1
|
Li Z, Ram RJ. Nanosecond pulsed CMOS LED for all-silicon time-of-flight ranging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:24307-24319. [PMID: 37475261 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is a widely used technique for measuring distance. With recent advancements in integrated photonics, there is a growing interest in miniaturizing LIDAR systems through on-chip photonic devices, but a LIDAR light source compatible with current integrated circuit technology remains elusive. In this letter, we report a pulsed CMOS LED based on native Si, which spectrally overlaps with Si detectors' responsivity and can produce optical pulses as short as 1.6 ns. A LIDAR prototype is built by incorporating this LED and a Si single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). By utilizing time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) to measure the time-of-flight (ToF) of reflected optical pulses, our LIDAR successfully estimated the distance of targets located approximately 30 cm away with sub-centimeter resolution, approaching the Cramér-Rao lower bound set by the pulse width and instrument jitter. Additionally, our LIDAR is capable of generating depth images of natural targets. This all-Si LIDAR demonstrates the feasibility of integrated distance sensors on a single photonic chip.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lifetime Extension of Ultra Low-Altitude Lunar Spacecraft with Low-Thrust Propulsion System. AEROSPACE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the non-spherical perturbation of the Moon, the lifetime of ultra low-altitude Lunar spacecraft may be quite short. In this paper, we analyze the lifetime of about 50 km-altitude Lunar spacecraft with different initial orbit. The lifetime in low inclination orbits is much shorter than the ones in the near polar orbits. To extend the lifetime and keep the spacecraft in an appropriate range, an orbit maintenance strategy based on low-thrust propulsion system is proposed. The influence of the orbit initial conditions (e.g., semi-major axis, inclination, right ascension of the ascending node) on lifetime extension are discussed and the effect of the low-thrust magnitude in orbit maintenance is analyzed. According to the numerical simulation results, the lifetime of about 50 km-altitude 100 kg Lunar spacecraft with 10 kg fuel and 20 mN thruster can be extended from 7.958 days to over a 109.1725 days, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the strategy. Furthermore, a global perspective for ultra low-altitude Lunar spacecraft lifetime extension problem is provided in this paper, which can be applied to Moon mission designs extensively.
Collapse
|
3
|
An Innovative Synthetic Aperture Radar Design Method for Lunar Water Ice Exploration. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the Moon’s rough surface, there is a growing controversy over the conclusion that water ice exists in the lunar permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) with a high circular polarization ratio (CPR). To further detect water ice on the Moon, an innovative design method for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is proposed, to obtain radar data that can be used to distinguish water ice from lunar regolith with a small difference in the dielectric constants. According to Campbell’s dielectric constant model and the requirement that SAR radiometric resolution is smaller than the contrast of targets in images, a newly defined SAR system function involved in the method is presented to evaluate the influence of some system parameters on the water ice detection capability of SAR. In addition, several simulation experiments are performed, and the results demonstrate that the presented SAR design method may be helpful for lunar water ice exploration.
Collapse
|
4
|
High-Precision Registration of Lunar Global Mapping Products Based on Spherical Triangular Mesh. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lunar global mapping products provide a solid data foundation for lunar scientific research and exploration. As the widespread geometric inconsistencies among multi-source mapping products seriously affect the synergistic use of the products, high-precision registration of multiple lunar global products is critical, and it is highly challenging due to large coverage and complex local geometric inconsistencies. In this research, we propose a spherical triangular-mesh-based method for high-precision registration of lunar global mapping products, which involves four steps: data preprocessing, feature point extraction and matching, spherical Delaunay triangulation, and geometric correction with spherical barycentric coordinates. This global registration method avoids map projection distortions by using spherical coordinates directly, and achieves high precision by confining the geometric models to spherical triangular facets. Experiments are conducted using two groups of different types of mapping products to verify the proposed method quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the geometric inconsistencies are reduced from hundreds of pixels to sub-pixel level globally after the registration, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Collapse
|
5
|
Christian JA, Derksen H, Watkins R. Lunar Crater Identification in Digital Images. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 68:1056-1144. [PMID: 35001965 PMCID: PMC8692363 DOI: 10.1007/s40295-021-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is often necessary to identify a pattern of observed craters in a single image of the lunar surface and without any prior knowledge of the camera's location. This so-called "lost-in-space" crater identification problem is common in both crater-based terrain relative navigation (TRN) and in automatic registration of scientific imagery. Past work on crater identification has largely been based on heuristic schemes, with poor performance outside of a narrowly defined operating regime (e.g., nadir pointing images, small search areas). This work provides the first mathematically rigorous treatment of the general crater identification problem. It is shown when it is (and when it is not) possible to recognize a pattern of elliptical crater rims in an image formed by perspective projection. For the cases when it is possible to recognize a pattern, descriptors are developed using invariant theory that provably capture all of the viewpoint invariant information. These descriptors may be pre-computed for known crater patterns and placed in a searchable index for fast recognition. New techniques are also developed for computing pose from crater rim observations and for evaluating crater rim correspondences. These techniques are demonstrated on both synthetic and real images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Christian
- Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Harm Derksen
- Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ryan Watkins
- Arctic Slope Regional Corporation Federal, Arlington, VA 22202 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jordan A. Evidence for dielectric breakdown weathering on the Moon. ICARUS 2021; 358:114199. [PMID: 33867568 PMCID: PMC8051153 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil on the Moon is darkened by space weathering, a process generally assumed to be dominated by the solar wind and/or micrometeoroid impacts. Recent work, however, predicts that another process darkens the soil: large solar energetic particle events may cause dielectric breakdown (or "sparking"), melting and vaporizing soil at a rate comparable to that of micrometeoroids. Unlike the solar wind and/or micrometeoroids, a combination of dielectric breakdown and micrometeoroid weathering can explain how the reflectance of the lunar maria varies with latitude at 750 and 1064 nm, and this combination provides a reasonable mechanism to explain how magnetic anomalies form prominent swirls in the maria. Consequently, space weathering in the lunar maria seems to be dominated by micrometeoroid impacts and dielectric breakdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Jordan
- Correspondence to: Morse Hall Rm. 106, 8 College Rd., Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crawford IA, Joy KH. Lunar exploration: opening a window into the history and evolution of the inner Solar System. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130315. [PMID: 25114318 PMCID: PMC4128274 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lunar geological record contains a rich archive of the history of the inner Solar System, including information relevant to understanding the origin and evolution of the Earth-Moon system, the geological evolution of rocky planets, and our local cosmic environment. This paper provides a brief review of lunar exploration to-date and describes how future exploration initiatives will further advance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon, the Earth-Moon system and of the Solar System more generally. It is concluded that further advances will require the placing of new scientific instruments on, and the return of additional samples from, the lunar surface. Some of these scientific objectives can be achieved robotically, for example by in situ geochemical and geophysical measurements and through carefully targeted sample return missions. However, in the longer term, we argue that lunar science would greatly benefit from renewed human operations on the surface of the Moon, such as would be facilitated by implementing the recently proposed Global Exploration Roadmap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Crawford
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katherine H Joy
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montague M, McArthur GH, Cockell CS, Held J, Marshall W, Sherman LA, Wang N, Nicholson WL, Tarjan DR, Cumbers J. The role of synthetic biology for in situ resource utilization (ISRU). ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:1135-1142. [PMID: 23140229 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A persistent presence in space can either be supported from Earth or generate the required resources for human survival from material already present in space, so called "in situ material." Likely, many of these resources such as water or oxygen can best be liberated from in situ material by conventional physical and chemical processes. However, there is one critical resource required for human life that can only be produced in quantity by biological processes: high-protein food. Here, recent data concerning the materials available on the Moon and common asteroid types is reviewed with regard to the necessary materials to support the production of food from material in situ to those environments. These materials and their suitability as feedstock for the biological production of food are reviewed in a broad and general way such that terminology that is often a barrier to understanding such material by interdisciplinary readers is avoided. The waste products available as in situ materials for feasibility studies on the International Space Station are also briefly discussed. The conclusion is that food production in space environments from in situ material proven to exist there is quite feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Montague
- Department of Synthetic Biology, The J. Craig Venter Institute , Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scholten F, Oberst J, Matz KD, Roatsch T, Wählisch M, Speyerer EJ, Robinson MS. GLD100: The near-global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo image data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Ling Z, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhang G, Liu B, Ren X, Mu L, Liu J, Li C. Preliminary results of TiO2 mapping using Imaging Interferometer data from Chang’E-1. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Zuber MT, Smith DE, Lemoine FG, Neumann GA. The shape and internal structure of the moon from the clementine mission. Science 2010; 266:1839-43. [PMID: 17737077 DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5192.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Global topographic and gravitational field models derived from data collected by the Clementine spacecraft reveal a new picture of the shape and internal structure of the moon. The moon exhibits a 16-kilometer range of elevation, with the greatest topographic excursions occurring on the far side. Lunar highlands are in a state of near-isostatic compensation, whereas impact basins display a wide range of compensation states that do not correlate simply with basin size or age. A global crustal thickness map reveals crustal thinning under all resolvable lunar basins. The results indicate that the structure and thermal history of the moon are more complex than was previously believed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang F, He Y, Shang J, Chen W. Experimental study on the 1550 nm all fiber heterodyne laser range finder. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6575-6582. [PMID: 19956312 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a 1550 nm all fiber monostatic laser range finder system based on linear chirp modulation and heterodyne detection is presented. The fiber end face signal is used as a range starting indicator. The transmitted laser power is 5 mW with a laser pulse length of 131 micros and a linear chirp bandwidth of 40 MHz. The telescope with an aperture of 3 cm couples the return light into a single mode fiber. Better than 14 cm distance accuracy and 26 dB SNR can be achieved for a wood target at a distance of about 43 m by using the above system setup. Several experiments with different system parameters are conducted. The system performance is tested under variable laser pulse length, linear chirp bandwidth, local oscillator power, and background noise. Finally, an application of the linear chirp modulation heterodyne laser range finder in a spaceborne ranging system is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-state Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hasebe N, Kodaira S, Hareyama M, Yasuda N. A future plan in observing ultra-heavy nuclei (Z=30–110) of cosmic rays with large-scale collector at the lunar base. RADIAT MEAS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Yue Z, Liu J, Wu G. Automated detection of lunar craters based on object-oriented approach. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Schultz PH, Staid MI, Pieters CM. Lunar activity from recent gas release. Nature 2006; 444:184-6. [PMID: 17093445 DOI: 10.1038/nature05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Samples of material returned from the Moon have established that widespread lunar volcanism ceased about 3.2 Gyr ago. Crater statistics and degradation models indicate that last-gasp eruptions of thin basalt flows continued until less than 1.0 Gyr ago, but the Moon is now considered to be unaffected by internal processes today, other than weak tidally driven moonquakes and young fault systems. It is therefore widely assumed that only impact craters have reshaped the lunar landscape over the past billion years. Here we report that patches of the lunar regolith in the Ina structure were recently removed. The preservation state of relief, the number of superimposed small craters, and the 'freshness' (spectral maturity) of the regolith together indicate that features within this structure must be as young as 10 Myr, and perhaps are still forming today. We propose that these features result from recent, episodic out-gassing from deep within the Moon. Such out-gassing probably contributed to the radiogenic gases detected during past lunar missions. Future monitoring (including Earth-based observations) should reveal the composition of the gas, yielding important clues to volatiles archived at great depth over the past 4-4.5 Gyr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Schultz
- Brown University, Geological Sciences, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-1846, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bussey DBJ, Fristad KE, Schenk PM, Robinson MS, Spudis PD. Constant illumination at the lunar north pole. Nature 2005; 434:842. [PMID: 15829952 DOI: 10.1038/434842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Images returned by the spacecraft Clementine have been used to produce a quantitative illumination map of the north pole of the Moon, revealing the percentage of time that points on the surface are illuminated during the lunar day. We have used this map to identify areas that are constantly illuminated during a lunar day in summer and which may therefore be in permanent sunlight. All are located on the northern rim of Peary crater, close to the north pole. Permanently sunlit areas represent prime locations for lunar outpost sites as they have abundant solar energy, are relatively benign thermally (when compared with equatorial regions), and are close to permanently shadowed regions that may contain water ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ben J Bussey
- Planetary Exploration Group, Space Department, The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20902, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hawke BR. Remote sensing and geologic studies of the Balmer-Kapteyn region of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Giguere TA. Remote sensing studies of the Lomonosov-Fleming region of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
19
|
Neumann GA. Two Mars years of clouds detected by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Pieters CM, Head JW, Gaddis L, Jolliff B, Duke M. Rock types of South Pole-Aitken basin and extent of basaltic volcanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Duxbury NS, Nealson KH, Romanovsky VE. On the possibility of clathrate hydrates on the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- P D Spudis
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stratigraphy and Isotope Ages of Lunar Geologic Units: Chronological Standard for the Inner Solar System. SPACE SCIENCES SERIES OF ISSI 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
24
|
Wieczorek MA, Phillips RJ. The “Procellarum KREEP Terrane”: Implications for mare volcanism and lunar evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Li L, Mustard JF. Compositional gradients across mare-highland contacts: Importance and geological implication of lateral transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Craddock RA, Howard AD. Simulated degradation of lunar impact craters and a new method for age dating farside mare deposits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Cook AC, Watters TR, Robinson MS, Spudis PD, Bussey DBJ. Lunar polar topography derived from Clementine stereoimages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Le Mouélic S, Langevin Y, Erard S, Pinet P, Chevrel S, Daydou Y. Discrimination between maturity and composition of lunar soils from integrated Clementine UV-visible/near-infrared data: Application to the Aristarchus Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Pinet PC, Shevchenko VV, Chevrel SD, Daydou Y, Rosemberg C. Local and regional lunar regolith characteristics at Reiner Gamma Formation: Optical and spectroscopic properties from Clementine and Earth-based data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
Jolliff BL, Gillis JJ, Haskin LA, Korotev RL, Wieczorek MA. Major lunar crustal terranes: Surface expressions and crust-mantle origins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
31
|
Gasnault O, d'Uston C, Feldman WC, Maurice S. Lunar fast neutron leakage flux calculation and its elemental abundance dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Gaddis LR, Hawke BR, Robinson MS, Coombs C. Compositional analyses of small lunar pyroclastic deposits using Clementine multispectral data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Lawson SL, Jakosky BM, Park HS, Mellon MT. Brightness temperatures of the lunar surface: Calibration and global analysis of the Clementine long-wave infrared camera data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Pieters CM, Tompkins S. Tsiolkovsky crater: A window into crustal processes on the lunar farside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Chevrel SD, Pinet PC, Head JW. Gruithuisen domes region: A candidate for an extended nonmare volcanism unit on the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
Margot JL, Campbell DB, Jurgens RF, Slade MA. Topography of the lunar poles from radar interferometry: a survey of cold trap locations. Science 1999; 284:1658-60. [PMID: 10356393 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5420.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed topographic maps of the lunar poles have been obtained by Earth-based radar interferometry with the 3.5-centimeter wavelength Goldstone Solar System Radar. The interferometer provided maps 300 kilometers by 1000 kilometers of both polar regions at 150-meter spatial resolution and 50-meter height resolution. Using ray tracing, these digital elevation models were used to locate regions that are in permanent shadow from solar illumination and may harbor ice deposits. Estimates of the total extent of shadowed areas poleward of 87.5 degrees latitude are 1030 and 2550 square kilometers for the north and south poles, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Margot
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jolliff BL. Clementine UVVIS multispectral data and the Apollo 17 landing site: What can we tell and how well? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
38
|
Lucey PG, Blewett DT, Hawke BR. Mapping the FeO and TiO2content of the lunar surface with multispectral imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97je03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Wieczorek MA, Phillips RJ. Potential anomalies on a sphere: Applications to the thickness of the lunar crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97je03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Zuber MT, Smith DE, Cheng AF, Cole TD. The NEAR laser ranging investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Blewett DT, Lucey PG, Hawke BR, Jolliff BL. Clementine images of the lunar sample-return stations: Refinement of FeO and TiO2mapping techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Lemoine FGR, Smith DE, Zuber MT, Neumann GA, Rowlands DD. A 70th degree lunar gravity model (GLGM-2) from Clementine and other tracking data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Wieczorek MA, Phillips RJ. The structure and compensation of the lunar highland crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Yingst RA, Head JW. Volumes of lunar lava ponds in South Pole-Aitken and Orientale Basins: Implications for eruption conditions, transport mechanisms, and magma source regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
45
|
McEwen AS, Moore JM, Shoemaker EM. The Phanerozoic impact cratering rate: Evidence from the farside of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
46
|
Smith DE, Zuber MT, Neumann GA, Lemoine FG. Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
Nozette S, Lichtenberg CL, Spudis P, Bonner R, Ort W, Malaret E, Robinson M, Shoemaker EM. The Clementine bistatic radar experiment. Science 1996; 274:1495-8. [PMID: 8929403 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5292.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the Clementine 1 mission, a bistatic radar experiment measured the magnitude and polarization of the radar echo versus bistatic angle, beta, for selected lunar areas. Observations of the lunar south pole yield a same-sense polarization enhancement around beta = 0. Analysis shows that the observed enhancement is localized to the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar south pole. Radar observations of periodically solar-illuminated lunar surfaces, including the north pole, yielded no such enhancement. A probable explanation for these differences is the presence of low-loss volume scatterers, such as water ice, in the permanently shadowed region at the south pole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nozette
- U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, Space Experiments Directorate, 711 North Fayette Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Staid MI, Pieters CM, Head JW. Mare Tranquillitatis: Basalt emplacement history and relation to lunar samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96je02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Neumann GA, Zuber MT, Smith DE, Lemoine FG. The lunar crust: Global structure and signature of major basins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96je01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
50
|
Fischer EM, Pieters CM. Composition and exposure age of the Apollo 16 Cayley and Descartes regions from Clementine data: Normalizing the optical effects of space weathering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95je02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|