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Lu D, Lu J, Liu Q, Zhang Q. Emerging role of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 in stem cell fate and function. Biomark Res 2023; 11:61. [PMID: 37280687 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are critical for organism development and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Recent studies focusing on RNA editing have indicated how this mark controls stem cell fate and function in both normal and malignant states. RNA editing is mainly mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). The RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 converts adenosine in a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrate into inosine. ADAR1 is a multifunctional protein that regulate physiological processes including embryonic development, cell differentiation, and immune regulation, and even apply to the development of gene editing technologies. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of ADAR1 with a focus on how it can mediate distinct functions in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Targeting ADAR1 has emerged as a potential novel therapeutic strategy in both normal and dysregulated stem cell contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- The Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jianxi Lu
- The Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- The Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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ADAR2 Protein Is Associated with Overall Survival in GBM Patients and Its Decrease Triggers the Anchorage-Independent Cell Growth Signature. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081142. [PMID: 36009036 PMCID: PMC9405742 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epitranscriptomic mechanisms, such as A-to-I RNA editing mediated by ADAR deaminases, contribute to cancer heterogeneity and patients’ stratification. ADAR enzymes can change the sequence, structure, and expression of several RNAs, affecting cancer cell behavior. In glioblastoma, an overall decrease in ADAR2 RNA level/activity has been reported. However, no data on ADAR2 protein levels in GBM patient tissues are available; and most data are based on ADARs overexpression experiments. Methods: We performed IHC analysis on GBM tissues and correlated ADAR2 levels and patients’ overall survival. We silenced ADAR2 in GBM cells, studied cell behavior, and performed a gene expression/editing analysis. Results: GBM tissues do not all show a low/no ADAR2 level, as expected by previous studies. Although, different amounts of ADAR2 protein were observed in different patients, with a low level correlating with a poor patient outcome. Indeed, reducing the endogenous ADAR2 protein in GBM cells promotes cell proliferation and migration and changes the cell’s program to an anchorage-independent growth mode. In addition, deep-seq data and bioinformatics analysis indicated multiple RNAs are differently expressed/edited upon siADAR2. Conclusion: ADAR2 protein is an important deaminase in GBM and its amount correlates with patient prognosis.
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Cesarini V, Silvestris DA, Tassinari V, Tomaselli S, Alon S, Eisenberg E, Locatelli F, Gallo A. ADAR2/miR-589-3p axis controls glioblastoma cell migration/invasion. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2045-2059. [PMID: 29267965 PMCID: PMC5829642 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human cancers. We systematically characterized miRNA expression and editing in the human brain, which displays the highest number of A-to-I RNA editing sites among human tissues, and in de novo glioblastoma brain cancer. We identified 299 miRNAs altered in their expression and 24 miRNAs differently edited in human brain compared to glioblastoma tissues. We focused on the editing site within the miR-589–3p seed. MiR-589–3p is a unique miRNA almost fully edited (∼100%) in normal brain and with a consistent editing decrease in glioblastoma. The edited version of miR-589–3p inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while the unedited version boosts cell proliferation and motility/invasion, thus being a potential cancer-promoting factor. We demonstrated that the editing of this miRNA is mediated by ADAR2, and retargets miR-589–3p from the tumor-suppressor PCDH9 to ADAM12, which codes for the metalloproteinase 12 promoting glioblastoma invasion. Overall, our study dissects the role of a unique brain-specific editing site within miR-589–3p, with important anticancer features, and highlights the importance of RNA editing as an essential player not only for diversifying the genomic message but also for correcting not-tolerable/critical genomic coding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana Cesarini
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico A Silvestris
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tassinari
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Tomaselli
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Shahar Alon
- Media Laboratory and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eli Eisenberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Franco Locatelli
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Gallo
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
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Orlandi C, Barbon A, Barlati S. Activity Regulation of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs). Mol Neurobiol 2011; 45:61-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hang PNT, Tohda M, Matsumoto K. Developmental changes in expression and self-editing of adenosine deaminase type 2 pre-mRNA and mRNA in rat brain and cultured cortical neurons. Neurosci Res 2008; 61:398-403. [PMID: 18534702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase-1 and -2 (ADAR-1 and -2) are double-stranded RNA-specific enzymes involved in the editing of genes including serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) mRNA and ADAR-2 pre-mRNA. We reported that the editing efficacy of 5-HT2CR mRNA altered during brain development in rats. The present study aimed to clarify if changes in the expression of ADAR genes and the editing of ADAR-2 pre-mRNA occur during development. The expression level of ADAR-1 mRNA was constant during development, whereas the expression levels of ADAR-2 mRNA and ADAR-2 pre-mRNA markedly increased during development. ADAR-2 pre-mRNA possesses six editing sites. Editing of these sites did not occur during the embryonic period; however, the number of edited sites and the editing frequency at these sites increased after birth and cultivation period. These results suggest that the increases in ADAR-2 pre-mRNA editing and mRNA expression of the enzyme may play a role in development. We also discuss the relationship between 5-HT2CR mRNA editing and the expression/RNA editing of ADAR-1 and ADAR-2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Nguyet Thi Hang
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Abstract
The production of specialized differentiated neurons derived from stem cells has been proposed as a revolutionary technology for regenerative medicine. However, few examples of specific neuronal cell differentiation have been described so far. Although stem-cell tissue replacement might be seemingly straightforward in other cases, the high degree of complexity of the nervous system raises the challenge of tissue replacement substantially. Understanding mechanisms of neuronal diversification will not only be relevant for therapeutic purposes but might also shed light on the differences in cognitive abilities, personality traits and psychiatric conditions observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson R Muotri
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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A-to-I RNA editing: A new mechanism of genomic information modification. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Anant S, Davidson NO. Hydrolytic nucleoside and nucleotide deamination, and genetic instability: a possible link between RNA-editing enzymes and cancer? Trends Mol Med 2003; 9:147-52. [PMID: 12727140 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(03)00032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional RNA editing generates novel gene products by changing the coding sequence of the transcript from that in the genome. Two classes of RNA editing exist in mammals, each of which involves an enzymatic deamination. These reactions have stringent sequence and structural requirements for their target RNAs, and each requires distinctive enzymatic machinery. Alterations in the expression or abundance of RNA-editing factors produce unanticipated alterations in the processing or expression of RNAs, in some cases outside their physiological targets. Recent findings suggest that unregulated expression of the cytidine-deaminase gene family might lead to deamination of deoxycytidine nucleotides in DNA. Aberrant or dysregulated RNA editing, or altered expression of editing factors, might contribute to genomic instability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Anant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Now that the human genome is completed, the characterization of
the proteins encoded by the sequence remains a challenging task.
The study of the complete protein complement of the genome, the
“proteome,” referred to as proteomics, will be essential if new
therapeutic drugs and new disease biomarkers for early diagnosis
are to be developed. Research efforts are already underway to
develop the technology necessary to compare the specific protein
profiles of diseased versus nondiseased states. These
technologies provide a wealth of information and rapidly generate
large quantities of data. Processing the large amounts of data
will lead to useful predictive mathematical descriptions of
biological systems which will permit rapid identification of
novel therapeutic targets and identification of metabolic
disorders. Here, we present an overview of the current status and
future research approaches in defining the cancer cell's proteome
in combination with different bioinformatics and computational
biology tools toward a better understanding of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Bensmail
- Department of Statistics,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Abdelali Haoudi
- Department of
Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology and the
Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia
Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk,
VA 23501, USA
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The Transcription of Genes. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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