Environment and cancer: who are susceptible?

Evaluating the Kinetics and Molecular Mechanism for Biomimetic Metabolic Activation of PAHs by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy

Biomimetic cytochrome P450 for chemical activation of environmental carcinogens is an efficient in vitro model for evaluating their mutagenicity and ultimately acquiring the metabolites that cannot be easily accessed by conventional routes of organic synthesis. Different kinds of mutagen derived from polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by metalloporphyrin/oxidant model systems have been reported, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we have for the first time demonstrated an effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) protocol to study the dynamics and biomimetic metabolic behaviors of pyrene (Pyr) in the presence of various oxygen donors. Quantitative information on the relative concentration of Pyr and its metabolites in the biomimetic system can be extracted from the SERS spectra. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the oxidative metabolism of Pyr is highly influenced by the types and concentrations of oxygen donors, leading to the formation of 1-hydroxypyrene and dioxygenated products. Besides, the addition of an appropriate amount of an organic solvent can promote the formation of secondary oxidation products. These results offer valuable insights into the dynamics of PAHs metabolism and the regulation of their metabolic pathways in biomimetic activation. In comparison to traditional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the present SERS approach is more suitable for high-throughput evaluation of the metabolic process and kinetics of PAHs. We anticipate that this approach will enable a more general and comprehensive tracking of metabolic dynamics and molecular mechanisms involved in the biomimetic activation of other xenobiotics, such as procarcinogens, promutagens, and drugs.

Drivers distinguishing of PAHs heterogeneity in surface soil of China using deep learning coupled with geo-statistical approach

Although numerous studies have reported the influencing factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil from source, process or soil perspectives, the mechanism of PAHs heterogeneity in surface soil are still not well understood. In this study, the effects of 16 PAHs in surface soil of China sampled between 2003 and 2020 with their 17 "source-process-sink" factors at 1 km resolution (N = 660)) were explored using deep learning (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) to mine key information from complex dataset under the optimized parameters (i.e., learning rate = 0.05, maximum depth = 5, sub-sample = 0.8). It was observed that top five factors of 16 PAH had the largest cumulative contribution (i.e., from 84.8% to 98.1%) on their soil concentrations. PAH emission was the predominant driver, and its effect on soil PAH increases with increasing logKow. Soil was the second driver, in which clay can promote the partition of PAHs with low or middle logKow. However, sand can accumulate those congeners with high logKow. Moreover, the deep learning plus geo-statistical models (with low deviation for testing dataset (N = 283)) were capable of predicting soil PAH concentrations using their drivers with high accuracy. This study improved the understanding of the environmental fate and spatial variability of soil PAHs, as well as provided a novel technique (i.e., deep learning coupled with geo-statistics) for accurate prediction of soil pollutants.

A pair of cadmium-exposed zebrafish affect social behavior of the un-exposed majority

To account for global contamination events, we must identify direct and indirect pollutant effects. Although pollutants can have direct effects on individuals, it is unknown how a few contaminated individuals affect groups, a widespread social organization. We show environmentally relevant levels of cadmium (Cd) can have indirect social effects revealed in the social context of a larger group. Cd-contaminated individuals had poor vision and more aggressive responses, but no other behavioral effects. The presence of experienced Cd-exposed pairs in the groups had an indirect effect on the un-exposed individual's social interactions leading to the shoal becoming bolder and moving closer to a novel object than control groups. Because a few directly affected individuals could indirectly affect social behavior of the un-exposed majority, we believe that such acute but potentially important heavy metal toxicity could inform reliable predictions about the consequences of their use in a changing world.

Long-term spatiotemporal variation and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Yangtze River Delta, China

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which is the most developed region in China, suffers from atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution. However, the long-term spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric PAHs and the lung cancer risk caused by PAH exposure in the YRD remain unclear. Herein, we simulated the daily atmospheric concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the most carcinogenic PAH) from 2001 to 2016 using an atmospheric transport model. During this period, the atmospheric BaP concentration showed a general trend of first increasing and then decreasing (average BaP concentration = 0.50 ± 0.12 ng/m³) and was highest in 2005 (0.72 ng/m³). Moreover, the BaP concentration in Jiangsu and Shanghai was 5.17- and 4.98-fold higher than that in Zhejiang. BaP pollution was severe in Jiangsu during the winter. The average area proportion of BaP exceeding the national standard in winter in Jiangsu was 69.09%. The population-weighted incremental lifetime cancer risk from 2001 to 2016 ranged 6.67 × 10^-6-1.50 × 10^-5, and the excess lung cancer cases ranged 1054-2130. Compared with 2005, excess lung cancer cases in the YRD decreased by 49.49% in 2016. Reducing BaP pollution in winter in Jiangsu is crucial for reducing lung cancer risk in the YRD.

Rapid Simulation of Decade-Scale Charcoal Aging in Soil: Changes in Physicochemical Properties and Their Environmental Implications

In situ aging can change biochar properties, influencing their ecosystem benefits or risks over time. However, there is a lack of field verification of laboratory methods that attempt simulation of long-term natural aging of biochar. We exploited a decade-scale natural charcoal (a proxy for biochar) aging event to determine which lab-aging methods best mimicked field aging. We oxidized charcoal by ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), H₂O₂, or monochloramine (NH₂Cl), and compared it to 10-year field-aged charcoal. We considered seven selected charcoal properties related to surface chemistry and organic matter release, and found that oxidation with 30% H₂O₂ most representatively simulated 10-year field aging for six out of seven properties. UVA aging failed to approximate oxidation levels while showing a distinctive dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release pattern. NH₂Cl-aged charcoal was the most different, showing an increased persistent free radical (PFR) concentration and lower hydrophilicity. All lab oxidation techniques overpredicted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon release. The O/C ratio was well-correlated with DOC release, PFR concentration, surface charge, and charcoal pH, indicating the possibility to accurately predict biochar aging with a reduced suite of physicochemical properties. Overall, our rapid and verified lab-aging methods facilitate research toward derisking and enhancing long-term benefits of biochar application.

Breast carcinogenesis induced by organophosphorous pesticides

Breast cancer is a major health threat to women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death. The use of organophosphorous pesticides has increased in agricultural environments and urban settings, and there is evidence that estrogen may increase breast cancer risk in women. The mammary gland is an excellent model for examining its susceptibility to different carcinogenic agents due to its high cell proliferation capabilities associated with the topography of the mammary parenchyma and specific stages of gland development. Several experimental cellular models are presented here, in which the animals were exposed to chemical compounds such as pesticides, and endogenous substances such as estrogens that exert a significant effect on normal breast cell processes at different levels. Such models were developed by the effect of malathion, parathion, and eserine, influenced by estrogen demonstrating features of cancer initiation in vivo as tumor formation in rodents; and in vitro in the immortalized normal breast cell line MCF-10F, that when transformed showed signs of carcinogenesis such as increased cell proliferation, anchorage independence, invasive capabilities, modulation of receptors and genomic instability. The role of acetylcholine was also demonstrated in the MCF-10F, suggesting a role not only as a neurotransmitter but also with other functions, such as induction of cell proliferation, playing an important role in cancer. Of note, this is a unique experimental approach that identifies mechanistic signs that link organophosphorous pesticides with breast carcinogenesis.

Growing up green: a systematic review of the influence of greenspace on youth development and health outcomes

Youth growing up in places with more greenspaces have better developmental outcomes. The literature on greenspace and youth development is largely cross-sectional, thus limited in terms of measuring development and establishing causal inference. We conducted a systematic review of prospective, longitudinal studies measuring the association between greenspace exposure and youth development outcomes measured between ages two and eighteen. We searched Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Environment Complete, and included prospective cohort, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies on greenspace and youth development. Study quality was assessed using a 10-item checklist adapted from a previously published review on greenspace and health. Twenty-eight studies met criteria for review and were grouped into five thematic categories based on reported outcomes: cognitive and brain development, mental health and wellbeing, attention and behavior, allergy and respiratory, and obesity and weight. Seventy-nine percent of studies suggest an association between greenspace and improved youth development. Most studies were concentrated in wealthy, Western European countries, limiting generalizability of findings. Key opportunities for future research include: (1) improved uniformity of standards in measuring greenspace, (2) improved measures to account for large latency periods between greenspace exposure and developmental outcomes, and (3) more diverse study settings and populations.

Synchronous/Metachronous Multiple Primary Malignancies: Review of Associated Risk Factors

The incidence of secondary primary malignancy (SPM) has been reported to range from 1.33% to 5.8%, according to the location of the primary cancer and the follow-up duration. The highest occurrence rate of SPM, of 36.6% within 6 months, has been reported in lung cancer. Genitourinary malignancies were reported to be the third-most-common SPM in several reports. However, the incidence of genitourinary malignancy as the first primary cancer associated with SPM has not been reported. Several risk factors are related to the occurrence of SPM, including viral infection chemotherapy, radiation, genetics, smoking, betel quid chewing, and environmental factors. An early survey for SPM is indicated in first primary malignancy patients with these associated factors. In this study, we summarize several risk factors related to the occurrence of SPMs and preventive tests, which may help in their early detection and, consequently, better survival.

Nitrogen addition enhanced the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dissipation through increasing the abundance of related degrading genes in the soils

High concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soils cause significant threats to human health. Since nitrogen plays a crucial role in controlling microbial composition and functions in terrestrial ecosystems, bio-stimulation based on nitrogen has been used in PAHs contaminated environments remediation. Recent studies show that microbial community composition and organic pollutants dissipation correlate with nitrogen addition. Here, we investigated the effect of nitrogen addition on the abundance of microbial community, degrading genes, and their relationship to PAHs dissipation. After a 32-day experiment, PAHs residues in nitrogen treatment soil were reduced by 23.23%-34.21%. The application of 80 mg·kg^-1 nitrate and ammonium nitrogen resulted in higher PAHs removal efficiency, and the dissipation rate of PAHs was 59.61% and 62.09%, respectively. Nitrogen application could improve the abundance and the diversity of soil microbial community. Degrading genes involved in PAH detoxification were enhanced after nitrogen addition, particularly those encoding ring-hydroxylating and catechol dioxygenases such as nahAc and nidA, thus, accelerating PAH dissipation in the soil. The results will facilitate the development of beneficial microbiome-based remediation strategies and improve agricultural production safety in PAHs-contaminated soils.

Effects of African BaP emission from wildfire biomass burning on regional and global environment and human health

The vegetation burning caused by wildfires can release significant quantities of aerosols and toxic chemicals into the atmosphere and result in health risk. Among these emitted pollutants, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the most toxic congener of 16 parent PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), has received widespread concerns because of its carcinogenicity to human health. Efforts have been made to investigate the environmental and health consequences of wildfire-induced BaP emissions in Africa. Still, uncertainties remain due to knowledge and data gaps in wildfire incidences and biomass burning emissions. Based on a newly-developed BaP emission inventory, the present study assesses quantitatively the BaP environment cycling in Africa and its effects on other continents from 2001 to 2014. The new inventory reveals the increasing contribution of BaP emission from African wildfires to the global total primarily from anthropogenic sources, accounting for 48% since the 2000 s. We identify significantly higher BaP emissions and concentrations across sub-Saharan Africa, where the annual averaged BaP concentrations were as high as 5-8 ng/m³. The modeled BaP concentrations were implemented to estimate the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) from the inhalation exposure to BaP concentrations. The results reveal that the LCR values in many African countries exceeded the acceptable risk level at 1 × 10^-6, some of which suffer from very high exposure risk with the LCR>1 × 10^-4. We show that the African BaP emission from wildfires contributed, to some extent, BaP contamination to Europe as well as other regions, depending on source proximity and atmospheric pathways under favorable atmospheric circulation patterns.

Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda

Fueled by aging populations and continued environmental contamination, the global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing. The disease, or more appropriately diseases, have multiple environmental and genetic influences but no approved disease modifying therapy. Additionally, efforts to prevent this debilitating disease have been limited. As numerous environmental contaminants (e.g., pesticides, metals, industrial chemicals) are implicated in PD, disease prevention is possible. To reduce the burden of PD, we have compiled preclinical and clinical research priorities that highlight both disease prediction and primary prevention. Though not exhaustive, the "PD prevention agenda" builds upon many years of research by our colleagues and proposes next steps through the lens of modifiable risk factors. The agenda identifies ten specific areas of further inquiry and considers the funding and policy changes that will be necessary to help prevent the world's fastest growing brain disease.

Extracellular vesicle interactions with the external and internal exposome in mediating carcinogenesis

The influence of environmental factors on an individual, from conception onwards, is defined as the exposome. It can be categorized into the external exposome, which includes external factors such as air pollution, chemical contaminants, and diet, and the internal exposome, which is unique to an individual, and involves age, physiology, and their genetic profile. The effect of external exposures on the internal exposome, or genetic profile, can be determined through omics analyses. However, this is often compromised due to low sample quantity and cost. Therefore, identification of other factors that can provide an insight into the cellular profile of an individual, provides an exciting avenue, and an emerging field is that of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recently, our understanding of how cells can communicate with each other has shifted to recognise the role of EVs. EVs are secreted by all living cells, and have been identified in all biological fluids studied so far. They transport bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, miRNAs, and DNA), and their release can be regulated by the cellular microenvironment. Analysis of EVs in respond to environmental factors might provide novel insights into the role of tumour EVs in carcinogenesis. Not only will EVs give some insight into the tumour cells themselves but they will also provide a better understanding of how cells communicate with one another, contributing to cancer progression. Moreover, characterising the content and functions of tumour-derived EVs has the potential to overcome the current challenges to improve cancer patient outcomes. For example, the identification of EVs targets for therapeutic interventions and tumour EVs biomarkers could facilitate the development of early screening for several cancers. The aim of this review, thus, is to discuss the overall role of EVs in response to the various external and internal signals in cancer. We will specifically highlight the biogenesis, secretion, and content of EVs in response to oncogenic transformation and metabolic regulators in cancer.

HIF-Dependent Mechanisms of Relationship between Hypoxia Tolerance and Tumor Development

Oxygen deficiency is one of the key pathogenetic factors determining development and severity of many diseases, including inflammatory, infectious diseases, and cancer. Lack of oxygen activates the signaling pathway of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF in cells that has three isoforms, HIF-1, HIF-2, HIF-3, regulating expression of several thousand genes. Throughout tumor progression, HIF activation stimulates angiogenesis, promotes changes in cell metabolism, adhesion, invasiveness, and ability to metastasize. HIF isoforms can play opposite roles in the development of inflammatory and neoplastic processes. Humans and laboratory animals differ both in tolerance to hypoxia and in the levels of expression of HIF and HIF-dependent genes, which may lead to predisposition to the development of certain oncological disorders. In particular, the ratio of different histogenetic types of tumors may vary among people living in the mountains and at the sea level. However, despite the key role of hypoxia at almost all stages of tumor development, basal tolerance to oxygen deficiency is not considered as a factor of predisposition to the tumor growth initiation. In literature, there are many works characterizing the level of local hypoxia in various tumors, and suggesting fundamental approaches to its mitigation by HIF inhibition. HIF inhibitors, as a rule, have a systemic effect on the organism, however, basal tolerance of an organism to hypoxia as well as the level of HIF expression are not taken into account in the process of their use. The review summarizes the literature data on different HIF isoforms and their role in tumor progression, with extrapolation to organisms with high and low tolerance to hypoxia, as well as on the prevalence of various types of tumors in the populations living at high altitudes.

Spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions during 2013-2017 in mainland China

Following implementation of the most stringent clean air policy in China, the emissions of NOx, SO2, and fine particles have greatly reduced since 2013. However, the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic pollutants, and their spatiotemporal changes remain unclear. In this study, a 0.05° × 0.05° gridded PAH emission inventory was developed for mainland China during 2013-2017. The results show that the total PAH emissions have decreased from 112.92 Gg in 2013 to 100.09 Gg in 2017, with the fastest declines in the industrial (17.32%) and residential/commercial (10.58%) sectors. However, the decline in the PAH emissions is smaller than that of the NOX and SO2 emissions. The average emission density of PAHs in mainland China in 2017 was 10.43 kg/km2. North and East China have the largest PAH emissions. The residential/commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors are the major emission sources, accounting for 48.59%, 29.26%, and 17.21%, respectively. Carcinogenic PAH emissions accounted for 7.49% in mainland China, higher than those of developed countries (5.73%) and the global average (6.19%). Differences in the energy structures lead to significant differences in the spatial distribution of PAH emissions in various sectors. From 2013 to 2017, the emissions declined in most Chinese regions. The emission density in East China decreased the most, reaching 3.39 kg/km2, followed by North China (2.91 kg/km2). The magnitude of the decline in the PAH emissions and reasons for the decline significantly differ in different regions. Particular attention must be paid to the limited decline (5.22%) in Northwest China over the study period. Although China's emission density has been declining, it is still significantly higher than the global average. Therefore, China must further reduce the PAH emissions through technological innovation and reductions of energy consumption and, thus, reduce the regional lung cancer risk.

Heavy Metals in the Environment and Thyroid Cancer

In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased more than most other cancers, paralleling the generalized worldwide increase in metal pollution. This review provides an overview of the evidence supporting a possible causative link between the increase in heavy metals in the environment and thyroid cancer. The major novelty is that human thyroid stem/progenitor cells (thyrospheres) chronically exposed to different metals at slightly increased environmentally relevant concentrations show a biphasic increase in proliferation typical of hormesis. The molecular mechanisms include, for all metals investigated, the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. A metal mixture, at the same concentration of individual metals, was more effective. Under the same conditions, mature thyrocytes were unaffected. Preliminary data with tungsten indicate that, after chronic exposure, additional abnormalities may occur and persist in thyrocytes derived from exposed thyrospheres, leading to a progeny population of transformation-prone thyroid cells. In a rat model predisposed to develop thyroid cancer, long-term exposure to low levels of metals accelerated and worsened histological signs of malignancy in the thyroid. These studies provide new insight on metal toxicity and carcinogenicity occurring in thyroid cells at a low stage of differentiation when chronically exposed to metal concentrations that are slightly increased, albeit still in the "normal" range.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS

This is the first study in the last 15 years to analyze per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk collected from mothers (n = 50) in the United States, and our findings indicate that both legacy and current-use PFAS now contaminate breast milk, exposing nursing infants. Breast milk was analyzed for 39 PFAS, including 9 short-chain and 30 long-chain compounds, and 16 of these PFAS were detected in 4-100% of the samples. The ∑PFAS concentration in breast milk ranged from 52.0 to 1850 pg/mL with a median concentration of 121 pg/mL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant PFAS in these samples (medians 30.4 and 13.9 pg/mL, respectively). Two short-chain PFAS, including perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, C6) and perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), were detected in most of the samples with median concentrations of 9.69 and 6.10 pg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the available breast milk PFAS data from around the world over the period of 1996-2019 showed that while the levels of the phased-out PFOS and PFOA have been declining with halving times of 8.1 and 17 years, respectively, the detection frequencies of current-use short-chain PFAS have been increasing with a doubling time of 4.1 years.

Geographical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments over China: Human impacts and source apportionment

Human activity is suggested to increase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution and also cause PAHs' sources complex in estuarine environments. However, the human impacts and source apportionment of PAHs in estuarine sediments at a continental scale remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated geographical distribution of PAHs and used the compound-specific carbon isotope approach to characterize the sources of PAHs in the sediments of estuaries along the latitudinal gradient over China. We also used human population and economic size to characterize the human impacts on PAHs pollution in the estuaries. The concentrations of total PAHs (Σ₁₆ PAH) in wet and dry seasons ranged from 60.9 to 330.7 ng g^-1 and from 103.9 to 620.6 ng g^-1, respectively, across the estuaries. At the continental scale, the concentrations of PAHs were significantly higher in dry than in wet seasons. The proportions of low molecular weight (LMW, 2-3 ring PAHs), middle molecular weight (MMW, 4 ring PAH) and high molecular weight (HMW, 5-6 ring PAHs) of PAHs varied largely across the estuaries, with being in a range of 26.4-48.5%, 17.2-34.1%, 25.3-46.8% in wet season and in a range of 24.0-58.4%, 18.4-52.4%, 21.8-48.6% in dry season. The concentrations of PAHs were found to be significantly correlated with per capita GDP throughout the studied estuaries. The δ¹³C of individual PAH ranged from -26 to -32‰ and from -24 to -29‰ in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The main sources of PAHs indicated by the δ¹³C across the estuaries were coal-processing and biomass combustion. These results suggest that the increasing human activities intensity can increase the PAHs pollution in sediments of the estuaries.

The environmental fate of phenanthrene in paddy field system and microbial responses in rhizosphere interface: Effect of water-saving patterns

The effects of water-saving patterns (Semi-dry water-saving, B; Shallow-wet control irrigation, Q; Traditional flooding irrigation, C; and Moistening irrigation, S) on the environmental fate of phenanthrene (Phe) and microbial responses in rhizosphere were investigated in paddy field system. Results showed the rice grain in Q treatment was more high production and safety with less Phe residue (up to 18%-49%) than other treatments, and the residual Phe in soil declined in the order: C (14.17%) > S (13.36%) > B (5.86%)>Q (2.70%), which proves the existence of optimal water conditions for PAHs degradation and rhizosphere effect during rice cultivation. Laccase (LAC) and dioxygenase (C23O) played important roles in Phe degradation, which were significantly positively correlated with Phe dissipation rate in soil (p < 0.01). Moreover, their activities in Q treatment, rhizosphere and subsoil were higher than those in C treatment, non-rhizoshere and upper layer soil. The introduction of Phe and rice into paddy field system decreased the microorganism diversity, and promoted the activities of enzymes and some PAHs degrading bacteria, such as Delftia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, norank_f_Rhodospirillaceae, norank_f_Nitrosomonadaceae and so on. According to the cluster analysis, redundancy analysis and correlation analysis between bacterial community composition and environmental factors, water-saving patterns markedly impacted the relative abundance and bacterial community structure by the regulating and controlling on environmental conditions of paddy field. The dioxygenase activity, laccase activity, oxidation-reduction potential and conductivity were the main affecting factors on Phe dissipation during growth stage of rice.

Role of organophosphorous pesticides and acetylcholine in breast carcinogenesis

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Several studies have addressed the association between cancer in humans and agricultural pesticide exposure. Evidence indicates that exposure to organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion and malathion occurs as a result of occupational factors since they are extensively used to control insects. On the other hand, estrogens have been considered beneficial to the organism; however, epidemiological studies have pointed out an increased breast cancer risk in both humans and animals. Experimental female rat mammary gland cancer models were developed after exposure to parathion, malathion, eserine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and estrogen allowing the analysis of the signs of carcinogenicity as alteration of cell proliferation, receptor expression, genomic instability, and cell metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Thus, pesticides increased proliferative ducts followed by ductal carcinoma; and 17β-estradiol increased proliferative lobules followed by lobular carcinomas. The combination of both pesticides and either eserine or estrogen induced tumors with both types of structures followed by mammary gland tumors and metastasis to the lung and kidneys after 240 days of a 5-day treatment. Studies also showed that these pesticides and eserine decreased three to five times the acetylcholinesterase activity in the serum compared to controls whereas terminal end buds increased in number, being inhibited by atropine. Genomic instability was analyzed in such tissues (mp53, CYP1A2, c-myc, c-fos, ERα, M2R) and pesticides increased protein expression that was stimulated by estrogens but inhibited by atropine. Eserine also transformed the epithelium of the rat mammary gland in the presence of estrogen and increased the number of terminal end buds after treatment inducing mammary carcinomas. Then, enzymatic digestion of such structures gave rise to cells with increased DNA synthesis and induced anchorage independence. Thus, there were changes in the epithelium of the mammary gland influencing breast carcinogenesis. Furthermore, these substances and acetylcholine also showed the signs of carcinogenicity in vitro as cell proliferation, receptor expression (ERα, ErbB2, M2R), genomic instability (c-myc, mp53, ERα, M2R), and cell metabolism. A unique cellular model is also presented here based on the use of MCF-10 F, a non-tumorigenic cell line that represents a valuable clinically translatable experimental approach that identifies mechanistic links for pesticides and estrogen as suspect human carcinogenic agents.

Promoted oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by dual persulfate/calcium peroxide system

In situ chemical oxidations (ISCO) have been demonstrated as effective ways for remediating soils contaminated with organic pollutants by complete mineralization. This work aims to develop a technology for the oxidation remediation of soils contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a dual calcium peroxide (CP)/persulfate (PS) oxidant system activated by oxalic acid (OA)-chelating Fe²⁺. The dual peroxide system was set up, and the effects of 5 single factors (i.e., CP dosage, PS dosage, Fe²⁺ dosage, OA concentration, and soil/water ratio) on PAHs degradation were studied using the single-factor experiment. The response surface method was then introduced to obtain the optimized experimental conditions (CP dosage, PS dosage, OA concentration) of the dual peroxide system. The result shows that the dual peroxide system significantly increased the PAHs degradation and the maximum PAHs degradation efficiency (70.8%) was achieved by the dual peroxide system under optimal conditions (PS dosage, CP concentration, Fe²⁺/PS ratio, and Fe²⁺/OA ratio was 8.89 g/kg, 0.18 mol/L, 1/4 and 0.62) at neutral soil condition. This study is an illustration of the promising efficiency of the dual peroxide system for PAH oxidation in the neutral soil and has great potential for remediation of PAHs contaminated farmland soils.

Formulation of Biochar-Based Phosphorus Fertilizer and Its Impact on Both Soil Properties and Chickpea Growth Performance

There is no alternative to phosphorus (P) in agriculture as it is second most important plant nutrient after nitrogen. Mineral P fertilizers are derived from rock phosphate (RP) which is finite, non-renewable and geographically restricted to a few countries, thus its shortage likely affects agriculture in near future as the world population is growing at a greater pace. This could increase P inputs in agriculture in order to meet rising food demands which may result in the depletion of RP reserves. Furthermore, P losses from farmlands in case of mineral P fertilizers also demands the sustainable use of P not only because of its finite resources but also the environmental concerns associated with P fertilization such as eutrophication. The present study was designed to formulate biochar-based P fertilizer that would help in the sustainable use of P fertilizer. Biochar(s) were prepared using wheat straw at 350–400 °C pyrolytic temperature followed by enrichment with Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) taking into account all possible combination of DAP to biochar on the w/w basis (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0). Enrichment was carried out using two different methods i.e., phosphorus enriched biochar (PEB1) by hot method and cold method (PEB2). An incubation experiment was performed to assess the impact of each biochar on selected properties of soil. The treatments were organized in factorial arrangement under complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Both the amendments were applied at rate of 1% of dry soil on a w/w basis. A significant increase in soil extractable P and total nitrogen (N) was recorded for the ratio 50:50 as compared to control as well of rest of treatments. Similarly, high organic contents were found for both PEB1 and PEB2 at the ratio 50:50. An incubation experiment was followed by pot trial using 50:50 for both PEB1 and PEB2 and split doses of recommended P were applied (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) with a control under CRD with three replications using chickpea as test crop. Both PEB1 and PEB2 with 50% P have significantly improved crop growth, yield, nodulation, and plant physiological and chemical parameters as compared to a recommended dose of P alone. The result may imply that the integration of P-enriched biochar and chemical fertilizer could be an effective approach to improve chickpea production and soil properties.

Sources and diffusive air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an oligotrophic North-Patagonian lake

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are semivolatile organic compounds of environmental concern. This study aims to investigate the influence of local sources of anthropogenic PAHs and their air-water exchange fluxes in an oligotrophic North-Patagonian lake in Chile. The monitoring was carried out in Panguipulli Lake during a six-month period during the autumn and winter seasons (March to August 2017) using a high-volume air sampler and a pump system for water samples. We detected and quantified fifteen PAHs in the gas phase (mean ∑₁₅PAHs = 11.6 ng m^-3) and dissolved water phase (mean ∑₁₅PAHs = 961.8 pg L^-1). Methylphenanthrenes and pyrene dominated the concentrations of PAHs in the studied phases. To determine sources of PAHs we used the PAH ratios of Light Molecular Weight/Heavy Molecular Weight (∑LMW/∑HMW) and Phenanthrene/Anthracene (Phe/Ant). The PAH ratio results revealed a pyrogenic source. We estimated the air-water diffusive exchange fluxes and fugacity ratios for the studied compounds. In general, air-water diffusive exchanges of PAHs showed a net volatilization for the less hydrophobic (log K_OW < 4) and lighter PAHs (MW ≤ 170 g mol^-1), and a net deposition trend for the more hydrophobic (log K_OW 4-7) and higher molecular weight PAHs (MW ≥ 178 g mol^-1). We found a significant correlation between log water/air fugacity ratios and log K_OW of PAHs. Therefore, it is suggested that this oligotrophic lake acts as a sink by accumulating hydrophobic and mid-high molecular weight PAHs derived mainly from pyrogenic sources. This study is the first attempt to understand the sources and behavior of PAHs in oligotrophic lakes in the Southern Chile where information is scarce regarding the occurrence of PAHs.

Identification of Latent Oncogenes with a Network Embedding Method and Random Forest

Oncogene is a special type of genes, which can promote the tumor initiation. Good study on oncogenes is helpful for understanding the cause of cancers. Experimental techniques in early time are quite popular in detecting oncogenes. However, their defects become more and more evident in recent years, such as high cost and long time. The newly proposed computational methods provide an alternative way to study oncogenes, which can provide useful clues for further investigations on candidate genes. Considering the limitations of some previous computational methods, such as lack of learning procedures and terming genes as individual subjects, a novel computational method was proposed in this study. The method adopted the features derived from multiple protein networks, viewing proteins in a system level. A classic machine learning algorithm, random forest, was applied on these features to capture the essential characteristic of oncogenes, thereby building the prediction model. All genes except validated oncogenes were ranked with a measurement yielded by the prediction model. Top genes were quite different from potential oncogenes discovered by previous methods, and they can be confirmed to become novel oncogenes. It was indicated that the newly identified genes can be essential supplements for previous results.

Aspirin and the chemoprevention of cancers: A mathematical and evolutionary dynamics perspective

Epidemiological data indicate that long-term low dose aspirin administration has a protective effect against the occurrence of colorectal cancer, both in sporadic and in hereditary forms of the disease. The mechanisms underlying this protective effect, however, are incompletely understood. The molecular events that lead to protection have been partly defined, but remain to be fully characterized. So far, however, approaches based on evolutionary dynamics have not been discussed much, but can potentially offer important insights. The aim of this review is to highlight this line of investigation and the results that have been obtained. A core observation in this respect is that aspirin has a direct negative impact on the growth dynamics of the cells, by influencing the kinetics of tumor cell division and death. We discuss the application of mathematical models to experimental data to quantify these parameter changes. We then describe further mathematical models that have been used to explore how these aspirin-mediated changes in kinetic parameters influence the probability of successful colony growth versus extinction, and how they affect the evolution of the tumor during aspirin administration. Finally, we discuss mathematical models that have been used to investigate the selective forces that can lead to the rise of mismatch-repair deficient cells in an inflammatory environment, and how this selection can be potentially altered through aspirin-mediated interventions. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods.

Association between the microbiota and women's cancers - Cause or consequences?

Breast, ovarian and uterine cancers are the most common neoplasms among women. Several mechanisms may be involved in oncogenesis and these include environmental and genetic factors. Bacteria may affect the development of some cancers, with bacterial components, their products and metabolites interacting with susceptible tissues. Commensalism and dysbiosis are important potential mechanisms involved in oncogenesis, and an effective strategy for diagnosis and treatment is required. The purpose of this review was to analyze the complex associations between these cancers in women, and the microbiota, specifically bacterial microbes. However, several cancers have an increased prevalence among individuals with HIV and HPV so the relationship between viral infections and malignancies in women is also referred to. We described how different phylum of bacteria, particularly in the gut, mammary tissue and vaginal microbiome may be involved in carcinogenesis; and we discuss the potential pathways involved: (I), that lead to cell proliferation, (II), immune system perturbation, (III), cell metabolic changes (e.g., hormonal factors), and (IV), DNA damage. Studies investigating the differences between the composition of the bacterial microbiota of healthy women compared to that present in various conditions, and the clinical trials are summarized for the few studies that have addressed the microbiota and related conditions, are also reviewed.

Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE

Diet quality is known to influence cancer risk. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is one of the most frequently used measures of diet quality. However, the association between HEI-2015 and breast cancer risk is not known. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the association between HEI-2015 and breast cancer risk.

METHODS

A case-control study comprising 134 breast cancer patients and 265 cancer-free controls were conducted. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), from which the HEI-2015 score was calculated. Logistic regression was used to derive the odds ratios (ORs) for measuring the association between HEI-2015 scores and breast cancer risk.

RESULTS

Subjects in the top quartile of HEI-2015 had a 46% lower chance of breast cancer compared with subjects in the bottom quartile (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.30, 0.98). After adjustment for potential confounders such as age, age at menarche, oral contraceptive drug use, menopausal status, marital status, body mass index, smoking and education level, the association between HEI-2015 score and a lower risk of breast cancer was enhanced (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.16, 0.65).

CONCLUSION

We successfully demonstrated that a higher HEI-2015 score was associated with a reduced breast cancer risk.

Is Kragujevac city still a "hot spot" area, twenty years after the bombing?

After NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999, UNEP has identified Kragujevac as one of the four heavily polluted environmental "hot spots". Damaging of industrial and military targets caused the release of substantial amounts of hazardous chemical substances into the environment. This study was conducted in order to access the exposure of residents of Kragujevac city to persistent soil pollutants, twenty years after NATO air campaign. The paper reports the results of measuring radionuclides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg) in soil samples collected from two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) at 30 locations along the riverbank of the Lepenica River. The average specific activities of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs were comparable to average worldwide values; excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from natural radionuclides ranged from 1.1·10^-4 to 3.3·10^-4. The measured concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu, and Ni exceeded the limit values in most of the samples. Non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient and hazard index) and carcinogenic risk from heavy metals were assessed. Total hazard index was 0.257 and 2.16 for adults and children, respectively. Sum of measured PAHs ranged from 110 to 1026 μg kg^-1. Sum of PCBs exceeded the limit value of 20 μg kg^-1 in all samples (it ranged from 48.8 to 196.8 μg kg^-1), but it was still below the remediation level. The differences between two layers with respect to all measured variables were not statistically significant.

Spa environments in central Serbia: Geothermal potential, radioactivity, heavy metals and PAHs

This study aims to estimate geothermal potential, radioactivity levels, and environmental pollution of six most popular spas in Central Serbia (Ovčar, Gornja Trepča, Vrnjačka, Mataruška, Bogutovačka and Sokobanja), as well as to evaluate potential exposure and health risks for living and visiting population. Thermal possibilities of the studied spas showed medium and low geothermal potential with total thermal power of 0.025 MW. Gamma dose rates in air varied from 63 to 178 nSv h^-1. Specific activities of natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) and ¹³⁷Cs in soil were measured; annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risk from radionuclides were calculated. Radon concentration in thermal-mineral waters from the spas ranged between 1.5 and 60.7 Bq L^-1 (the highest values were measured in Sokobanja). The annual effective dose from radon due to water ingestion was calculated. The analyzed soils had a clay loam texture. The presence of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg in soil was investigated. The concentrations of As, Cr, Ni, and Hg exceeded the regulatory limits in many samples. Soil samples from Mataruška spa were generally the most contaminated with heavy metals, while the lowest heavy metal concentrations were observed in Sokobanja. Health effects of exposure to heavy metals in soil were estimated by non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk assessment. Total carcinogenic risk ranged between 6 × 10^-4 and 137 × 10^-4 for children and between 0.1 × 10^-4 and 2.2 × 10^-4 for adults. The sum of 16 PAHs analyzed in soil samples varied from 92 to 854 μg kg^-1.

Exploring the role of circadian clock gene and association with cancer pathophysiology

Most of the processes that occur in the mind and body follow natural rhythms. Those with a cycle length of about one day are called circadian rhythms. These rhythms are driven by a system of self-sustained clocks and are entrained by environmental cues such as light-dark cycles as well as food intake. In mammals, the circadian clock system is hierarchically organized such that the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus integrates environmental information and synchronizes the phase of oscillators in peripheral tissues.The circadian system is responsible for regulating a variety of physiological and behavioral processes, including feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Studies revealed that the circadian clock system consists primarily of a set of clock genes. Several genes control the biological clock, including BMAL1, CLOCK (positive regulators), CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, and PER3 (negative regulators) as indicators of the peripheral clock.Circadian has increasingly become an important area of medical research, with hundreds of studies pointing to the body's internal clocks as a factor in both health and disease. Thousands of biochemical processes from sleep and wakefulness to DNA repair are scheduled and dictated by these internal clocks. Cancer is an example of health problems where chronotherapy can be used to improve outcomes and deliver a higher quality of care to patients.In this article, we will discuss knowledge about molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock and the role of clocks in physiology and pathophysiology of concerns.

Identification of four novel associations for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia risk

There is increasing evidence for a strong inherited genetic basis of susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children. To identify new risk variants for B-cell ALL (B-ALL) we conducted a meta-analysis with four GWAS (genome-wide association studies), totalling 5321 cases and 16,666 controls of European descent. We herein describe novel risk loci for B-ALL at 9q21.31 (rs76925697, P = 2.11 × 10-8), for high-hyperdiploid ALL at 5q31.1 (rs886285, P = 1.56 × 10-8) and 6p21.31 (rs210143 in BAK1, P = 2.21 × 10-8), and ETV6-RUNX1 ALL at 17q21.32 (rs10853104 in IGF2BP1, P = 1.82 × 10-8). Particularly notable are the pleiotropic effects of the BAK1 variant on multiple haematological malignancies and specific effects of IGF2BP1 on ETV6-RUNX1 ALL evidenced by both germline and somatic genomic analyses. Integration of GWAS signals with transcriptomic/epigenomic profiling and 3D chromatin interaction data for these leukaemia risk loci suggests deregulation of B-cell development and the cell cycle as central mechanisms governing genetic susceptibility to ALL.

Real-time analysis of the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of pyrene with ozone by SPAMS and CRD-EAS

Single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) and Cavity ring-down aerosol extinction albedo spectroscopy (CRD-EAS) were applied in this work to real-time investigate the chemical and physical characteristics of the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of O₃ with pyrene in a Teflon reaction chamber. Suspended pyrene coated polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) were generated by vaporization-condensation. Ozonation products and particle size distribution during the reactions were detected in real-time using a SPAMS instrument. Among these products, the peaks at m/z of 262 and 278, assigned to 4,5,9,10-dipyrenequinone and 1-hydroxy-4,5,9,10-dipyrenequinone, respectively, were first detected to our knowledge. The mechanism for the formation of reaction product was also proposed based on the real time monitoring. With increasing the ozone concentration, the size growth of the original pyrene-coated particles and the formation of new fine particles and size growth were observed continuously. The optical characteristics were also investigated using a laboratory-developed CRD-EAS instrument. The extinction and scattering coefficients were observed to increase approximately five and four times, respectively. The absorption coefficient also increased because more polar oxidation products coated on the particles exhibiting higher light absorption ability than pyrene, and meanwhile, the single scattering albedo reduced from 0.88 to 0.77 which indicated the reactions could cause positive climate forcing. Using the on-line mass spectrometry and optic spectroscopy instruments, a systematic analysis method was developed to characterize the chemical and physical properties of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions in real-time, which will help to investigate and understand the formation of new particles and particle growth in the atmosphere.

Glyphosate Primes Mammary Cells for Tumorigenesis by Reprogramming the Epigenome in a TET3-Dependent Manner

The acknowledgment that pollutants might influence the epigenome raises serious concerns regarding their long-term impact on the development of chronic diseases. The herbicide glyphosate has been scrutinized for an impact on cancer incidence, but reports demonstrate the difficulty of linking estimates of exposure and response analysis. An approach to better apprehend a potential risk impact for cancer is to follow a synergistic approach, as cancer rarely occurs in response to one risk factor. The known influence of glyphosate on estrogen-regulated pathway makes it a logical target of investigation in breast cancer research. We have used nonneoplastic MCF10A cells in a repeated glyphosate exposure pattern over 21 days. Glyphosate triggered a significant reduction in DNA methylation, as shown by the level of 5-methylcytosine DNA; however, in contrast to strong demethylating agent and cancer promoter UP peptide, glyphosate-treated cells did not lead to tumor development. Whereas UP acts through a DNMT1/PCNA/UHRF1 pathway, glyphosate triggered increased activity of ten-eleven translocation (TET)3. Combining glyphosate with enhanced expression of microRNA (miR) 182-5p associated with breast cancer induced tumor development in 50% of mice. Culture of primary cells from resected tumors revealed a luminal B (ER+/PR-/HER2-) phenotype in response to glyphosate-miR182-5p exposure with sensitivity to tamoxifen and invasive and migratory potentials. Tumor development could be prevented either by specifically inhibiting miR 182-5p or by treating glyphosate-miR 182-5p-cells with dimethyloxallyl glycine, an inhibitor of TET pathway. Looking for potential epigenetic marks of TET-mediated gene regulation under glyphosate exposure, we identified MTRNR2L2 and DUX4 genes, the hypomethylation of which was sustained even after stopping glyphosate exposure for 6 weeks. Our findings reveal that low pressure but sustained DNA hypomethylation occurring via the TET pathway primes cells for oncogenic response in the presence of another potential risk factor. These results warrant further investigation of glyphosate-mediated breast cancer risk.

Amphiphilic calix[4]arenes as a highly selective gas chromatographic stationary phase for aromatic amine isomers

Efficient separation of aromatic amine isomers is a challenging issue in chemical industry and environmental analysis. Here we report the use of p-amino-tetradecyloxy-calix[4]arene (C4A-NH₂) as a novel stationary phase for gas chromatographic (GC) separations. The statically coated C4A-NH₂ capillary column showed a high column efficiency of 4332 plates/m for a 0.25 mm ID column and medium polarity. The C4A-NH₂ stationary phase exhibited an excellent separation performance both for aromatic amine isomers and a complex mixture of aliphatic analytes with a wide ranging polarity, showing distinct advantages over the commercial polysiloxane stationary phases via diversified molecular interactions covering H-bonding, π-π, van der Waals interactions and shape-fitting selectivity. The retention mechanisms of aromatic amine isomers on C4A-NH₂ column were further investigated by quantum chemistry calculations. In addition, the C4A-NH₂ column showed good column repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 0.03%-0.07% for run-to-run, 0.10%-0.27% for day-to-day and 2.6%-5.7% for column-to-column, respectively, and thermal stability up to 240℃.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study

Soil amendment with biochars is currently being studied worldwide as a sustainable agricultural practice to improve soil and water quality, increase crop productivity, and augment soil carbon storage. However, the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during biochar production is inevitable. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the risks in food safety and human health of crops grown in biochar-amended soils. This paper performed a synthesis study of PAH concentrations in biochars and estimated the risks of soils amended with biochars, based on refereed articles published between 2012 and 2018. The PAH concentrations in biochars ranged greatly, with the dominant proportion being 2-3 ringed PAHs (40%-71%). Biochar application increased the PAH levels in soils at drastically varying extents (0.02-3574 μg/kg), which led to a broad range of PAH concentrations in food crops grown in biochar-amended soils. A five-step method was then introduced to assess the toxicity of biochar-borne PAHs to human health. The total mean incremental lifetime cancer risk for adults was estimated to range between 2.0 × 10^-6-1.9 × 10^-5 via direct contact with and ingestion (inhalation) of contaminated soils or consumption of tainted crops. These results indicated that biochar amendment in soils might pose potential risks to food safety and human health, but the overall cancer risks through exposure to biochar-borne PAHs in soils and food crops were low. Higher application rates (e.g. ≥20 t/ha) of biochars with high PAH contents can be avoided to minimize human cancer risks. Although biochar application in arable farmlands has many environmental and agronomic benefits, holistic and systematic approaches are required to fully assess the benefits and risks before their large-scale adoption. PAHs in biochar may be reduced by improving the biochar production process and developing a cost-effective post-manufacturing treatment.

Increased Risk of Second Primary Cancers Following Diagnosis of Malignant Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A Population-Based Study

Introduction: Several studies have reported that intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas are associated with extra-pancreatic malignancies. However, there have been no population-based studies evaluating the risk of second primary cancers (SPCs) in patients with pancreatic IPMN.

Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify and characterize data from patients with IPMN of the pancreas. The standard incidence ratio (SIR) of this cancer was calculated by estimating the relative risk (RR). A multivariate Cox regression model was used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) of death and associated 95% CIs.

Results: Of 2,850 patients with IPMN of the pancreas, 104 patients (3.65%) developed 118 SPCs. The SIR for all SPCs combined was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.46; P < 0.05). There was an elevated risk of site-specific SPCs in the small intestine (SIR = 8.68; 95% CI = 2.36–22.22), pancreas (SIR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.15–5.25), urinary bladder (SIR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.05–3.54), and eye and orbit (SIR = 13.47; 95% CI = 1.63–48.67) in patients with pancreas IPMN. In age subgrouping, people aged younger than 50 years had an increased risk of all-site SPC with an SIR of 6.44 (95% CI = 2.78–12.68). Cox regression modeling showed that advanced disease stage and a short latency period carried a higher risk of death in IPMN patients with SPC.

Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with pancreatic IPMNs were at higher risk than the general population for developing a second primary malignancy. Meanwhile, advanced historic stage and short latency period were associated with an elevated HR in IPMN patients who develop an SPC.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trial evidence refutes relationship between pharmacotherapy with angiotensin-receptor blockers and an increased risk of cancer

AIMS

The potential influence of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) on carcinogenesis is a much-debated topic. Both observational, as well as preclinical studies in rodent carcinogenic assays, suggest a major role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) in cancer development. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis with available study data on ARBs and carcinogenicity in general as primary outcome were conducted. Secondary outcomes were defined as tumour-specific mortality rates and the frequency of new cases of specific tumour types with particular emphasis on lung, breast, and prostate cancer.

METHODS

A systematic literature research was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and TOXLINE. We used a combination of MeSH terms, keywords and substance names of ARBs and searched between 1950 and 2016. At least 100 participants in each study arm and a minimum follow-up for one year were necessary for study inclusion. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by a random-effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 8818 potentially eligible publications were identified of whom seven randomised controlled trials, four case-control studies and one cohort study met our inclusion criteria. As a key result, we found no effect on carcinogenesis in randomised controlled trials for ARB usage. (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.87-1.19; p = .803). Conflicting results with observational studies could be explained by poor reporting- and study qualities.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our meta-analysis focusing only on high evidence levels and study designs (RCTs) did not reveal any relationship between pharmacotherapy with an ARB and an increased risk for cancer in general.

Esophageal cancer genetics in South Africa

Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive cancer with one of the highest mortality rates. The cancer is generally only diagnosed at the later stages and has a poor 5-year survival rate due to the limited treatment options. China and South Africa are two countries with a very high prevalence rate of EC. EC rates in South Africa have been on the increase, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype and a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in the black and male mixed ancestry populations in South Africa. The incidence of EC is highest in the Eastern Cape Province, especially in the rural areas such as the Transkei, where the consumption of foods contaminated with Fusarium verticillioides is thought to play a major contributing role to the incidence of EC. China is responsible for almost half of all new cases of EC globally. In China, the prevalence of EC varies greatly. However, the two main areas of high prevalence are the southern Taihang Mountain area (Linxian, Henan Province) and the north Jiangsu area. In both countries, environmental toxins play a major role in increasing the chance that an individual will develop EC. These associative factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiencies and exposure to environmental toxins. However, genetic polymorphisms also play a role in predisposing individuals to EC. These include single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be found in both protein-coding genes and in non-coding sequences such as miRNAs. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to EC in South Africa and to compare and contrast this to the genetic polymorphisms observed in EC in the most comprehensively studied population group, the Chinese.

Primary Immunodeficiency and Cancer Predisposition Revisited: Embedding Two Closely Related Concepts Into an Integrative Conceptual Framework

Common understanding suggests that the normal function of a "healthy" immune system safe-guards and protects against the development of malignancies, whereas a genetically impaired one might increase the likelihood of their manifestation. This view is primarily based on and apparently supported by an increased incidence of such diseases in patients with specific forms of immunodeficiencies that are caused by high penetrant gene defects. As I will review and discuss herein, such constellations merely represent the tip of an iceberg. The overall situation is by far more varied and complex, especially if one takes into account the growing difficulties to define what actually constitutes an immunodeficiency and what defines a cancer predisposition. The enormous advances in genome sequencing, in bioinformatic analyses and in the functional in vitro and in vivo assessment of novel findings together with the availability of large databases provide us with a wealth of information that steadily increases the number of sequence variants that concur with clinically more or less recognizable immunological problems and their consequences. Since many of the newly identified hard-core defects are exceedingly rare, their tumor predisposing effect is difficult to ascertain. The analyses of large data sets, on the other hand, continuously supply us with low penetrant variants that, at least in statistical terms, are clearly tumor predisposing, although their specific relevance for the respective carriers still needs to be carefully assessed on an individual basis. Finally, defects and variants that affect the same gene families and pathways in both a constitutional and somatic setting underscore the fact that immunodeficiencies and cancer predisposition can be viewed as two closely related errors of development. Depending on the particular genetic and/or environmental context as well as the respective stage of development, the same changes can have either a neutral, predisposing and, in some instances, even a protective effect. To understand the interaction between the immune system, be it "normal" or "deficient" and tumor predisposition and development on a systemic level, one therefore needs to focus on the structure and dynamic functional organization of the entire immune system rather than on its isolated individual components alone.

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air of Dalian, China: Correlations with six criteria air pollutants and meteorological conditions

Concentrations and temporal variations of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air from a suburban area of Dalian, China were investigated for a 1-year period to assess their sources and potential correlations with six criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The total concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 4.32-112.2 ng/m³ (Mean = 52.37 ± 23.99 ng/m³). Seasonality was discovered with the PAHs following an order of winter > spring > summer > autumn. The impacts of meteorological parameters on PAH levels were season-dependent. High temperature may increase the air concentrations of 4-ring PAHs during the non-heating period, whereas high relative humidity may raise the concentrations of 3- and 4-ring PAHs during the heating period. Correlations of PAHs with criteria air pollutants, such as SO₂, NO₂, and O₃, indicated that both fossil fuel combustion and photochemical oxidation influenced the air concentrations of PAHs. According to the source apportionment by diagnostic ratios and PMF model, coal combustion and traffic emission were estimated to be the main sources of PAHs in Dalian, followed by petroleum release and biomass burning. It was worth noting that the contribution of coal combustion to the PAH burdens increased from 26% to 45% due to the emission from domestic heating in winter. This extra emission needs a continuous concern in the future.

Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g⁻¹ and 4.39 µg g⁻¹, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.

Application of biochar to soils may result in plant contamination and human cancer risk due to exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Biochars are added to soil to improve agronomic yield. This greenhouse- and field-scale study evaluated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in 35 commercial and laboratory-produced biochars, and assessed the effects of biochar amendment of soils on PAH accumulation in vegetables and the risk for cancer. The total and bioavailable PAH concentrations in biochars varied from 638 to 12,347 μg/kg and from below the detection limit (BDL) to 2792 μg/kg, respectively. PAH formation in biochars decreased with increasing production temperature (350-650 °C). Root exudates enhanced PAH release from biochars. The total PAH concentrations in eight edible vegetables growing in biochar-amended soil varied according to biochar and vegetables type from BDL to 565 μg/kg. A health risk assessment framework was integrated with the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) to estimate the exposure risk for human beings via ingestion of PAH-contaminated vegetables. The total ILCR for adults was above 10^-6, which suggests a risk to human health from direct exposure to PAHs in vegetables grown in biochar-amended soil. These results demonstrate that biochar application may lead to contamination of plants with PAHs, which represents a risk to human health. The PAH levels in biochars produced using different conditions and/or feedstocks need to be evaluated and biochars should be pretreated to remove PAHs before their large-scale agronomic application.

Signaling Events Downstream of AHR Activation That Contribute to Toxic Responses: The Functional Role of an AHR-Dependent Long Noncoding RNA (slincR) Using the Zebrafish Model

BACKGROUND

A structurally diverse group of chemicals, including dioxins [e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can xenobiotically activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and contribute to adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. In the zebrafish model, repression of sox9b has a causal role in several AHR-mediated toxic responses, including craniofacial cartilage malformations; however, the mechanism of sox9b repression remains unknown. We previously identified a long noncoding RNA, sox9b long intergenic noncoding RNA (slincR), which is increased (in an AHR-dependent manner) by multiple AHR ligands and is required for the AHR-activated repression of sox9b.

OBJECTIVE

Using the zebrafish model, we aimed to enhance our understanding of the signaling events downstream of AHR activation that contribute to toxic responses by identifying: a) whether slincR is enriched on the sox9b locus, b) slincR's functional contributions to TCDD-induced toxicity, c) PAHs that increase slincR expression, and d) mammalian orthologs of slincR.

METHODS

We used capture hybridization analysis of RNA targets (CHART), qRT-PCR, RNA sequencing, morphometric analysis of cartilage structures, and hemorrhaging screens.

RESULTS

The slincR transcript was enriched at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the sox9b locus. Transcriptome profiling and human ortholog analyses identified processes related to skeletal and cartilage development unique to TCDD-exposed controls, and angiogenesis and vasculature development unique to TCDD-exposed zebrafish that were injected with a splice-blocking morpholino targeting slincR. In comparison to TCDD exposed control morphants, slincR morphants exposed to TCDD resulted in abnormal cartilage structures and a smaller percentage of animals displaying the hemorrhaging phenotype. In addition, slincR expression was significantly increased in six out of the sixteen PAHs we screened.

CONCLUSION

Our study establishes that in zebrafish, slincR is recruited to the sox9b 5' UTR to repress transcription, can regulate cartilage development, has a causal role in the TCDD-induced hemorrhaging phenotype, and is up-regulated by multiple environmentally relevant PAHs. These findings have important implications for understanding the ligand-specific mechanisms of AHR-mediated toxicity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3281.

Tetz's theory and law of longevity

Here, we present new theory and law of longevity intended to evaluate fundamental factors that control lifespan. This theory is based on the fact that genes affecting host organism longevity are represented by subpopulations: genes of host eukaryotic cells, commensal microbiota, and non-living genetic elements. Based on Tetz's theory of longevity, we propose that lifespan and aging are defined by the accumulation of alterations over all genes of macroorganism and microbiome and the non-living genetic elements associated with them. Tetz's law of longevity states that longevity is limited by the accumulation of alterations to the limiting value that is not compatible with life. Based on theory and law, we also propose a novel model to calculate several parameters, including the rate of aging and the remaining lifespan of individuals. We suggest that this theory and model have explanatory and predictive potential to eukaryotic organisms, allowing the influence of diseases, medication, and medical procedures to be re-examined in relation to longevity. Such estimates also provide a framework to evaluate new fundamental aspects that control aging and lifespan.

Elevated urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and serum uric acid are associated with progression and are prognostic factors of colorectal cancer

Background and purpose

Oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is a typical bio-marker of oxidative stress. Serum uric acid (SUA) is one of the most abundant molecules with antioxidant properties in human blood. This study aimed to explore whether 8-oxodG and SUA could be prognostic factors of CRC.

Methods

Urinary 8-oxodG level was analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). SUA concentration was measured using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Seventy-three newly diagnosed Chinese CRC patients were included. According to the mean level of urinary 8-oxodG or SUA, patients were divided into high and low groups.

Results

The level of 8-oxodG and SUA gradually elevated from stage I to stage IV in CRC patients. High 8-oxodG concentration and SUA levels were associated with worse overall survival (P=0.03). In the stage II and stage III CRC group, no statistically significant relationship was found between the urinary 8-oxodG level and overall survival or between the SUA level and overall survival. Nevertheless, when these two biomarkers were combined, there was a statistically significant association with overall survival (P=0.02).

Conclusion

Elevated urinary 8-oxodG and SUA levels measured at the time of diagnosis were associated with the progression of CRC. Both urinary 8-oxodG and SUA might be valuable as CRC prognostic factors, and the combination of the two biomarkers might help to determine the prognoses of CRC, particularly in stage II and stage III CRC patients.

CARCINOGENICITY OF MALATHION AND ESTROGEN IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RAT MAMMARY GLAND MODEL

Breast cancer is considered a major and common health problem in both developing and developed countries. The etiology of breast cancer, the most frequent malignancy diagnosed  in women in the western world, has remained unidentified. Chemicals as the  organophosphorous pesticide malathion have been used to control a wide range of sucking  and chewing pests of field crops, and are involved in the etiology of breast cancers. The  association between breast cancer initiation and prolonged exposure to estrogen suggests  that this hormone may also have an etiologic role in such a process. However, the key  factors behind the initiation of breast cancer remain to be elucidated. The effect of  environmental substances, such as malathion and estrogen was analyzed in an experimental rat mammary gland model. Different cytoplasmic proteins are key in the transformation of a  normal cell to a malignant tumor cell and among these are the Ras super family and Ras  homologous A (Rho-A). Both types of proteins were greater in animals treated with  malathion than those with estrogens. E-Cadherins constitute a large family of cell surface  proteins.

Resultsshowed greater expression of E-Cadherin and vimentin than c-Ha-ras and Rho-A in  rats treated by estrogens. In breast cancer, analysis using immunohistochemical markers is  an essential component of routine pathological examinations, and plays an important role in  the management of the disease by providing diagnostic and prognostic strategies.

The aimof the present study was to identify markers that can be used as a prognostic tool for breast cancer patients.

Inferring Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes with a Protein-Protein Interaction Network and Network Diffusion Algorithms

Extensive studies on tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are helpful to understand the pathogenesis of cancer and design effective treatments. However, identifying TSGs using traditional experiments is quite difficult and time consuming. Developing computational methods to identify possible TSGs is an alternative way. In this study, we proposed two computational methods that integrated two network diffusion algorithms, including Laplacian heat diffusion (LHD) and random walk with restart (RWR), to search possible genes in the whole network. These two computational methods were LHD-based and RWR-based methods. To increase the reliability of the putative genes, three strict screening tests followed to filter genes obtained by these two algorithms. After comparing the putative genes obtained by the two methods, we designated twelve genes (e.g., MAP3K10, RND1, and OTX2) as common genes, 29 genes (e.g., RFC2 and GUCY2F) as genes that were identified only by the LHD-based method, and 128 genes (e.g., SNAI2 and FGF4) as genes that were inferred only by the RWR-based method. Some obtained genes can be confirmed as novel TSGs according to recent publications, suggesting the utility of our two proposed methods. In addition, the reported genes in this study were quite different from those reported in a previous one.

Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study

BACKGROUND

There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affected by AP and if residential green spaces could lower cancer incidence rates in general. Therefore, the objective was to estimate whether AP and green space are associated with several cancer types.

METHODS

The analysis was based on routine health care data from around 1.9 million people from Saxony who were free of cancer in 2008 and 2009. Incident cancer cases (2010-2014) of mouth and throat, skin (non-melanoma skin cancer - NMSC), prostate, breast, and colorectum were defined as: (1) one inpatient diagnosis, or (2) two outpatient diagnoses in two different quarters within one year and a specific treatment or death within two quarters after the diagnosis. Exposures, derived from freely available 3rd party data, included particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) as well as green space (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI). Associations between air pollutants, green space, and cancer incidence were assessed by multilevel Poisson models. Age, sex, physician contacts, short- and long-term unemployment, population density, and having an alcohol-related disorder were considered as potential confounders.

RESULTS

Three thousand one hundred seven people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010-2014). An increase in PM10 of 10 μg/m3 was associated with a 53% increase in relative risk (RR) of mouth and throat cancer and a 52% increase in RR of NMSC. Prostate and breast cancer were modestly associated with PM10 with an increase in RR of 23 and 19%, respectively. The associations with N02 were in the same direction as PM10 but the effect estimates were much lower (7-24%). A 10% increase in NDVI was most protective of mouth and throat cancer (- 11% RR) and of NMSC (- 16% RR). Colorectal cancer was not affected by any of the exposures.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to the studies carried out so far, this study was able to provide evidence that higher ambient AP levels increase the risk of mouth and throat cancer as well as of NMSC and that a higher residential green space level might have a protective effect for NMSC in areas with low to moderate UV intensity. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out residual confounding by socioeconomic or smoking status.

Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study

BACKGROUND

There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affected by AP and if residential green spaces could lower cancer incidence rates in general. Therefore, the objective was to estimate whether AP and green space are associated with several cancer types.

METHODS

The analysis was based on routine health care data from around 1.9 million people from Saxony who were free of cancer in 2008 and 2009. Incident cancer cases (2010-2014) of mouth and throat, skin (non-melanoma skin cancer - NMSC), prostate, breast, and colorectum were defined as: (1) one inpatient diagnosis, or (2) two outpatient diagnoses in two different quarters within one year and a specific treatment or death within two quarters after the diagnosis. Exposures, derived from freely available 3rd party data, included particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) and nitrogen dioxide (N0₂) as well as green space (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI). Associations between air pollutants, green space, and cancer incidence were assessed by multilevel Poisson models. Age, sex, physician contacts, short- and long-term unemployment, population density, and having an alcohol-related disorder were considered as potential confounders.

RESULTS

Three thousand one hundred seven people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010-2014). An increase in PM₁₀ of 10 μg/m³ was associated with a 53% increase in relative risk (RR) of mouth and throat cancer and a 52% increase in RR of NMSC. Prostate and breast cancer were modestly associated with PM₁₀ with an increase in RR of 23 and 19%, respectively. The associations with N0₂ were in the same direction as PM₁₀ but the effect estimates were much lower (7-24%). A 10% increase in NDVI was most protective of mouth and throat cancer (- 11% RR) and of NMSC (- 16% RR). Colorectal cancer was not affected by any of the exposures.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to the studies carried out so far, this study was able to provide evidence that higher ambient AP levels increase the risk of mouth and throat cancer as well as of NMSC and that a higher residential green space level might have a protective effect for NMSC in areas with low to moderate UV intensity. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out residual confounding by socioeconomic or smoking status.

A novel method for source-specific hemoglobin adducts of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous air pollutants associated with negative impacts on growth, development and behavior in children. Source-specific biological markers of PAH exposure are needed for targeting interventions to protect children. Nitro-derivatives of PAH can act as markers of exposure to diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust, or general combustion sources. Using a novel HPLC-APCI-MS/MS detection method, we examined four hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of nitro-PAH metabolites and the Hb adduct of a benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolite in 22 umbilical cord blood samples. The samples were collected from a birth cohort with comprehensive data on prenatal PAH exposure, including prenatal personal air monitoring and DNA adducts in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Using non-parametric analyses, heat maps, and principal component analysis (PCA), we analyzed the relationship between the five Hb adducts and previous PAH measurements, with each measurement representing a different duration of exposure. We found that Hb adducts derived from several diesel-related nitro-PAHs (2-nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene) were significantly correlated (r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.0001) and grouped together in PCA. Nitro-PAH derived Hb adducts were largely unrelated to previously collected measures of exposure to a number of PAH parent compounds. These measures need to be validated in a larger sample.