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Effect of spatial position based configuration on visual working memory performance. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Green D, Beaton L, Moore D, Warren L, Wick V, Sanford JE, Santosh P. Clinical Incidence of Sensory Integration Difficulties in Adults with Learning Disabilities and Illustration of Management. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/030802260306601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Qu J, Rizak JD, Zhao L, Li M, Ma Y. Effects of visual working memory on brain information processing of irrelevant auditory stimuli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89989. [PMID: 24587170 PMCID: PMC3935952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention has traditionally been viewed as a sensory processing modulator that promotes cognitive processing efficiency by favoring relevant stimuli while inhibiting irrelevant stimuli. However, the cross-modal processing of irrelevant information during working memory (WM) has been rarely investigated. In this study, the modulation of irrelevant auditory information by the brain during a visual WM task was investigated. The N100 auditory evoked potential (N100-AEP) following an auditory click was used to evaluate the selective attention to auditory stimulus during WM processing and at rest. N100-AEP amplitudes were found to be significantly affected in the left-prefrontal, mid-prefrontal, right-prefrontal, left-frontal, and mid-frontal regions while performing a high WM load task. In contrast, no significant differences were found between N100-AEP amplitudes in WM states and rest states under a low WM load task in all recorded brain regions. Furthermore, no differences were found between the time latencies of N100-AEP troughs in WM states and rest states while performing either the high or low WM load task. These findings suggested that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may integrate information from different sensory channels to protect perceptual integrity during cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagui Qu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Joshua D. Rizak
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Psychological Research Center, Beijing Yiran Sunny Technology Co. Lt, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Minghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YM); (ML)
| | - Yuanye Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YM); (ML)
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Gao Z, Bentin S. Coarse-to-fine encoding of spatial frequency information into visual short-term memory for faces but impartial decay. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2011; 37:1051-64. [PMID: 21500938 PMCID: PMC3240681 DOI: 10.1037/a0023091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Face perception studies investigated how spatial frequencies (SF) are extracted from retinal display while forming a perceptual representation, or their selective use during task-imposed categorization. Here we focused on the order of encoding low-spatial frequencies (LSF) and high-spatial frequencies (HSF) from perceptual representations into visual short-term memory (VSTM). We also investigated whether different SF-ranges decay from VSTM at different rates during a study-test stimulus-onset asynchrony. An old/new VSTM paradigm was used in which two broadband faces formed the positive set and the probes preserved either low or high SF ranges. Exposure time of 500 ms was sufficient to encode both HSF and LSF in the perceptual representation (experiment 1). Nevertheless, when the positive-set was exposed for 500 ms, LSF-probes were better recognized in VSTM compared with HSF-probes; this effect vanished at 800-ms exposure time (experiment 2). Backward masking the positive set exposed for 800 ms re-established the LSF-probes advantage (experiment 3). The speed of decay up to 10 seconds was similar for LSF- and HSF-probes (experiment 4). These results indicate that LSF are extracted and consolidated into VSTM faster than HSF, supporting a coarse-to-fine order, while the decay from VSTM is not governed by SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifeng Gao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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RUDNER MARY, ANDIN JOSEFINE, RÖNNBERG JERKER. Working memory, deafness and sign language. Scand J Psychol 2009; 50:495-505. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Motes MA, Rypma B. Working memory component processes: isolating BOLD signal changes. Neuroimage 2009; 49:1933-41. [PMID: 19732840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronology of the component processes subserving working memory (WM) and hemodynamic response lags has hindered the use of fMRI for exploring neural substrates of WM. In the present study, however, participants completed full trials that involved encoding two or six letters, maintaining the memory set over a delay, and then deciding whether a probe was in the memory set or not. Additionally, they completed encode-only, encode-and-maintain, and encode-and-decide partial trials intermixed with the full trials. The inclusion of partial trials allowed for the isolation of BOLD signal changes to the different trial periods. The results showed that only lateral and medial prefrontal cortex regions differentially responded to the 2- and 6-letter memory sets over the trial periods, showing greater activation to 6-letter sets during the encode and maintain trial periods. Thus, the data showed the differential involvement of PFC in the encoding and maintenance of supra- and sub-capacity memory sets and show the efficacy of using fMRI partial trial methods to study WM component processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Motes
- Center for BrainHealth and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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De Neys W, Schaeken W, d'Ydewalle G. Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples. THINKING & REASONING 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13546780442000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Sun X, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang P, Bao M, Zhang D, Chen J, He S, Hu X. Age-dependent brain activation during forward and backward digit recall revealed by fMRI. Neuroimage 2005; 26:36-47. [PMID: 15862203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, brain activation associated with forward and backward digit recall was examined in healthy old and young adults using functional MRI. A number of areas were activated during the recall. In young adults, greater activation was found in the left prefrontal cortex (BA9) and the left occipital visual cortex during backward digit recall than forward digit recall. In contrast, the activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) was more extensive in forward digit recall than in backward digit recall. In older adults, backward recall generated stronger activation than forward recall in most areas, including the frontal, the parietal, the occipital, and the temporal cortices. In the backward recall condition, the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA44/45) showed more activation in the old group than in the young group. These results suggest that different neural mechanisms may be involved in forward and backward digit recall and brain functions associated with these two types of recall are differentially affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Sun
- Hefei Natinal Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui
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Ruijter J, de Ruiter MB, Snel J, Lorist MM. The influence of caffeine on spatial-selective attention: an event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111:2223-33. [PMID: 11090776 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following the indications of previous studies that caffeine might have a specific effect on the processing of spatial information compared with other types of information, the present study investigated the influence of caffeine on an often used spatial-selective attention task. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 11 participants under conditions of caffeine (250 mg) and placebo. RESULTS Spatial-selective attention effects were reflected in the ERPs as more positive going occipital P1 and broadly distributed P2 components, and more negative going occipital-temporal N1 and broadly distributed N2 components. A treatment effect was found as a more positive going frontal P2 component in the caffeine condition, whereas interactions between treatment and attention were observed for P2 and N2 components, but not for P1 and N1 components. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results suggests that caffeine has no specific influence on spatial-selective attention, but rather, has a more general facilitating effect on perceptual processing, as well as a possible effect on the frontal control mechanisms, i.e. focusing attention and increasing selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruijter
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Psychonomics, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, The, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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El-Nabawi A, Quesenberry M, Saito K, Silbergeld E, Vasta G, Eldefrawi A. The N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmitter receptor is a mammalian brain target for the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida toxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 169:84-93. [PMID: 11076700 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.9042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blooms of Pfiesteria piscicida, a dinoflagellate in eastern U.S. coastal rivers, are believed to secrete toxins that kill fish and produce short-term memory loss in humans. Only one or two of Pfiesteria's multiple stages secrete the toxin, and only under certain environmental conditions. Thus, neither the presence of Pfiesteria nor fish kill alone can be indicative of toxin presence. The objective of this study was to identify the mammalian molecular brain target for the toxin that is associated with decrements in memory. Seven rat brain neurotransmitter receptors were selected to study because of their reported roles in cognitive function: receptors for nicotine, muscarine, AMPA/kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine 1 and 2. The effects of 17 environmental and laboratory samples on radioactive ligand binding to these receptors were studied. Of the seven receptors, binding only to the NMDA receptor was inhibited by only the two Pfiesteria-containing waters (identified by PCR) that also killed fish, and not by any of the other 15 samples tested. It is suggested that inhibition of NMDA-receptor binding is the cause of memory loss in exposed humans. Thus, it could be a useful biomarker for the toxin's presence in rivers for decisions on closures and for identification of the fractions containing the toxin during its purification. Knowledge of the toxin's molecular target, and how it affects its function, also leads to suggestions for therapeutics to use in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Nabawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Wiig EH, El-Halees Y. Developing a language screening test for Arabic-speaking children. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2000; 52:260-74. [PMID: 11014936 DOI: 10.1159/000021544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This report gives an account of general and specific issues associated with developing an Arabic-language screening test for children aged between 3 and 12 years. Challenges, dilemmas and stages in the developmental process are discussed. The development of the Arabic Language Screening Test: Preschool and School Age illustrates the process. Issues and stages included: (1) arriving at a consensus about scope and purpose; (2) conceptualizing tasks and items; (3) specifying item content and structure; (4) field-testing the screening tool in a circumscribed environment; (5) developing a robust scoring and interpretation system for determining Pass or Fail, and (6) establishing the degree of accuracy in differentiating children with and without language disorders. The product is a screening test of verbal and related nonverbal abilities with parallel components for children of preschool (3-5 years) and elementary school age (6-12 years). Normative data were collected for 750 Arabic-speaking children in Jordan and Palestine, distributed fairly equally between the ages of 3 and 12 years. Normative means increased with age and standard deviations decreased. Interscorer agreement (99%), internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.98) and diagnostic sensitivity (over 90% accuracy) were high. Constraints and limitations in the development of the test are described and discussed from both objective and personal perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Wiig
- Knowledge Research Institute, Arlington, TX 76017, USA
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Luparini MR, Del Vecchio A, Barillari G, Magnani M, Prosdocimi M. Cognitive impairment in old rats: a comparison of object displacement, object recognition and water maze. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 2000; 12:264-73. [PMID: 11073345 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral performance of young and aged rats was studied in a repeated-trials test. Young animals reacted to both spatial displacement and novelty, whereas most aged rats lost the ability to react to novelty although maintaining spatial memory. The cluster analysis procedure performed on all the tested subjects enabled the recognition of a consistent group of the aged sample (35%) with a mild degree of spatial and non-spatial memory impairment. Spatial memory impairment of some of the aged animals was also evaluated in the Morris water maze test. On the fifth day of the task, we observed a very low percentage of impaired aged animals, which partially corresponded to the impaired group identified by the object recognition test. In contrast, the subgroup of mildly impaired rats performed similarly to the young animals. We advance that the Morris water maze might represent a stressful experimental condition for aged rats, enhancing the motivational level of animals subjected to this procedure. This condition may alter the cognitive responses. As a consequence, the "mildly impaired" rats, which may be considered an interesting group for investigating memory-enhancing drugs, will infrequently be recognized with the Morris water maze test. Cognitive impairment in aged rats should be studied utilizing a sensitive test in which motivation does not substantially influence the results of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Luparini
- ACRAF Angelini Ricerche, S. Palomba Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
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Proctor A, Wilson B, Sanchez C, Wesley E. Executive function and verbal working memory in adolescents with closed head injury (CHI). Brain Inj 2000; 14:633-47. [PMID: 10914645 DOI: 10.1080/02699050050043999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between executive function (EF) and working memory (WM) was studied in eight adolescents with closed head injury (CHI) and eight controls, matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). A cognitive-linguistic test (Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury, SCATBI) was used to group CHI participants by seventy. EF was tested with a measure of daily functioning (Pro-Ex) and WM was tested with a recognition memory task (RMT). When all subject test data were grouped, a positive linear correlation was found for the Pro-Ex and the RMT. A strong-to-moderate positive correlation was found for components of the EF measure and the RMT. Severity of injury influenced test performance for both the EF and WM measures, with a significance between group effects found on the RMT task. Results indicate a relationship between executive function and working memory, severity of injury and test performance and the need to assess EF of CHI adolescents with a measure of daily functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Proctor
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign 61820, USA.
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Kessels RP, Postma A, Wijnalda EM, de Haan EH. Frontal-lobe involvement in spatial memory: evidence from PET, fMRI, and lesion studies. Neuropsychol Rev 2000; 10:101-13. [PMID: 10937918 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009016820717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have identified the prefrontal cortex as the brain area that is critical for spatial memory, both in humans and in other primates. Other studies, however, have failed to establish this relation. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the literature regarding the role of the human prefrontal lobe in spatial memory. This was done by examining the evidence obtained from neuropsychological patients and from studies using brain-imaging techniques (PET and fMRI). Evidence supporting the notion that the prefrontal cortex is extensively involved in spatial working memory was found. The majority of these studies, however, suggests that frontal-lobe involvement is not related to the type of material that is being processed (e.g., spatial vs. nonspatial), but to process-specific functions, such as encoding and retrieval. Theoretically, these functions could be linked to the central executive within Baddeley's working-memory model, or to recent theories that emphasize the various processes that play a role in working memory. Also, methodological issues were discussed. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the precise interaction of domain-specific and general processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Kessels
- Psychological Laboratory, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of caffeine on sustained attention by measuring concentration and fatigue. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures were recorded from 12 participants who worked continuously for approximately 10 min in a self-paced reaction task under conditions of both caffeine (250 mg) and placebo. The ERP data revealed more positive frontal P2 and parietal P3 components in the caffeine condition. However, a combination of different indices of the behavioral data did not reveal any effects of caffeine intake. These results suggest that caffeine increases arousal, thereby reducing fatigue, as was observed in the ERP results. A probable explanation for the absence of any effects of caffeine in the behavioral data can be found in the demanding properties of the task that was used, thereby supporting evidence for more pronounced effects of caffeine in suboptimal conditions. In addition, these results appeal for an increase in the use of ERPs in drug research, in order to discover possible effects on the brain which do not necessarily result in behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruijter
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychonomics, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hoffman WC. Dialectic – a universal for consciousness? NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0732-118x(99)00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stratta P, Daneluzzo E, Prosperini P, Bustini M, Marinangeli MG, Rossi A. Spatial working memory assessment by a visual-manual delayed response task: a controlled study in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 1999; 275:9-12. [PMID: 10554972 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
'Working memory' dysfunction has been proposed as a central cognitive feature in schizophrenia. To further explore this issue we developed a computerized easy and fast to administer test using the standard keyboard as visual-manual subject-computer interface along a delayed-response paradigm. The test has been administered to 25 patients who met the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia and 25 healthy control subjects matched as possible for sex. The data confirm the visuo-spatial 'working memory' dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. The test maintains the discriminative capacity of similar previously devised tasks with the advantages of being usable on almost every standard computer and shorter and more acceptable for severely disabled patients also. The test can be considered an useful tool to study the 'working memory' impairment in the cognitive deficit of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stratta
- Department of Psychiatry, S. Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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Aboitiz F, García V R. The evolutionary origin of the language areas in the human brain. A neuroanatomical perspective. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1997; 25:381-96. [PMID: 9495565 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to learn syntactic rules is a hallmark of the human species, but whether this has been acquired by the process of natural selection has been the subject of controversy. Furthermore, the cortical localization of linguistic capacities has prompted some authors to suggest a modular representation of language in the brain. In this paper, we rather propose that the neural device involved in language is embedded into a large-scale neurocognitive network comprising widespread connections between the temporal, parietal and frontal (especially prefrontal) cortices. This network is involved in the temporal organization of behavior and motor sequences, and in working (active) memory, a sort of short-term memory that participates in immediate cognitive processing. In human evolution, a precondition for language was the establishment of strong cortico-cortical interactions in the postrolandic cortex that enabled the development of multimodal associations. Wernicke's area originated as a converging place in which such associations (concepts) acquired a phonological correlate. We postulate that these phonological representations projected into inferoparietal areas, which were connected to the incipient Broca's area, thus forming a working memory circuit for processing and learning complex vocalizations. As a result of selective pressure for learning capacity and memory storage, this device yielded a sophisticated system able to generate complicated utterances (precursors of syntax) as it became increasingly connected with other brain regions, especially in the prefrontal cortex. This view argues for a gradual origin of the neural substrate for language as required by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aboitiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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