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Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism imaging in a re-scan confocal microscope equipped with differential polarization attachment. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2019; 48:457-463. [PMID: 30982120 PMCID: PMC6647120 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is probably the most widely used and one of the most powerful techniques in basic biology, medicine and material sciences that is employed to elucidate the architecture of complex cellular structures and molecular macro-assemblies. It has recently been shown that the information content, signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of such microscopes (LSMs) can be improved significantly by adding different attachments or modifying their design, while retaining their user-friendly features and relatively moderate costs. Differential polarization (DP) attachments, using high-frequency modulation/demodulation circuits, have made LSMs capable of high-precision 2D and 3D mapping of the anisotropy of microscopic samples—without interfering with their ‘conventional’ fluorescence or transmission imaging (Steinbach et al. in Methods Appl Fluoresc 2:015005, 2014). The resolution and the quality of fluorescence imaging have been enhanced in the recently constructed Re-scan confocal microscopy (RCM) (De Luca et al. in Biomed Opt Express 4:2644–2656, 2013). In this work, we developed the RCM technique further, by adding a DP-attachment modulating the exciting laser beam via a liquid crystal (LC) retarder synchronized with the data acquisition system; by this means, and with the aid of a software, fluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD), characteristic of the anisotropic molecular organization of the sample, could be recorded in parallel with the confocal fluorescence imaging. For demonstration, we show FDLD images of a plant cell wall (Ginkgo biloba) stained with Etzold’s staining solution.
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Steinbach G, Pawlak K, Pomozi I, Tóth EA, Molnár A, Matkó J, Garab G. Mapping microscopic order in plant and mammalian cells and tissues: novel differential polarization attachment for new generation confocal microscopes (DP-LSM). Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:015005. [PMID: 29148454 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/1/015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular architecture of complex, highly organized molecular macro-assemblies is an important, basic task for biology. Differential polarization (DP) measurements, such as linear (LD) and circular dichroism (CD) or the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission (r), which can be carried out in a dichrograph or spectrofluorimeter, respectively, carry unique, spatially averaged information about the molecular organization of the sample. For inhomogeneous samples-e.g. cells and tissues-measurements on macroscopic scale are not satisfactory, and in some cases not feasible, thus microscopic techniques must be applied. The microscopic DP-imaging technique, when based on confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM), allows the pixel by pixel mapping of anisotropy of a sample in 2D and 3D. The first DP-LSM configuration, which, in fluorescence mode, allowed confocal imaging of different DP quantities in real-time, without interfering with the 'conventional' imaging, was built on a Zeiss LSM410. It was demonstrated to be capable of determining non-confocally the linear birefringence (LB) or LD of a sample and, confocally, its FDLD (fluorescence detected LD), the degree of polarization (P) and the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission (r), following polarized and non-polarized excitation, respectively (Steinbach et al 2009 Acta Histochem.111 316-25). This DP-LSM configuration, however, cannot simply be adopted to new generation microscopes with considerably more compact structures. As shown here, for an Olympus FV500, we designed an easy-to-install DP attachment to determine LB, LD, FDLD and r, in new-generation confocal microscopes, which, in principle, can be complemented with a P-imaging unit, but specifically to the brand and type of LSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinbach
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary. Biofotonika R&D Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
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Ube T, Shin A, Aoki H, Ito S. Conformation of single polymer chain in rubbed thin film observed by fluorescence imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13871-13876. [PMID: 22950822 DOI: 10.1021/la302513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The conformation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains in a thin film after the rubbing process was investigated through the direct observation of the single chains by scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and excitation polarization modulation microscopy (EPMM). The rubbing at room temperature hardly changed the dimension on the whole chain scale in spite of the increase in orientational order on the segmental scale. The increase in the chain dimension along the rubbing direction was observed in the film rubbed at the higher temperature, which showed a surface morphology with fine groove. The extension ratio of the whole chain in the rubbed film was much smaller than that in the uniaxially stretched film. This indicates that the rubbing process mainly induces the conformational change on the length scale of the monomer unit rather than for the whole chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ube
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto, Japan
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de Loos F, de la Torre G, Torres T, Cornelissen JJLM, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM. Construction of phthalocyanine-terminated polystyrene nanoarchitectures. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Loos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University Nijmegen; Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; c/ Faraday, 6, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University Nijmegen; Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University Nijmegen; Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University Nijmegen; Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Lavalle P, Voegel JC, Vautier D, Senger B, Schaaf P, Ball V. Dynamic aspects of films prepared by a sequential deposition of species: perspectives for smart and responsive materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1191-221. [PMID: 21264957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of surface coatings using a step-by-step approach from mutually interacting species allows the fabrication of so called "multilayered films". These coatings are very versatile and easy to produce in environmentally friendly conditions, mostly from aqueous solution. They find more and more applications in many hot topic areas, such as in biomaterials and nanoelectronics but also in stimuli-responsive films. We aim to review the most recent developments in such stimuli-responsive coatings based on layer-by-layer (LBL) depositions in relationship to the properties of these coatings. The most investigated stimuli are based on changes in ionic strength, temperature, exposure to light, and mechanical forces. The possibility to induce a transition from linear to exponential growth in thickness and to change the charge compensation from "intrinsic" to "extrinsic" by controlling parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength are the ways to confer their responsiveness to the films. Chemical post-modifications also allow to significantly modify the film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Artificial Scaffolds and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Hard Tissues. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 126:153-94. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Steinbach G, Pomozi I, Zsiros O, Menczel L, Garab G. Imaging anisotropy using differential polarization laser scanning confocal microscopy. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:316-25. [PMID: 19121853 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed differential polarization (DP) attachments to a laser scanning microscope (LSM) for imaging the main DP quantities of anisotropic microscopic objects. The DP-LSM operates with high-frequency modulation and subsequent demodulation and displays the main DP quantities pixel by pixel. These, for linearly polarized light, include: (i) linear birefringence (LB), which is exhibited by structurally and/or optically anisotropic material; (ii) linear dichroism (LD), which carries information on the anisotropic distribution of the molecules, i.e. of their absorbance transition dipole vectors, in the sample; (iii) fluorescence-detected LD (FDLD), which carries the same information for fluorescent dyes upon excitations with two orthogonally polarized light beams; (iv) anisotropy of the fluorescence emission (r), excited with non-polarized light, which is determined by the distribution of the emission transition dipole vectors in the sample and is analogous with LD and (v) the degree of polarization of the fluorescence emission (P), excited with polarized light, which depends on the depolarization of the emission e.g. due to the rotation of molecules during their excitation lifetimes. In fluorescence regimes, the DP images can be recorded in the confocal regime of the microscope, which thus warrants good spatial resolution and the possibility of mapping the anisotropy in three dimensions. In this paper, we outline the design and technical realization of our DP-LSM and give a few examples on DP imaging of different biological samples.
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Steinbach G, Pomozi I, Zsiros O, Páy A, Horváth GV, Garab G. Imaging fluorescence detected linear dichroism of plant cell walls in laser scanning confocal microscope. Cytometry A 2008; 73:202-8. [PMID: 18163468 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropy carries important information on the molecular organization of biological samples. Its determination requires a combination of microscopy and polarization spectroscopy tools. The authors constructed differential polarization (DP) attachments to a laser scanning microscope in order to determine physical quantities related to the anisotropic distribution of molecules in microscopic samples; here the authors focus on fluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD). By modulating the linear polarization of the laser beam between two orthogonally polarized states and by using a demodulation circuit, the authors determine the associated transmitted and fluorescence intensity-difference signals, which serve the basis for LD (linear dichroism) and FDLD, respectively. The authors demonstrate on sections of Convallaria majalis root tissue stained with Acridin Orange that while (nonconfocal) LD images remain smeared and weak, FDLD images recorded in confocal mode reveal strong anisotropy of the cell wall. FDLD imaging is suitable for mapping the anisotropic distribution of transition dipoles in 3 dimensions. A mathematical model is proposed to account for the fiber-laminate ultrastructure of the cell wall and for the intercalation of the dye molecules in complex, highly anisotropic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Steinbach
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Gorjánácz M, Török I, Pomozi I, Garab G, Szlanka T, Kiss I, Mechler BM. Domains of Importin-alpha2 required for ring canal assembly during Drosophila oogenesis. J Struct Biol 2006; 154:27-41. [PMID: 16458020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Null-mutation in Drosophila importin-alpha2, such as the deficiency imp-alpha2(D14), causes recessive female sterility with the formation of dumpless eggs. In imp-alpha2(D14) the transfer of nurse cell components to the oocyte is interrupted and the Kelch protein, an oligomeric ring canal actin organizer, is normally produced but fails to associate with the ring canals resulting in their occlusion. To define domains regulating Kelch deposition on ring canals we performed site-directed mutagenesis on protein binding domains and putative phosphorylation sites of Imp-alpha2. Phenotypic analysis of the mutant transgenes in imp-alpha2(D14) revealed that mutations affecting the Imp-beta binding-domain, the dimerization domain, and specific serine residues of putative phosphorylation sites led to a normal or nearly normal oogenesis but arrested early embryonic development, whereas mutations in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and CAS/exportin binding domains resulted in ring canal occlusion and a drastic nuclear accumulation of the mutant proteins. Deletion of the Imp-beta binding domain also gave rise to a nuclear localization of the mutant protein, which partially retained its function in ring canal assembly. Thus, we propose that mutations in NLS and CAS binding domains affect the deposition of Kelch onto the ring canals and prevent the association of Imp-alpha2 with a negative regulator of Kelch function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás Gorjánácz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Garab G, Galajda P, Pomozi I, Finzi L, Praznovszky T, Ormos P, van Amerongen H. Alignment of biological microparticles by a polarized laser beam. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2005; 34:335-43. [PMID: 15812640 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-004-0454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The optical alignment of biological samples is of great relevance to microspectrometry and to the micromanipulation of single particles. Recently, Bayoudh et al. (J. Mod. Opt. 50:1581-1590, 2003) have shown that isolated, disk-shaped chloroplasts can be aligned in a controlled manner using an in-plane-polarized Gaussian beam trap, and suggested that this is due to their nonspherical shape. Here we demonstrate that the orientation of various micrometer-sized isolated biological particles, trapped by optical tweezers, can be altered in a controlled way by changing the plane of linear polarization of the tweezers. In addition to chloroplasts, we show that subchloroplast particles of small size and irregular overall shape, aggregated photosynthetic light-harvesting protein complexes as well as chromosomes can be oriented with the linearly polarized beam of the tweezers. By using a laser scanning confocal microscope equipped with a differential polarization attachment, we also measured the birefringence of magnetically oriented granal chloroplasts, and found that they exhibit strong birefringence with large local variations, which appears to originate from stacked membranes. The size and sign of the birefringence are such that the resulting anisotropic interaction with the linearly polarized laser beam significantly contributes to the torque orienting the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyozo Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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A novel rigid-rod alternating poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative with oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Kurth DG, Lehmann P, Schütte M. A route to hierarchical materials based on complexes of metallosupramolecular polyelectrolytes and amphiphiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5704-7. [PMID: 10823931 PMCID: PMC18496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.11.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic thin film materials of metallosupramolecular polyelectrolyte-amphiphile complexes (denoted PACs) with structures at several length scales were fabricated through a multistep self-assembly process. Metal ion-mediated self-assembly of the ditopic ligand 1,4-bis(2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-4'-yl)benzene and electrostatic binding with the amphiphile dihexadecyl phosphate result in a PAC with tailored surface chemical properties, including solubility and surface activity. The PAC forms a stable monolayer at the air-water interface that is readily transferred and oriented on solid supports with the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The presented strategy unifies colloid and metallosupramolecular chemistry and opens a versatile route to hierarchical materials with tailored structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kurth
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
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McDaniel EB, McClain SC, Hsu JW. Nanometer scale polarimetry studies using a near-field scanning optical microscope. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:84-92. [PMID: 18268563 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new technique that incorporates polarization modulation into near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for nanometer scale polarimetry studies. By using this technique, we can quantitatively measure the optical anisotropy of materials with both the high sensitivity of dynamic polarimetry and the high spatial resolution of NSOM. The magnitude and relative orientation of linear birefringence or linear dichroism are obtained simultaneously. To demonstrate the sensitivity and resolution of the microscope, we map out stress-induced birefringence associated with submicrometer defects at the fusion boundaries of SrTiO3 bicrystals. Features as small as 150 nm were imaged with a retardance sensitivity of approximately 3 x 10(-3) rad.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B McDaniel
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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Pan ZY, Liu XJ, Zhang SY, Shen GJ, Zhang LG, Lu ZH, Liu JZ. Controlled Growth of the Ordered Cadmium Sulfide Particulate Films and the Photoacoustics Investigation. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9718212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Y. Pan
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - X. J. Liu
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - S. Y. Zhang
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - G. J. Shen
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - L. G. Zhang
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Z. H. Lu
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - J. Z. Liu
- National Lab of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China, and Institute of Acoustics and Mourden Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Maruyama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Gerald Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Curtis Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Channing Robertson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
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Friedenberg MC, Fuller GG, Frank CW, Robertson CR. In Situ Optical Studies of Flow-Induced Orientation in a Two-Dimensional Polymer Solution. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9507812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Friedenberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - Gerald G. Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
| | - Channing R. Robertson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025
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