1
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Darula Z, McCabe MC, Barrett A, Schmitt LR, Maslanka MD, Saviola AJ, Orgel J, Burlingame A, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Stenmark K, Weaver V, Chalkley RJ, Hansen KC. Assessing Heterogeneity in the N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen by Mass Spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587441. [PMID: 38585857 PMCID: PMC10996605 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Collagen cross-links created by the lysyl oxidase and lysyl hydroxylase families of enzymes are a significant contributing factor to the biomechanical strength and rigidity of tissues, which in turn influence cell signaling and ultimately cell phenotype. In the clinic, the proteolytically liberated N-terminal cross-linked peptide of collagen I (NTX) is used as a biomarker of bone and connective tissue turnover, which is altered in several disease processes. Despite the clinical utility of these collagen breakdown products, the majority of the cross-linked peptide species have not been identified in proteomic datasets. Here we evaluate several parameters for the preparation and identification of these peptides from the collagen I-rich Achilles tendon. Our refined approach involving chemical digestion for protein solubilization coupled with mass spectrometry allows for the identification of the NTX cross-links in a range of modification states. Based on the specificity of the enzymatic cross-linking reaction we utilized follow-up variable modification searches to facilitate identification with a wider range of analytical workflows. We then applied a spectral library approach to identify differences in collagen cross-links in bovine pulmonary hypertension. The presented method offers unique opportunities to understand extracellular matrix remodeling events in development, aging, wound healing, and fibrotic disease that modulate collagen architecture through lysyl-hydroxylase and lysyl-oxidase enzymes.
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2
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Zhao H, Xiong T, Chu Y, Hao W, Zhao T, Sun X, Zhuang Y, Chen B, Zhao Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Dai J. Biomimetic Dual-Network Collagen Fibers with Porous and Mechanical Cues Reconstruct Neural Stem Cell Niche via AKT/YAP Mechanotransduction after Spinal Cord Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311456. [PMID: 38497893 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds can mediate the maneuverability of neural stem cell (NSC) niche to influence NSC behavior, such as cell self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation direction, showing the promising application in spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Here, dual-network porous collagen fibers (PCFS) are developed as neurogenesis scaffolds by employing biomimetic plasma ammonia oxidase catalysis and conventional amidation cross-linking. Following optimizing the mechanical parameters of PCFS, the well-matched Young's modulus and physiological dynamic adaptability of PCFS (4.0 wt%) have been identified as a neurogenetic exciter after SCI. Remarkably, porous topographies and curving wall-like protrusions are generated on the surface of PCFS by simple and non-toxic CO2 bubble-water replacement. As expected, PCFS with porous and matched mechanical properties can considerably activate the cadherin receptor of NSCs and induce a series of serine-threonine kinase/yes-associated protein mechanotransduction signal pathways, encouraging cellular orientation, neuron differentiation, and adhesion. In SCI rats, implanted PCFS with matched mechanical properties further integrated into the injured spinal cords, inhibited the inflammatory progression and decreased glial and fibrous scar formation. Wall-like protrusions of PCFS drive multiple neuron subtypes formation and even functional neural circuits, suggesting a viable therapeutic strategy for nerve regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, China
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yun Chu
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wangping Hao
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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3
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Kundu S, Ghosh C, Metya A, Banerjee A, Maji MS. Carbazoquinocin Analogues as Small Molecule Biomimetic Organocatalysts in Dehydrogenative Coupling of Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:1705-1710. [PMID: 38373273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A new series of carbazole-cored biomimetic ortho-quinone catalysts structurally resembling carbazoquinocin alkaloids have been introduced to promote tunable, metal cocatalyst-free, organocatalytic, dehydrogenative amine oxidation under aerobic conditions. Differently substituted benzyl amines were tolerated under optimized conditions to provide imines in excellent yields. Further efficacy of the catalyst was demonstrated by synthesizing cross-coupled imines efficiently. Control experiments and in-depth DFT studies disclosed a covalent transamination pathway as a plausible mechanism for this newly developed catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Chayan Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Abhisek Metya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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4
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Hu J, Liu X, Xu Q, Zhu M, Wang S, Quan K, Dai M, Mo F, Zhan H. Mechanism of lysine oxidase-like 1 promoting synovial inflammation mediating rheumatoid arthritis development. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:928-947. [PMID: 38217541 PMCID: PMC10817408 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that causes great distress to patients and society. Early diagnosis is the key to the successful treatment of RA. The basement membrane, one of the oldest tissue structures, is localized under the epithelium. Its complex composition and rich biological functions have made it a focus of research in recent years, while basement membrane-associated genetic variants are involved in most human disease processes. The aim of this study is to find new diagnostic biomarkers for RA and explore their role and possible mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis. The GSE12021, GSE55235 and GSE55457 datasets were downloaded from the GEO database. Their fraction associated with basement membrane genes was analyzed and differentially expressed genes between the disease and normal groups were explored. We identified two basement membrane-associated genes, lysine oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) and discoid peptide receptor 2 (DDR2). Focusing on the more interesting LOXL1, we found that LOXL1 expression was significantly elevated in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and LOXL1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated human synovial sarcoma cells (SW982). And LOXL1 knockdown inhibited tumor necrosis factor α-induced inhibition in SW982 cells expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Interestingly, knockdown of LOXL1 inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. In summary, LOXL1 may become a novel diagnostic gene for RA, and knockdown of LoxL1 may inhibit synovial inflammation by affecting PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Xuqiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Meisong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Kun Quan
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Fengbo Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Haibo Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
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Sugumaran M, Evans JJ. Catecholamine Derivatives as Novel Crosslinkers for the Synthesis of Versatile Biopolymers. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:449. [PMID: 37754863 PMCID: PMC10531651 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an important biopolymeric pigment. It provides protection against damaging solar radiation to animals. N-Acetyldopamine and N-β-alanyldopamine play a crucial role in the hardening of the exoskeletons of all insects. In addition, insects and other arthropods utilize the melanogenic process as a key component of their defense systems. Many marine organisms utilize dopyl peptides and proteins as bonding materials to adhere to various substrata. Moreover, the complex dopa derivatives that are precursors to the formation of the exoskeletons of numerous marine organisms also exhibit antibiotic properties. The biochemistry and mechanistic transformations of different catecholamine derivatives to produce various biomaterials with antioxidant, antibiotic, crosslinking, and gluing capabilities are highlighted. These reactivities are exhibited through the transient and highly reactive quinones, quinone methides, and quinone methide imine amide intermediates, as well as chelation to metal ions. A careful consideration of the reactivities summarized in this review will inspire numerous strategies for synthesizing novel biomaterials for future medical and industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Sugumaran
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Jason J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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6
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Meier AA, Moon HJ, Sabuncu S, Singh P, Ronnebaum TA, Ou S, Douglas JT, Jackson TA, Moënne-Loccoz P, Mure M. Insight into the Spatial Arrangement of the Lysine Tyrosylquinone and Cu 2+ in the Active Site of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213966. [PMID: 36430446 PMCID: PMC9694262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-2 (LOXL2) is a Cu2+ and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine and hydroxylysine residues to promote crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins. LTQ is post-translationally derived from Lys653 and Tyr689, but its biogenesis mechanism remains still elusive. A 2.4 Å Zn2+-bound precursor structure lacking LTQ (PDB:5ZE3) has become available, where Lys653 and Tyr689 are 16.6 Å apart, thus a substantial conformational rearrangement is expected to take place for LTQ biogenesis. However, we have recently shown that the overall structures of the precursor (no LTQ) and the mature (LTQ-containing) LOXL2s are very similar and disulfide bonds are conserved. In this study, we aim to gain insights into the spatial arrangement of LTQ and the active site Cu2+ in the mature LOXL2 using a recombinant LOXL2 that is inhibited by 2-hydrazinopyridine (2HP). Comparative UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of the 2HP-inhibited LOXL2 and the corresponding model compounds and an EPR study of the latter support that 2HP-modified LTQ serves as a tridentate ligand to the active site Cu2. We propose that LTQ resides within 2.9 Å of the active site of Cu2+ in the mature LOXL2, and both LTQ and Cu2+ are solvent-exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sinan Sabuncu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey A. Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Siyu Ou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Justin T. Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Timothy A. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Meier AA, Kuczera K, Mure M. A 3D-Predicted Structure of the Amine Oxidase Domain of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13385. [PMID: 36362176 PMCID: PMC9659206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has been recognized as an attractive drug target for anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor therapies. However, the structure-based drug design of LOXL2 has been very challenging due to the lack of structural information of the catalytically-competent LOXL2. In this study; we generated a 3D-predicted structure of the C-terminal amine oxidase domain of LOXL2 containing the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor from the 2.4Å crystal structure of the Zn2+-bound precursor (lacking LTQ; PDB:5ZE3); this was achieved by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation based on our solution studies of a mature LOXL2 that is inhibited by 2-hydrazinopyridine. The overall structures of the 3D-modeled mature LOXL2 and the Zn2+-bound precursor are very similar (RMSD = 1.070Å), and disulfide bonds are conserved. The major difference of the mature and the precursor LOXL2 is the secondary structure of the pentapeptide (His652-Lys653-Ala654-Ser655-Phe656) containing Lys653 (the precursor residue of the LTQ cofactor). We anticipate that this peptide is flexible in solution to accommodate the conformation that enables the LTQ cofactor formation as opposed to the β-sheet observed in 5ZE3. We discuss the active site environment surrounding LTQ and Cu2+ of the 3D-predicted structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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8
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Lysyl Oxidases: Orchestrators of Cellular Behavior and ECM Remodeling and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911378. [PMID: 36232685 PMCID: PMC9569843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases have long been considered key secreted extracellular matrix modifying enzymes. As such, their activity has been associated with the crosslinking of collagens and elastin, and as a result, they have been linked to multiple developmental and pathological processes. However, numerous lines of evidence also demonstrated that members of this enzyme family are localized and are active within the cytoplasm or cell nuclei, where they regulate and participate in distinct cellular events. In this review, we focus on a few of these events and highlight the intracellular role these enzymes play. Close examination of these events, suggest that the intracellular activities of lysyl oxidases is mostly observed in processes where concomitant changes in the extracellular matrix takes place. Here, we suggest that the LOX family members act in the relay between changes in the cells’ environment and the intracellular processes that promote them or that follow.
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9
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Kano K. Fundamental insight into redox enzyme-based bioelectrocatalysis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:141-156. [PMID: 34755834 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Redox enzymes can work as efficient electrocatalysts. The coupling of redox enzymatic reactions with electrode reactions is called enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, which imparts high reaction specificity to electrode reactions with nonspecific characteristics. The key factors required for bioelectrocatalysis are hydride ion/electron transfer characteristics and low specificity for either substrate in redox enzymes. Several theoretical features of steady-state responses are introduced to understand bioelectrocatalysis and to extend the performance of bioelectrocatalytic systems. Applications of the coupling concept to bioelectrochemical devices are also summarized with emphasis on the achievements recorded in the research group of the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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The Regulation of Collagen Processing by miRNAs in Disease and Possible Implications for Bone Turnover. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010091. [PMID: 35008515 PMCID: PMC8745169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes several recent examples of miRNA governing the regulation of the gene expression involved in bone matrix construction. We present the impact of miRNA on the subsequent steps in the formation of collagen type I. Collagen type I is a main factor of mechanical bone stiffness because it constitutes 90–95% of the organic components of the bone. Therefore, the precise epigenetic regulation of collagen formation may have a significant influence on bone structure. We also describe miRNA involvement in the expression of genes, the protein products of which participate in collagen maturation in various tissues and cancer cells. We show how non-collagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix are epigenetically regulated by miRNA in bone and other tissues. We also delineate collagen mineralisation in bones by factors that depend on miRNA molecules. This review reveals the tissue variability of miRNA regulation at different levels of collagen maturation and mineralisation. The functionality of collagen mRNA regulation by miRNA, as proven in other tissues, has not yet been shown in osteoblasts. Several collagen-regulating miRNAs are co-expressed with collagen in bone. We suggest that collagen mRNA regulation by miRNA could also be potentially important in bone metabolism.
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Cleverley R, Webb D, Middlemiss S, Duke P, Clare A, Okano K, Harwood C, Aldred N. In Vitro Oxidative Crosslinking of Recombinant Barnacle Cyprid Cement Gland Proteins. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:928-942. [PMID: 34714445 PMCID: PMC8639568 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Barnacle adhesion is a focus for fouling-control technologies as well as the development of bioinspired adhesives, although the mechanisms remain very poorly understood. The barnacle cypris larva is responsible for surface colonisation. Cyprids release cement from paired glands that contain proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, although further compositional details are scant. Several genes coding for cement gland-specific proteins were identified, but only one of these showed database homology. This was a lysyl oxidase-like protein (lcp_LOX). LOX-like enzymes have been previously identified in the proteome of adult barnacle cement secretory tissue. We attempted to produce recombinant LOX in E. coli, in order to identify its role in cyprid cement polymerisation. We also produced two other cement gland proteins (lcp3_36k_3B8 and lcp2_57k_2F5). lcp2_57k_2F5 contained 56 lysine residues and constituted a plausible substrate for LOX. While significant quantities of soluble lcp3_36k_3B8 and lcp2_57k_2F5 were produced in E. coli, production of stably soluble lcp_LOX failed. A commercially sourced human LOX catalysed the crosslinking of lcp2_57k_2F5 into putative dimers and trimers, and this reaction was inhibited by lcp3_36k_3B8. Inhibition of the lcp_LOX:lcp2_57k_2F5 reaction by lcp3_36k_3B8 appeared to be substrate specific, with no inhibitory effect on the oxidation of cadaverine by LOX. The results demonstrate a possible curing mechanism for barnacle cyprid cement and, thus, provide a basis for a more complete understanding of larval adhesion for targeted control of marine biofouling and adhesives for niche applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cleverley
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - David Webb
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Stuart Middlemiss
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Phillip Duke
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Anthony Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Keiju Okano
- Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Colin Harwood
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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12
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Akagawa M. Protein carbonylation: molecular mechanisms, biological implications, and analytical approaches. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:307-320. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1851027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Akagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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13
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Park E, Ryu JH, Lee D, Lee H. Freeze-Thawing-Induced Macroporous Catechol Hydrogels with Shape Recovery and Sponge-like Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4318-4329. [PMID: 33821606 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-containing hydrogels have been exploited in biomedical fields due to their adhesive and cohesive properties, hemostatic abilities, and biocompatibility. Catechol moieties can be oxidized to o-catecholquinone, a chemically active intermediate, in the presence of oxygen to act as an electrophile to form catechol-catechol or catechol-amine/thiol adducts. To date, catechol cross-linking chemistry to fabricate hydrogels has been mostly performed at room temperature. Herein, we report large increases in catechol cross-linking reaction kinetics by the freeze-thawing process. The formation of ice crystals during freezing steps spatially condenses catechol-containing polymers into nearly frozen (yet unfrozen) regions, resulting in decreases in the polymeric chain distances. This environment allows great increases in catechol cross-linking kinetics, a phenomenon that can also occur during thawing steps. The increased cross-linking rate and spatial condensation in the cryogels provide unique wall and pore structures, which result in elastic, spongelike hydrogels. The moduli of the cryogels prepared by glycol-chitosan-catechol (g-chitosan-c) were improved by 3-6-fold compared to room temperature-cured conventional hydrogels, and the degree of improvement increased depending on the freezing time and the number of freeze-thawing cycles. Unlike typical cell encapsulations before cross-linking, which have often been a source of cytotoxicity, the macroporosity of cryogels allows nontoxic cell seeding with ease. This research offers a new way to utilize catechol cross-linking chemistry by freeze-thawing processes to simultaneously regulate mechanical strength and porous structures in catechol-containing hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Daiheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Wen B, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 in cancer: regulation, downstream effectors and novel roles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188435. [PMID: 32976981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper and lysine tyrosyl-quinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase belonging to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, the canonical function of which is to catalyze the crosslinking of elastin and collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many studies have revealed that the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in multiple cancers is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, poor prognosis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and tumor progression. LOXL2 is regulated in many ways, such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, microRNA regulation, posttranslational modification, and cleavage. Beyond affecting the extracellular environment, various intracellular roles, such as oxidation and deacetylation activities in the nucleus, have been reported for LOXL2. Additionally, LOXL2 contributes to tumor cell invasion by promoting cytoskeletal reorganization. Targeting LOXL2 has become a potential therapeutic strategy to combat many types of cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of LOXL2 and discuss the intracellular role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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Noda K, Kitagawa K, Miki T, Horiguchi M, Akama TO, Taniguchi T, Taniguchi H, Takahashi K, Ogra Y, Mecham RP, Terajima M, Yamauchi M, Nakamura T. A matricellular protein fibulin-4 is essential for the activation of lysyl oxidase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc1404. [PMID: 33239290 PMCID: PMC7688322 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibulin-4 is a matricellular protein required for extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Mice deficient in fibulin-4 (Fbln4-/- ) have disrupted collagen and elastin fibers and die shortly after birth from aortic and diaphragmatic rupture. The function of fibulin-4 in ECM assembly, however, remains elusive. Here, we show that fibulin-4 is required for the activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of elastin and collagen. LOX produced by Fbln4-/- cells had lower activity than LOX produced by wild-type cells due to the absence of lysine tyrosyl quinone (LTQ), a unique cofactor required for LOX activity. Our studies showed that fibulin-4 is required for copper ion transfer from the copper transporter ATP7A to LOX in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which is a necessary step for LTQ formation. These results uncover a pivotal role for fibulin-4 in the activation of LOX and, hence, in ECM assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Noda
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takao Miki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masahito Horiguchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
| | - Tomoya O Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masahiko Terajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
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Dong G, Lin LR, Xu LY, Li EM. Reaction mechanism of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) studied by computational methods. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 211:111204. [PMID: 32801097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the ε-amino group of lysines/hydroxylysines on substrate proteins (collagen and elastin) to form aldehyde groups. The generated aldehyde groups are of significance in crosslinking with the adjacent aldehyde or ε-amino group on proteins in extracellular matrix. In this paper, we have studied the reaction mechanism of LOXL2 by means of quantum mechanics (QM) and combined QM and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. This study is divided into two parts, i.e. the biosynthesis of lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor and oxidative deamination of ε-amino group of lysine by LTQ. For the former part, the reaction is driven by a large exothermicity of about 284 kJ/mol. Dopaquinone radical (DPQr) is suggested to be an intermediate state in this reaction. In addition, His652 residue is predicted to serve as proton acceptor. The rate-determining step for the biosynthesis of LTQ is found to be hydrogen-atom abstraction from the benzene ring on substrate by Cu2+-hydroxide, which is a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process with an energy barrier of 84 kJ/mol. For the latter part, the reaction is exothermic by about 145 kJ/mol, and the copper ion is proposed to play a role of redox catalyst in the last step to generate the product of aldehyde. However, the copper ion might not be indispensable for the latter part, which is consistent with the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
| | - Li-Rui Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
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Lin S, Zheng L, Lu Y, Xia Q, Zhou P, Liu Z. Comprehensive analysis on the expression levels and prognostic values of LOX family genes in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8624-8638. [PMID: 32970930 PMCID: PMC7666732 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is a major pathological type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the prognosis of advanced KIRC patients is often unsatisfactory. Some lysine oxidase (LOX) family genes have been proven to be upregulated in some malignancies and play pivotal roles in the carcinogenesis. However, their roles in KIRC remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we used some online databases (eg, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, c-BioPortal, Human Protein Altas) to comprehensively explored the expression levels and the prognostic values of LOX family genes in KIRC using bioinformatic methods. RESULTS The results revealed that lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) were significantly overexpressed in KIRC at the level of mRNA expression, protein expression, and RCC cell lines. Further analysis demonstrated that higher mRNA expression of LOX and LOXL2 were significantly correlated with poor survival, tumor grade, individual cancer stages, and nodal metastasis status. DNA copy number amplifications and mRNA upregulation, DNA deep deletion, and mRNA upregulation were the main genetic mutations of LOX and LOXL2, respectively. Prognostic analysis showed that the altered group had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) compared to the unaltered group (p = .0387). Co-expression analysis showed CP, PLOD2, and COL5A1 were significantly correlated with LOX, and COL1A2 was positively correlated with LOXL2. Further analysis confirmed that these co-expressed genes were significantly upregulated and predicted unfavorable prognosis in KIRC. CONCLUSION Multi-level analysis demonstrated that LOX and LOXL2 were significantly upregulated and predicted poor survival in KIRC, which may apply as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of KIRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Lin
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Lu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qidong Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Hu L, Wang J, Wang Y, Wu L, Wu C, Mao B, Maruthi Prasad E, Wang Y, Chin YE. LOXL1 modulates the malignant progression of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of YAP. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:148. [PMID: 32912229 PMCID: PMC7488294 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LOX-like 1 (LOXL1) is a lysyl oxidase, and emerging evidence has revealed its effect on malignant cancer progression. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Methods LOXL1 expression in colorectal cancer was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. In vitro, colony formation, wound healing, migration and invasion assays were performed to investigate the effects of LOXL1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo, metastasis models and mouse xenografts were used to assess tumorigenicity and metastasis ability. Molecular biology experiments were utilized to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which LOXL1 modulates the Hippo pathway. Results LOXL1 was highly expressed in normal colon tissues compared with cancer tissues. In vitro, silencing LOXL1 in CRC cell lines dramatically enhanced migration, invasion, and colony formation, while overexpression of LOXL1 exerted the opposite effects. The results of the in vivo experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of LOXL1 in CRC cell lines drastically inhibited metastatic progression and tumour growth. Mechanistically, LOXL1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of Yes-associated protein (YAP) by interacting with MST1/2 and increasing the phosphorylation of MST1/2. Conclusions LOXL1 may function as an important tumour suppressor in regulating tumour growth, invasion and metastasis via negative regulation of YAP activity. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linpeng Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Mao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - E Maruthi Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen key of Laboratory of Translational medicine of Tumor, Shenzhen University Health science center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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19
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Han P, Cao P, Hu S, Kong K, Deng Y, Zhao B, Li F. Esophageal Microenvironment: From Precursor Microenvironment to Premetastatic Niche. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5857-5879. [PMID: 32765088 PMCID: PMC7371556 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s258215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most deadly cancer, and its incidence is still increasing year by year. Although the researches on the molecular mechanisms of EC have been widely carried out and incremental progress has been made, its overall survival rate is still low. There is cumulative evidence showing that the esophageal microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of EC. In precancerous lesions of the esophagus, high-risk environmental factors can promote the development of precancerous lesions by inducing the production of inflammatory factors and the recruitment of immune cells. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-promoting cells can inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor progression through a variety of pathways, such as bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The formation of extracellular hypoxia and acidic microenvironment and the change of extracellular matrix stiffness are also important factors affecting tumor progression and metastasis. Simultaneously, primary tumor-derived cytokines and bone marrow-derived immune cells can also promote the formation of pre-metastasis niche of EC lymph nodes, which are beneficial to EC lymph node metastasis. Further research on the specific mechanism of these processes in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of each EC subtype will support us to grasp the overall pre-cancerous prevention, targeted treatment, and metastatic assessment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangle Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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20
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Umana-Diaz C, Pichol-Thievend C, Marchand MF, Atlas Y, Salza R, Malbouyres M, Barret A, Teillon J, Ardidie-Robouant C, Ruggiero F, Monnot C, Girard P, Guilluy C, Ricard-Blum S, Germain S, Muller L. Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich domains of Lysyl Oxidase-Like2 regulate endothelial ECM and angiogenesis through non-catalytic scaffolding mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2020; 88:33-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Gabay Yehezkely R, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Kaganovsky A, Fainshtain Malka N, Aviram R, Livneh I, Hasson P. Intracellular Role for the Matrix-Modifying Enzyme Lox in Regulating Transcription Factor Subcellular Localization and Activity in Muscle Regeneration. Dev Cell 2020; 53:406-417.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Lin W, Xu L, Li G. Molecular Insights Into Lysyl Oxidases in Cartilage Regeneration and Rejuvenation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32426343 PMCID: PMC7204390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage remains among the most difficult tissues to regenerate due to its poor self-repair capacity. The lysyl oxidase family (LOX; also termed as protein-lysine 6-oxidase), mainly consists of lysyl oxidase (LO) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4), has been traditionally defined as cuproenzymes that are essential for stabilization of extracellular matrix, particularly cross-linking of collagen and elastin. LOX is essential in the musculoskeletal system, particularly cartilage. LOXs-mediated collagen cross-links are essential for the functional integrity of articular cartilage. Appropriate modulation of the expression or activity of certain LOX members selectively may become potential promising strategy for cartilage repair. In the current review, we summarized the advances of LOX in cartilage homeostasis and functioning, as well as copper-mediated activation of LOX through hypoxia-responsive signaling axis during recent decades. Also, the molecular signaling network governing LOX expression has been summarized, indicating that appropriate modulation of hypoxia-responsive-signaling-directed LOX expression through manipulation of bioavailability of copper and oxygen is promising for further clinical implications of cartilage regeneration, which has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for cartilage rejuvenation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Therefore, targeted regulation of copper-mediated hypoxia-responsive signalling axis for selective modulation of LOX expression may become potential effective therapeutics for enhanced cartilage regeneration and rejuvenation in future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Abstract
This first serious attempt at an autobiographical accounting has forced me to sit still long enough to compile my thoughts about a long personal and scientific journey. I especially hope that my trajectory will be of interest and perhaps beneficial to much younger women who are just getting started in their careers. To paraphrase from Virginia Woolf's writings in A Room of One's Own at the beginning of the 20th century, "for most of history Anonymous was a Woman." However, Ms. Woolf is also quoted as saying "nothing has really happened until it has been described," a harbinger of the enormous historical changes that were about to be enacted and recorded by women in the sciences and other disciplines. The progress in my chosen field of study-the chemical basis of enzyme action-has also been remarkable, from the first description of an enzyme's 3D structure to a growing and deep understanding of the origins of enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith P Klinman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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24
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Liu X, Liu T, Hu L, Jiang T, Liu H, Wang Y, Lei Y, Zhu J, Bu Y. Identification and characterization of the promoter of cancer-related gene LOXL2. Exp Cell Res 2020; 387:111786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Chopra V, Sangarappillai RM, Romero‐Canelón I, Jones AM. Lysyl Oxidase Like‐2 (LOXL2): An Emerging Oncology Target. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vriddhi Chopra
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | | | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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Abstract
Elastic fibers are found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues requiring resilience and depend on elasticity. Elastin and its degradation products have multiple roles in the oncologic process. In many malignancies, the remodeled ECM expresses high levels of the elastin protein which may have either positive or negative effects on tumor growth. Elastin cross-linking with other ECM components and the enzymes governing this process all have effects on tumorigenesis. Elastases, and specifically neutrophil elastase, are key drivers of invasion and metastasis and therefore are important targets for inhibition. Elastin degradation leads to the generation of bioactive fragments and elastin-derived peptides that further modulate tumor growth and spread. Interestingly, elastin-like peptides (ELP) and elastin-derived peptides (EDP) may also be utilized as nano-carriers to combat tumor growth. EDPs drive tumor development in a variety of ways, and specifically targeting EDPs and their binding proteins are major objectives for ongoing and future anti-cancer therapies. Research on both the direct anti-cancer activity and the drug delivery capabilities of ELPs is another area likely to result in novel therapeutic agents in the near future.
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27
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Sun X, Nkennor B, Mastikhina O, Soon K, Nunes SS. Endothelium-mediated contributions to fibrosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:78-86. [PMID: 31791693 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by abnormal and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, results in compromised tissue and organ structure. This can lead to reduced organ function and eventual failure. Although activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts, are considered the central players in fibrosis, the contribution of endothelial cells to the inception and progression of fibrosis has become increasingly recognized. Endothelial cells can contribute to fibrosis by acting as a source of myofibroblasts via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), or by becoming senescent, by secretion of profibrotic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and exosomes, promoting the recruitment of immune cells, and by participating in vascular rarefaction and decreased angiogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different aspects of fibrosis in which endothelial cells have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Sun
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada
| | - Blessing Nkennor
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada
| | - Olya Mastikhina
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kayla Soon
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 101 College St., Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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28
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Fujieda N. His-Cys and Trp-Cys cross-links generated by post-translational chemical modification. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:445-454. [PMID: 31771431 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1696178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase and amine oxidase contain a cofactor which is generated by post-translational chemical modification to the corresponding amino acid side chains near the copper active center. Such cofactors provide proteins unusual catalytic ability that canonical amino acids cannot exert as well as their structural stability, and thereby are called as protein-derived cofactors. These cofactors and modifications are mostly derived from aromatic amino acid residues, especially Tyr, Trp, and His. Current information about unusual cofactors derived from two of those, heteroaromatic residues (Trp and His) is summarized, especially chemical properties and maturation process of the cross-links between cysteine and heteroaromatic amino acids (His-Cys and Trp-Cys cross-links).Abbreviations: FMN: flavin mononucleotide; FAD: flavin adenine nucleotide; RNA: ribonucleic acid; PDC: protein-derived cofactor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MIO: 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4-imidazol-4-one; LTQ: lysyl tyrosylquinone; CTQ: cysteine tryptophylquinone; TTQ: tryptophan tryptophylquinone; E.coli: Escherichia coli; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Targeting the lysyl oxidases in tumour desmoplasia. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1661-1678. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of tissue microenvironments and its dysregulation has been implicated in a number of diseases, in particular cancer. Tumour desmoplasia (fibrosis) accompanies the progression of many solid cancers, and is also often induced as a result of many frontline chemotherapies. This has recently led to an increased interest in targeting the underlying processes. The major structural components of the ECM contributing to desmoplasia are the fibrillar collagens, whose key assembly mechanism is the enzymatic stabilisation of procollagen monomers by the lysyl oxidases. The lysyl oxidase family of copper-dependent amine oxidase enzymes are required for covalent cross-linking of collagen (as well as elastin) molecules into the mature ECM. This key step in the assembly of collagens is of particular interest in the cancer field since it is essential to the tumour desmoplastic response. LOX family members are dysregulated in many cancers and consequently the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting their enzymatic activity has been initiated by many groups. Development of specific small molecule inhibitors however has been hindered by the lack of crystal structures of the active sites, and therefore alternate indirect approaches to target LOX have also been explored. In this review, we introduce the importance of, and assembly steps of the ECM in the tumour desmoplastic response focussing on the role of the lysyl oxidases. We also discuss recent progress in targeting this family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Zhang R, Zhou Y, Yan X, Fan K. Advances in chiral nanozymes: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lysyl oxidases: linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 69:223-235. [PMID: 31650200 PMCID: PMC7000489 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes deputed to cross-link collagen and elastin, shaping the structure and strength of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, many novel “non-canonical” functions, alternative substrates, and regulatory mechanisms have been described and are being continuously elucidated. The activity of LOXs, therefore, appears to be integrated into a complex network of signals regulating many cell functions, including survival/proliferation/differentiation. Among these signaling pathways, TGF-β and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, in particular, cross-talk extensively with each other and with LOXs also initiating complex feedback loops which modulate the activity of LOXs and direct the remodeling of the ECM. A growing body of evidence indicates that LOXs are not only important in the homeostasis of the normal structure of the ECM, but are also implicated in the establishment and maturation of the tumor microenvironment. LOXs’ association with advanced and metastatic cancer is well established; however, there is enough evidence to support a significant role of LOXs in the transformation of normal epithelial cells, in the accelerated tumor development and the induction of invasion of the premalignant epithelium. A better understanding of LOXs and their interactions with the different elements of the tumor immune microenvironment will prove invaluable in the design of novel anti-tumor strategies.
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Characterization of PlGoxB, a flavoprotein required for cysteine tryptophylquinone biosynthesis in glycine oxidase from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108110. [PMID: 31541619 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
LodA-like proteins are oxidases with a protein-derived cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) prosthetic group. In Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea glycine oxidase (PlGoxA), CTQ biosynthesis requires post-translational modifications catalyzed by a modifying enzyme encoded by PlgoxB. The PlGoxB protein was expressed and shown to possess a flavin cofactor. PlGoxB was unstable in solution as it readily lost the flavin and precipitated. PlGoxB precipitation was significantly reduced by incubation with either excess FAD or an equal concentration of prePlGoxA, the precursor protein that is its substrate. In contrast, the mature CTQ-bearing PlGoxA had no stabilizing effect. A homology model of PlGoxB was generated using the structure of Alkylhalidase CmIS. The FAD-binding site of PlGoxB in the model was nearly identical to that of the template structure. The bound FAD in PlGoxB had significant solvent exposure, consistent with the observed tendency to lose FAD. This also suggested that interaction of prePlGoxA with PlGoxB at the exposed FAD-binding site could prevent the observed loss of FAD and subsequent precipitation of PlGoxB. A docking model of the putative PlGoxB-prePlGoxA complex was consistent with these hypotheses. The experimental results and computational analysis implicate structural features of PlGoxB that contribute to its stability and function.
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Vallet S, Guéroult M, Belloy N, Dauchez M, Ricard-Blum S. A Three-Dimensional Model of Human Lysyl Oxidase, a Cross-Linking Enzyme. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8495-8505. [PMID: 31459939 PMCID: PMC6647939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a cross-linking enzyme identified 50 years ago, but its 3D structure is still unknown. We have thus built a 3D model of human LOX by homology modeling using the X-ray structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 as a template. This model is the first one to recapitulate all known biochemical features of LOX, namely, the coordination of the copper ion and the formation of the lysine tyrosylquinone cofactor and the disulfide bridges. Furthermore, this model is stable during a 1 μs molecular dynamics simulation. The catalytic site is located in a groove surrounded by two loops. The distance between these loops fluctuated during the simulations, which suggests that the groove forms a hinge with a variable opening, which is able to accommodate the various sizes of LOX substrates. This 3D model is a pre-requisite to perform docking experiments with LOX substrates and other partners to identify binding sites and to design new LOX inhibitors specific for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain
D. Vallet
- Univ
Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute
of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
| | - Marc Guéroult
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Nicolas Belloy
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- UMR 7369 URCA/CNRS
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire
(MEDyC) and Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex
2, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ
Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute
of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne
Cedex, France
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Xie W, Huang P, Wu B, Chen S, Huang Z, Wang J, Sun H, Wu J, Xie L, Cheng Y, Xie W, Xu L, Chen LQ, Li E, Zou H. Clinical significance of LOXL4 expression and features of LOXL4-associated protein-protein interaction network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Amino Acids 2019; 51:813-828. [PMID: 30900087 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4), a member of the LOX family proteins, catalyzes oxidative deamination of lysine residues in collagen and elastin, which are responsible for maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis. In this study, the mRNA expression of LOXL4 in seven esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and 15 ESCC pairs of clinical samples were examined. Furthermore, LOXL4 protein levels in the ESCC cell lines were determined using western blotting. With the use of immunofluorescence, LOXL4 was observed to be localized primarily in the cytoplasm, but was also present in the nucleus. In addition, the results indicated that the upregulated expression of LOXL4 was associated with poor survival in patients with ESCC even following curative resection (P = 0.010). Similar Kaplan-Meier estimator curves for proteins that interact with LOXL4, SUV39H1 (P = 0.014) and COL2A1 (P = 0.011), were plotted. The analyses based on the protein-protein interaction network depicted the expression of LOXL4 and its associated proteins as well as their functions, suggesting that LOXL4 and its associated proteins may serve a significant role in the development and progression of ESCC. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that LOXL4 is a potential biomarker for patients with ESCC, as well as SUV39H1 and COL2A1, and high expression levels of these genes are associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqi Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingli Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinwei Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Medical Bioinformatics Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiying Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Takeda K, Umezawa K, Várnai A, Eijsink VG, Igarashi K, Yoshida M, Nakamura N. Fungal PQQ-dependent dehydrogenases and their potential in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 49:113-121. [PMID: 30580186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the first fungal pyrroloquinoline-quinone (PQQ)-dependent enzyme was discovered as a pyranose dehydrogenase from the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea (CcPDH). This discovery laid the foundation for a new Auxiliary Activities (AA) family, AA12, in the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database and revealed a novel enzymatic activity potentially involved in biomass conversion. This review summarizes recent progress made in research on this fungal oxidoreductase and related enzymes. CcPDH consists of the catalytic PQQ-binding AA12 domain, an N-terminal cytochrome b AA8 domain, and a C-terminal family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM1). CcPDH oxidizes 2-keto-d-glucose (d-glucosone), l-fucose, and rare sugars such as d-arabinose and l-galactose, and can activate lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Bioinformatic studies suggest a widespread occurrence of quinoproteins in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouta Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Umezawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent Gh Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Nobuhumi Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Okada K, Moon HJ, Finney J, Meier A, Mure M. Extracellular Processing of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 and Its Effect on Amine Oxidase Activity. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6973-6983. [PMID: 30499665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is associated with several hepatic and vascular fibrotic diseases and tumor progression in some aggressive cancers. Secreted LOXL2 promotes extracellular matrix cross-linking by catalyzing the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine. A great deal remains to be learned about the post-translational modifications of LOXL2, including whether such modifications modulate enzymatic and disease-promoting activities; such knowledge would inform the development of potential therapies. We discovered that upon secretion in cell culture, LOXL2 undergoes proteolytic processing of the first two of four scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains at the N-terminus. A similar pattern of processing was also evident in tissue extracts from an invasive ductal carcinoma patient. Processing occurred at 314Arg-315Phe-316Arg-317Lys↓-318Ala-, implicating proprotein convertases. siRNA-mediated knockdown of proprotein convertases (furin, PACE4, and PC5/6), as well as incubation with their recombinant forms, showed that PACE4 is the major protease that acts on extracellular LOXL2. Unlike LOX, which requires cleavage of its propeptide for catalytic activation, cleavage of LOXL2 was not essential for tropoelastin oxidation or for cross-linking of collagen type IV in vitro. However, in the latter case, processing enhanced the extent of collagen cross-linking ∼2-fold at ≤10 nM LOXL2. These results demonstrate an important difference in the regulatory mechanisms for LOX and LOXL2 catalytic activity. Moreover, they pave the way for further studies of potential differential functions of LOXL2 isoforms in fibrosis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Okada
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Alex Meier
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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Burke AA, Barrows L, Solares MJ, Wall AD, Jakobsche CE. Bifunctional Molecular Probes for Activity-Based Visualization of Quinone-Dependent Amine Oxidases. Chemistry 2018; 24:17681-17685. [PMID: 30221409 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and evaluation of two bifunctional molecular probes that can be used to visualize quinone-dependent amine oxidase enzymes in an activity-dependent manner are described. These probes use alkylhydrazines to irreversibly bind the target enzymes, which can then be visualized with either Western blotting or in-gel fluorescence. The results show that the Western blotting readout, which utilizes commercially available anti-nitrophenyl antibodies to detect a simple dinitrophenyl antigen, provides a stronger readout than the fluorescein-based fluorescence readout. This visualization strategy can be used to measure the potency of enzyme inhibitors by selectively visualizing the active enzyme that remains after treatment with an inhibitor. Looking forward, this probe molecule and visualization strategy will enable activity-based protein-profiling experiments, such as determining inhibitor selectivity values within full proteome mixtures, for this family of amine oxidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Burke
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Luke Barrows
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Maria J Solares
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Alexander D Wall
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
| | - Charles E Jakobsche
- Clark University, Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
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Yukl ET, Davidson VL. Diversity of structures, catalytic mechanisms and processes of cofactor biosynthesis of tryptophylquinone-bearing enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:40-46. [PMID: 30026025 PMCID: PMC6098718 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophyquinone-bearing enzymes contain protein-derived cofactors formed by posttranslational modifications of Trp residues. Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is comprised of a di-oxygenated Trp residue, which is cross-linked to another Trp residue. Cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) is comprised of a di-oxygenated Trp residue, which is cross-linked to a Cys residue. Despite the similarity of these cofactors, it has become evident in recent years that the overall structures of the enzymes that possess these cofactors vary, and that the gene clusters that encode the enzymes are quite diverse. While it had been long assumed that all tryptophylquinone enzymes were dehydrogenases, recently discovered classes of these enzymes are oxidases. A common feature of enzymes that have these cofactors is that the posttranslational modifications that form the mature cofactors are catalyzed by a modifying enzyme. However, it is now clear that modifying enzymes are different for different tryptophylquinone enzymes. For methylamine dehydrogenase a di-heme enzyme, MauG, is needed to catalyze TTQ biosynthesis. However, no gene similar to mauG is present in the gene clusters that encode the other enzymes, and the recently characterized family of CTQ-dependent oxidases, termed LodA-like proteins, require a flavoenzyme for cofactor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Yukl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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40
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Palladino P, Minunni M, Scarano S. Cardiac Troponin T capture and detection in real-time via epitope-imprinted polymer and optical biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:93-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Mariotti M, Leinisch F, Leeming DJ, Svensson B, Davies MJ, Hägglund P. Mass-Spectrometry-Based Identification of Cross-Links in Proteins Exposed to Photo-Oxidation and Peroxyl Radicals Using 18O Labeling and Optimized Tandem Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2017-2027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800 Denmark
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, Copenhagen, DK-1017 Denmark
| | | | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800 Denmark
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, Copenhagen, DK-1017 Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800 Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, Copenhagen, DK-1017 Denmark
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a type of copper- and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) -dependent amine oxidase, catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine residues of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastins and collagens and generate aldehyde groups. The oxidative deamination of lysine represents the foundational step for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen and thus is crucial for ECM modeling. Despite their physiological significance, the structure of this important family of enzymes remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) at 2.4-Å resolution. Unexpectedly, the copper-binding site of hLOXL2 is occupied by zinc, which blocks LTQ generation and the enzymatic activity of hLOXL2 in our in vitro assay. Biochemical analysis confirms that copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports LTQ formation. Furthermore, the LTQ precursor residues in the structure are distanced by 16.6 Å, corroborating the notion that the present structure may represent a precursor state and that pronounced conformational rearrangements would be required for protein activation. The structure presented here establishes an important foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of LOX proteins and will facilitate LOX-targeting drug discovery.
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Davidson VL. Protein-Derived Cofactors Revisited: Empowering Amino Acid Residues with New Functions. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3115-3125. [PMID: 29498828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A protein-derived cofactor is a catalytic or redox-active site in a protein that is formed by post-translational modification of one or more amino acid residues. These post-translational modifications are irreversible and endow the modified amino acid residues with new functional properties. This Perspective focuses on the following advances in this area that have occurred during recent years. The biosynthesis of the tryptophan tryptophylquinone cofactor is catalyzed by a diheme enzyme, MauG. A bis-FeIV redox state of the hemes performs three two-electron oxidations of specific Trp residues via long-range electron transfer. In contrast, a flavoenzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis of the cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) cofactor present in a newly discovered family of CTQ-dependent oxidases. Another carbonyl cofactor, the pyruvoyl cofactor found in classes of decarboxylases and reductases, is formed during an apparently autocatalytic cleavage of a precursor protein at the N-terminus of the cleavage product. It has been shown that in at least some cases, the cleavage is facilitated by binding to an accessory protein. Tyrosylquinonine cofactors, topaquinone and lysine tyrosylquinone, are found in copper-containing amine oxidases and lysyl oxidases, respectively. The physiological roles of different families of these enzymes in humans have been more clearly defined and shown to have significant implications with respect to human health. There has also been continued characterization of the roles of covalently cross-linked amino acid side chains that influence the reactivity of redox-active metal centers in proteins. These include Cys-Tyr species in galactose oxidase and cysteine dioxygenase and the Met-Tyr-Trp species in the catalase-peroxidase KatG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32827 , United States
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Johnston KA, Lopez KM. Lysyl oxidase in cancer inhibition and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andreo-Vidal A, Mamounis KJ, Sehanobish E, Avalos D, Campillo-Brocal JC, Sanchez-Amat A, Yukl ET, Davidson VL. Structure and Enzymatic Properties of an Unusual Cysteine Tryptophylquinone-Dependent Glycine Oxidase from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1155-1165. [PMID: 29381339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycine oxidase from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea (PlGoxA) is a cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ)-dependent enzyme. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis place it in a newly designated subgroup (group IID) of a recently identified family of LodA-like proteins, which are predicted to possess CTQ. The crystal structure of PlGoxA reveals that it is a homotetramer. It possesses an N-terminal domain with no close structural homologues in the Protein Data Bank. The active site is quite small because of intersubunit interactions, which may account for the observed cooperativy toward glycine. Steady-state kinetic analysis yielded the following values: kcat = 6.0 ± 0.2 s-1, K0.5 = 187 ± 18 μM, and h = 1.77 ± 0.27. In contrast to other quinoprotein amine dehydrogenases and oxidases that exhibit anomalously large primary kinetic isotope effects on the rate of reduction of the quinone cofactor by the amine substrate, no significant primary kinetic isotope effect was observed for this reaction of PlGoxA. The absorbance spectrum of glycine-reduced PlGoxA exhibits features in the range of 400-650 nm that have not previously been seen in other quinoproteins. Thus, in addition to the unusual structural features of PlGoxA, the kinetic and chemical reaction mechanisms of the reductive half-reaction of PlGoxA appear to be distinct from those of other amine dehydrogenases and amine oxidases that use tryptophylquinone and tyrosylquinone cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Andreo-Vidal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Kyle J Mamounis
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Esha Sehanobish
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Dante Avalos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | | | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Erik T Yukl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
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Sun Y, Zhao C, Gao N, Ren J, Qu X. Stereoselective Nanozyme Based on Ceria Nanoparticles Engineered with Amino Acids. Chemistry 2017; 23:18146-18150. [PMID: 29131418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselectivity towards substrates is one of the most important characteristics of enzymes. Amino acids, as cofactors of many enzymes, play important roles in stereochemistry. Herein, chiral nanozymes were constructed by grafting a series of d- or l-amino acids onto the surfaces of ceria (cerium oxide) nanoparticles. We selected the most commonly used drug for combating Parkinson's disease, that is, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) enantiomers, as examples for chiral catalysis. Through detailed kinetic studies of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) modified with different eight amino acids, we found that phenylalanine-modified CeNP was optimal for the DOPA oxidation reaction and showed excellent stereoselectivity towards its enantiomers. l-Phenylalanine-modified CeNPs showed higher catalytic ability for oxidation of d-DOPA, while d-phenylalanine-modified CeNPs were more effective towards l-DOPA. Taken together, the results indicated that stereoselective nanozyme can be constructed by grafting nanoparticles with chiral molecules. This work may inspire better design of chiral nanozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Sun
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
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Identification of Histidine 303 as the Catalytic Base of Lysyl Oxidase via Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Protein J 2017; 37:47-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Hromada SE, Hilbrands AM, Wolf EM, Ross JL, Hegg TR, Roth AG, Hollowell MT, Anderson CE, Benson DE. Protein oxidation involved in Cys-Tyr post-translational modification. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 176:168-174. [PMID: 28917639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some post-translationally modified tyrosines can perform reversible redox chemistry similar to metal cofactors. The most studied of these tyrosine modifications is the intramolecular thioether-crosslinked 3'-(S-cysteinyl)-tyrosine (Cys-Tyr) in galactose oxidase. This Cu-mediated tyrosine modification in galactose oxidase involves direct electron transfer (inner-sphere) to the coordinated tyrosine. Mammalian cysteine dioxygenase enzymes also contain a Cys-Tyr that is formed, presumably, through outer-sphere electron transfer from a non-heme iron center ~6Å away from the parent residues. An orphan protein (BF4112), amenable to UV spectroscopic characterization, has also been shown to form Cys-Tyr between Tyr 52 and Cys 98 by an adjacent Cu2+ ion-loaded, mononuclear metal ion binding site. Native Cys-Tyr fluorescence under denaturing conditions provides a more robust methodology for Cys-Tyr yield determination. Cys-Tyr specificity, relative to 3,3'-dityrosine, was provided in this fluorescence assay by guanidinium chloride. Replacing Tyr 52 with Phe or the Cu2+ ion with a Zn2+ ion abolished Cys-Tyr formation. The Cys-Tyr fluorescence-based yields were decreased but not completely removed by surface Tyr mutations to Phe (Y4F/Y109F, 50%) and Cys 98 to Ser (25%). The small absorbance and fluorescence emission intensities for C98S BF4112 were surprising until a significantly red-shifted emission was observed. The red-shifted emission spectrum and monomer to dimer shift seen by reducing, denaturing SDS-PAGE demonstrate a surface tyrosyl radical product (dityrosine) when Cys 98 is replaced with Ser. These results demonstrate surface tyrosine oxidation in BF4112 during Cys-Tyr formation and that protein oxidation can be a significant side reaction in forming protein derived cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Hromada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Adam M Hilbrands
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Elysa M Wolf
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Jackson L Ross
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Taylor R Hegg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Andrew G Roth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Matthew T Hollowell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - Carolyn E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States
| | - David E Benson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, United States.
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López-Jiménez AJ, Basak T, Vanacore RM. Proteolytic processing of lysyl oxidase-like-2 in the extracellular matrix is required for crosslinking of basement membrane collagen IV. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16970-16982. [PMID: 28864775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is an enzyme secreted into the extracellular matrix that crosslinks collagens by mediating oxidative deamination of lysine residues. Our previous work demonstrated that this enzyme crosslinks the 7S domain, a structural domain that stabilizes collagen IV scaffolds in the basement membrane. Despite its relevant role in extracellular matrix biosynthesis, little is known about the structural requirements of LOXL2 that enable collagen IV crosslinking. In this study, we demonstrate that LOXL2 is processed extracellularly by serine proteases, generating a 65-kDa form lacking the first two scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. Site-specific mutagenesis to prevent proteolytic processing generated a full-length enzyme that is active in vitro toward a soluble substrate, but fails to crosslink insoluble collagen IV within the extracellular matrix. In contrast, the processed form of LOXL2 binds to collagen IV and crosslinks the 7S domain. Together, our data demonstrate that proteolytic processing is an important event that allows LOXL2-mediated crosslinking of basement membrane collagen IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J López-Jiménez
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Trayambak Basak
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Roberto M Vanacore
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and .,Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Barek H, Evans J, Sugumaran M. Unraveling complex molecular transformations of N-β-alanyldopamine that account for brown coloration of insect cuticle. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1363-1373. [PMID: 28557057 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-β-Alanyldopamine (NBAD) and N-acetyldopamine (NADA) are catecholamines that are used by insects as sclerotizing precursors to harden their cuticle. They share a common pathway utilizing the same set of sclerotizing enzymes. Yet, cuticles using NBAD are brown, while cuticles using NADA are colorless. To identify the cause of this major unresolved color difference, molecular transformations of NBAD with cuticular enzymes were investigated. METHODS Reactions of NBAD and NADA with native cuticle isolated from the wandering stages of Sarcophaga bullata larvae as well as the reactions of NBAD with cuticular sclerotization enzymes - phenoloxidase, quinone isomerase and quinone methide isomerase - were investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, the reactivity of enzymatically generated NBAD quinone was investigated by MS. RESULTS Reactions of NBAD with sclerotizing enzymes isolated from Sarcophaga bullata larvae generate colorless products such as N-β-alanylnorepinephrine, N-β-alanylarterenone, dehydro NBAD, the benzodioxan dimers of dehydro NBAD and other minor adducts, the same kind of compounds generated by NADA reaction with cuticular enzymes. However, oxidation of NBAD produces colored quinone adducts, in addition. NADA, which lacks the amino group, did not produce these quinone adducts. CONCLUSIONS LC/MS analysis of the reaction mixture of NBAD-cuticular enzyme reactions reveals the novel production of colored quinone adducts that are not possible for NADA. Therefore, our results suggest that the brown coloration of cuticle formed through NBAD crosslinking is likely due to the formation and accumulation of NBAD quinone and its adducts, while NADA quinone adducts tend not to form during NADA crosslinking, producing a nearly colorless cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Barek
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jason Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Manickam Sugumaran
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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