1
|
von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3886. [PMID: 34162857 PMCID: PMC8222337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical loss of Arctic ozone due to anthropogenic halogens is driven by temperature, with more loss occurring during cold winters favourable for formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We show that a positive, statistically significant rise in the local maxima of PSC formation potential (PFPLM) for cold winters is apparent in meteorological data collected over the past half century. Output from numerous General Circulation Models (GCMs) also exhibits positive trends in PFPLM over 1950 to 2100, with highest values occurring at end of century, for simulations driven by a large rise in the radiative forcing of climate from greenhouse gases (GHGs). We combine projections of stratospheric halogen loading and humidity with GCM-based forecasts of temperature to suggest that conditions favourable for large, seasonal loss of Arctic column O3 could persist or even worsen until the end of this century, if future abundances of GHGs continue to steeply rise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simioni C, Schmidt EC, Felix MRDL, Polo LK, Rover T, Kreusch M, Pereira DT, Chow F, Ramlov F, Maraschin M, Bouzon ZL. Effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVA+UVB) on young gametophytes of Gelidium floridanum: growth rate, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, photosynthetic performance, and ultrastructure. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1050-60. [PMID: 24893751 DOI: 10.1111/php.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of radiation (PAR+UVA+UVB) on the development and growth rates (GRs) of young gametophytes of Gelidium floridanum. In addition, photosynthetic pigments were quantified, carotenoids identified, and photosynthetic performance assessed. Over a period of 3 days, young gametophytes were cultivated under laboratory conditions and exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 80 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) and PAR+UVA (0.70 W m(-2))+UVB (0.35 W m(-2)) for 3 h per day. The samples were processed for light and electron microscopy to analyze the ultrastructure features, as well as carry out metabolic studies of GRs, quantify the content of photosynthetic pigments, identify carotenoids and assess photosynthetic performance. PAR+UVA+UVB promoted increase in cell wall thickness, accumulation of floridean starch grains in the cytoplasm and disruption of chloroplast internal organization. Algae exposed to PAR+UVA+UVB also showed a reduction in GR of 97%. Photosynthetic pigments, in particular, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin contents, decreased significantly from UV radiation exposure. This result agrees with the decrease in photosynthetic performance observed after exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as measured by a decrease in the electron transport rate (ETR), where values of ETRmax declined approximately 44.71%. It can be concluded that radiation is a factor that affects the young gametophytes of G. floridanum at this stage of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Simioni
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Almeida SL, Schmidt ÉC, Pereira DT, Kreusch M, Felix MRDL, Osorio LKP, de Paula Martins R, Latini A, Ramlov F, Chow F, Maraschin M, Rodrigues AC, Bouzon ZL. Effect of ultraviolet-B radiation in laboratory on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and physiological parameters of selected cultivar of Oryza sativa L. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1303-1313. [PMID: 23708376 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR) affects plants in many important ways, including reduction of growth rate and primary productivity, and changes in ultrastructures. Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, along with corn and wheat, representing over 50% of agricultural production. In this study, we examined O. sativa plants exposed to ambient outdoor radiation and laboratory-controlled photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and PAR + UVBR conditions for 2 h/day during 30 days of cultivation. The samples were studied for morphological and ultrastructural characteristics, and physiological parameters. PAR + UVBR caused changes in the ultrastructure of leaf of O. sativa and leaf morphology (leaf index, leaf area and specific leaf area, trichomes, and papillae), plant biomass (dry and fresh weight), photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and protein content. As a photoprotective acclimation strategy against PAR + UVBR damage, an increase of 66.24% in phenolic compounds was observed. Furthermore, PAR + UVBR treatment altering the levels of chlorophylls a and b, and total chlorophyll. In addition, total carotenoid contents decreased after PAR + UVBR treatment. The results strongly suggested that PAR + UVBR negatively affects the ultrastructure, morphology, photosynthetic pigments, and growth rates of leaf of O. sativa and, in the long term, it could affect the viability of this economically important plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio L de Almeida
- Post-Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of UVB radiation on the agarophyte Gracilaria domingensis (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales): Changes in cell organization, growth and photosynthetic performance. Micron 2010; 41:919-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
5
|
Schmidt ÉC, Scariot LA, Rover T, Bouzon ZL. Changes in ultrastructure and histochemistry of two red macroalgae strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), as a consequence of ultraviolet B radiation exposure. Micron 2009; 40:860-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Kinnison DE, Gille J, Barnett J, Randall C, Harvey VL, Lambert A, Khosravi R, Alexander MJ, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Cavanaugh C, Coffey M, Craig C, Dean VC, Eden T, Ellis D, Fahey DW, Francis G, Halvorson C, Hannigan J, Hartsough C, Hepplewhite C, Krinsky C, Lee H, Mankin B, Marcy TP, Massie S, Nardi B, Packman D, Popp PJ, Santee ML, Yudin V, Walker KA. Global observations of HNO3from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Irie H, Sugita T, Nakajima H, Yokota T, Oelhaf H, Wetzel G, Toon GC, Sen B, Santee ML, Terao Y, Saitoh N, Ejiri MK, Tanaka T, Kondo Y, Kanzawa H, Kobayashi H, Sasano Y. Validation of stratospheric nitric acid profiles observed by Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)–II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Zasetsky AY, Sloan JJ. Monte Carlo approach to identification of the composition of stratospheric aerosols from infrared solar occultation measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:4785-90. [PMID: 16075891 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.004785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe an inversion method for determining the composition, density, and size of stratospheric clouds and aerosols by satellite remote sensing. The method, which combines linear least-squares minimization and Monte Carlo techniques, is tested with pure synthetic IR spectra. The synthetic spectral data are constructed to mimic mid-IR spectra recorded by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS-I and ILAS-II) instruments, which operate in the solar occultation mode and record numerous polar stratospheric cloud events. The advantages and limitations of the proposed technique are discussed. In brief we find that stratospheric aerosol in the size range from 0.5 to 4.0 02114 microm can be retrieved to an accuracy of 30%. We also show that the chemical composition of common stratospheric aerosols can be determined, whereas identification of their phases from mid-IR satellite remote-sensing data alone appears to be questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Zasetsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kühl S, Dörnbrack A, Wilms-Grabe W, Sinnhuber BM, Platt U, Wagner T. Observational evidence of rapid chlorine activation by mountain waves above northern Scandinavia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kühl
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Dörnbrack
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; DLR Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - W. Wilms-Grabe
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - B.-M. Sinnhuber
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - U. Platt
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - T. Wagner
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santee ML. Three-dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Santee ML. Variations and climatology of ClO in the polar lower stratosphere from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Davies S, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Sinnhuber BM, Anderson JG, Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Fahey DW, Popp PJ, Richard EC, von der Gathen P, Jost H, Webster CR. Modeling the effect of denitrification on Arctic ozone depletion during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Davies
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | | | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - B.-M. Sinnhuber
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. W. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu DL, Jiang JH. MLS observations of atmospheric gravity waves over Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong L. Wu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Jonathan H. Jiang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kleinböhl A, Bremer H, von König M, Küllmann H, Künzi KF, Goede APH, Browell EV, Grant WB, Toon GC, Blumenstock T, Galle B, Sinnhuber BM, Davies S. Vortexwide denitrification of the Arctic polar stratosphere in winter 1999/2000 determined by remote observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kleinböhl
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Holger Bremer
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Miriam von König
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Harry Küllmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Klaus F. Künzi
- Space Research Organization of the Netherlands; Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Blumenstock
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; University of Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Bo Galle
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
UV Radiation Effects on Phytoplankton Primary Production: A Comparison Between Arctic and Antarctic Marine Ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56075-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
17
|
Northway MJ. An analysis of large HNO3-containing particles sampled in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
Wagner T. Continuous monitoring of the high and persistent chlorine activation during the Arctic winter 1999/2000 by the GOME instrument on ERS-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Drouin BJ, Miller CE, Cohen EA, Wagner G, Birk M. Further Investigations of the ClO Rotational Spectrum. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 207:4-9. [PMID: 11336514 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.2001.8332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pure rotational transitions of the chlorine monoxide radical have been observed up to v=2 in the X(1) (2)Pi(3/2) and X(2) (2)Pi(1/2) states and transitions of the (35)Cl(18)O isotopomer have been observed in natural abundance. Additionally, rotational transitions for levels up to J'=115/2 have been measured in the far infrared. These data have been merged with the existing microwave, submillimeter, and high-resolution infrared transition frequencies and fit simultaneously with a set of isotopically independent parameters. Isotopic substitution of both the Cl and O atoms has enabled the first determination of the electron spin-rotation constant gamma=-296.0(43) MHz as well as the Born-Oppenheimer corrections to the rotational constants. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Drouin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109-8099
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wagner T, Leue C, Pfeilsticker K, Platt U. Monitoring of the stratospheric chlorine activation by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) OClO measurements in the austral and boreal winters 1995 through 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Fahey DW, Gao RS, Carslaw KS, Kettleborough J, Popp PJ, Northway MJ, Holecek JC, Ciciora SC, McLaughlin RJ, Thompson TL, Winkler RH, Baumgardner DG, Gandrud B, Wennberg PO, Dhaniyala S, McKinney K, Peter T, Salawitch RJ, Bui TP, Elkins JW, Webster CR, Atlas EL, Jost H, Wilson JC, Herman RL, Kleinböhl A, von König M. The detection of large HNO3-containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere. Science 2001; 291:1026-31. [PMID: 11161213 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Large particles containing nitric acid (HNO3) were observed in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter stratosphere. These in situ observations were made over a large altitude range (16 to 21 kilometers) and horizontal extent (1800 kilometers) on several airborne sampling flights during a period of several weeks. With diameters of 10 to 20 micrometers, these sedimenting particles have significant potential to denitrify the lower stratosphere. A microphysical model of nitric acid trihydrate particles is able to simulate the growth and sedimentation of these large sizes in the lower stratosphere, but the nucleation process is not yet known. Accurate modeling of the formation of these large particles is essential for understanding Arctic denitrification and predicting future Arctic ozone abundances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Tabazadeh A, Santee ML, Danilin MY, Pumphrey HC, Newman PA, Hamill PJ, Mergenthaler JL. Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery. Science 2000; 288:1407-11. [PMID: 10827948 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite observations indicate that extensive denitrification without significant dehydration currently occurs only in the Antarctic during mid to late June. The fact that denitrification occurs in a relatively warm month in the Antarctic raises concern about the likelihood of its occurrence and associated effects on ozone recovery in a colder and possibly more humid future Arctic lower stratosphere. Polar stratospheric cloud lifetimes required for Arctic denitrification to occur in the future are presented and contrasted against the current Antarctic cloud lifetimes. Model calculations show that widespread severe denitrification could enhance future Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139-3794, USA. Departme
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rex M, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Sen B, Margitan JJ, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Gao RS, Donnelly S, Keim E, Neuman J, Fahey DW, Webster CR, Scott DC, Herman RL, May RD, Moyer EJ, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Chang AY, Rinsland CP, Bui TP. Subsidence, mixing, and denitrification of Arctic polar vortex air measured during POLARIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Douglass AR, Kawa SR. Contrast between 1992 and 1997 high-latitude spring Halogen Occultation Experiment observations of lower stratospheric HCl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Dessler AE, Wu J, Santee ML, Schoeberl MR. Satellite observations of temporary and irreversible denitrification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Rinsland CP, Salawitch RJ, Gunson MR, Solomon S, Zander R, Mahieu E, Goldman A, Newchurch MJ, Irion FW, Chang AY. Polar stratospheric descent of NOyand CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992-1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Michelsen HA, Manney GL, Gunson MR, Zander R. Correlations of stratospheric abundances of NOy, O3, N2O, and CH4derived from ATMOS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Sugita T, Kondo Y, Nakajima H, Schmidt U, Engel A, Oelhaf H, Wetzel G, Koike M, Newman PA. Denitrification observed inside the Arctic vortex in February 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Salawitch RJ, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Implications for Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Ricaud P, Monnier E, Goutail F, Pommereau JP, David C, Godin S, Froidevaux L, Waters JW, Mergenthaler J, Roche AE, Pumphrey H, Chipperfield MP. Stratosphere over Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, in winter 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Slusser J, Liu X, Stamnes K, Shaw G, Smith R, Storvold R, Murcray F, Lee A, Good P. High-latitude stratospheric NO2and HNO3over Fairbanks (65°N) 1992-1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Roscoe HK, Jones AE, Lee AM. Midwinter Start to Antarctic Ozone Depletion: Evidence from Observations and Models. Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5335.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of total ozone at Faraday, Antarctica (65°S), by a visible spectrometer show a winter maximum. This new observation is consistent with the descent of air within the polar vortex during early winter, together with ozone depletion starting in midwinter. Chemical depletion at these latitudes in midwinter is suggested by existing satellite observations of enhanced chlorine monoxide and reduced ozone above 100 hectapascals and by reduced ozone in sonde profiles. New three-dimensional model calculations for 1994 confirm that chemical ozone depletion started in June at the sunlit vortex edge and became substantial by late July. This would not have been observed by most previous techniques, which either could not operate in winter or were closer to the Pole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Roscoe
- H. K. Roscoe and A. E. Jones, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Massie ST. Distribution of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds as seen by the CLAES experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Yudin VA, Geller MA, Khattatov BV, Douglass AR, Cerniglia MC, Waters JW, Elson LS, Roche AE, Russell JM. A UARS study of lower stratospheric polar processing in the early stages of northern and southern winters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Nevison CD, Solomon S, Garcia RR, Fahey DW, Keim ER, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Gao RS, Wamsley RC, Donnelly SG, DelNegro LA. Influence of Antarctic denitrification on two-dimensional model NOy/N2O correlations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Jaeglé L, Webster CR, May RD, Scott DC, Stimpfle RM, Kohn DW, Wennberg PO, Hanisco TF, Cohen RC, Proffitt MH, Kelly KK, Elkins J, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Pueschel RF, Chan KR, Salawitch RJ, Tuck AF, Hovde SJ, Yung YL. Evolution and stoichiometry of heterogeneous processing in the Antarctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Keim ER, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Fahey DW, Gao RS, Woodbridge EL, Wamsley RC, Donnelly SG, Del Negro LA, Nevison CD, Solomon S, Rosenlof KH, Scott CJ, Ko MKW, Weisenstein D, Chan KR. Measurements of the NOy-N2O correlation in the lower stratosphere: Latitudinal and seasonal changes and model comparisons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
41
|
de Zafra RL, Chan V, Crewell S, Trimble C, Reeves JM. Millimeter wave spectroscopic measurements over the South Pole: 3. The behavior of stratospheric nitric acid through polar fall, winter, and spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Eckman RS, Grose WL, Turner RE, Blackshear WT. Polar ozone depletion: A three-dimensional chemical modeling study of its long-term global impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Portmann RW, Solomon S, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Chipperfield MP, Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Read WG, Waters JW, Roche AE, Russell JM. Analysis of UARS data in the southern polar vortex in September 1992 using a chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Read WG, Waters JW, Chipperfield MP, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Russell JM. Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
46
|
MacKenzie IA, Harwood RS, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Chemical loss of polar vortex ozone inferred from UARS MLS measurements of ClO during the Arctic and Antarctic late winters of 1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/jd101id09p14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
Tie X, Brassuer GP, Granier C, De Rudder A, Larsen N. Model study of polar stratospheric clouds and their effect on stratospheric ozone: 2. Model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Jiang Y, Yung YL, Zurek RW. Decadal evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1996; 101:8985-99. [PMID: 11539364 DOI: 10.1029/96jd00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ozone column amounts obtained by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) in the southern polar region are analyzed during late austral winter and spring (days 240-300) for 1980-1991 using area-mapping techniques and area-weighted vortex averages. The vortex here is defined using the -50 PVU (1 PVU = 1.0 x 10(-6) K kg-1 m2 s-1) contour on the 500 K isentropic surface. The principal results are: (1) there is a distinct change after 1985 in the vortex-averaged column ozone depletion rate during September and October, the period of maximum ozone loss, and (2) the vortex-averaged column ozone in late August (day 240) has dropped by 70 Dobson units (DU) in a decade due to the loss in the dark and the dilution effect. The mean ozone depletion rate in the vortex between day 240 and the day of minimum vortex-averaged ozone is about 1 DU d-1 at the beginning of the decade, increasing to about 1.8 DU d-1 by 1985, and then apparently saturating thereafter. The vortex-average column ozone during September and October has declined at the rate of 11.3 DU yr-1 (3.8%) from 1980 to 1987 (90 DU over 8 years) and at a smaller rate of 2 DU yr-1 (0.9%) from 1987 to 1991 (10 DU over 5 years, excluding the anomalous year 1988). We interpret the year-to-year trend in the ozone depletion rate during the earlier part of the decade as due to the rise of anthropogenic chlorine in the atmosphere. The slower trend at the end of the decade indicates saturation of ozone depletion in the vortex interior, in that chlorine amounts in the mid-1980s were already sufficiently high to deplete most of the ozone in air within the isolated regions of the lower-stratospheric polar vortex. In subsequent years, increases in stratospheric chlorine may have enhanced wintertime chemical loss of ozone in the south polar vortex even before major losses during the Antarctic spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Waters JW, Read WG, Froidevaux L, Lungu TA, Perun VS, Stachnik RA, Jarnot RF, Cofield RE, Fishbein EF, Flower DA, Burke JR, Hardy JC, Nakamura LL, Ridenoure BP, Shippony Z, Thurstans RP, Avallone LM, Toohey DW, deZafra RL, Shindell DT. Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ClO measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
50
|
Froidevaux L, Read WG, Lungu TA, Cofield RE, Fishbein EF, Flower DA, Jarnot RF, Ridenoure BP, Shippony Z, Waters JW, Margitan JJ, McDermid IS, Stachnik RA, Peckham GE, Braathen G, Deshler T, Fishman J, Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ. Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ozone measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|