 2004; 432:78-81. [PMID: 15525983 DOI: 10.1038/nature02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A relationship between solar activity and aurorae on Earth was postulated long before space probes directly detected plasma propagating outwards from the Sun. Violent solar eruption events trigger interplanetary shocks that compress Earth's magnetosphere, leading to increased energetic particle precipitation into the ionosphere and subsequent auroral storms. Monitoring shocks is now part of the 'Space Weather' forecast programme aimed at predicting solar-activity-related environmental hazards. The outer planets also experience aurorae, and here we report the discovery of a strong transient polar emission on Saturn, tentatively attributed to the passage of an interplanetary shock--and ultimately to a series of solar coronal mass ejection (CME) events. We could trace the shock-triggered events from Earth, where auroral storms were recorded, to Jupiter, where the auroral activity was strongly enhanced, and to Saturn, where it activated the unusual polar source. This establishes that shocks retain their properties and their ability to trigger planetary auroral activity throughout the Solar System. Our results also reveal differences in the planetary auroral responses on the passing shock, especially in their latitudinal and local time dependences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Prangé
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France.
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49
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Gérard JC. Characteristics of Saturn's FUV aurora observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Wilson EH. Current state of modeling the photochemistry of Titan's mutually dependent atmosphere and ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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