1
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Bürgi HB. The Cambridge Structural Database and structural dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:021302. [PMID: 38504974 PMCID: PMC10950365 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
With the availability of the computer readable information in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), wide ranging, largely automated comparisons of fragment, molecular, and crystal structures have become possible. They show that the distributions of interatomic distances, angles, and torsion angles for a given structural fragment occurring in different environments are highly correlated among themselves and with other observables such as spectroscopic signals, reaction and activation energies. The correlations often extend continuously over large ranges of parameter values. They are reminiscent of bond breaking and forming reactions, polyhedral rearrangements, and conformational changes. They map-qualitatively-the regions of the structural parameter space in which molecular dynamics take place, namely, the low energy regions of the respective (free) energy surfaces. The extension and continuous nature of the correlations provides an organizing principle of large groups of structural data and suggests a reconsideration of traditional definitions and descriptions of bonds, "nonbonded" and "noncovalent" interactions in terms of Lewis acids interacting with Lewis bases. These aspects are illustrated with selected examples of historic importance and with some later developments. It seems that the amount of information in the CSD (and other structural databases) and the knowledge on the nature of, and the correlations within, this body of information should allow one-in the near future-to make credible interpolations and possibly predictions of structures and their properties with machine learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Beat Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Berne, Freiestr. 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Fehr JM, Myrthil N, Garrison AL, Price TW, Lopez SA, Jasti R. Experimental and theoretical elucidation of SPAAC kinetics for strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2839-2848. [PMID: 36937573 PMCID: PMC10016359 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning strained alkyne reactivity via organic synthesis has evolved into a burgeoning field of study largely focused on cyclooctyne, wherein physical organic chemistry helps guide rational molecular design to produce molecules with intriguing properties. Concurrent research in the field of carbon nanomaterials has produced new types of strained alkyne macrocycles, such as cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes, that possess uniquely curved aromatic π systems but hover on the edge of stability. In 2018, we introduced a strained alkyne scaffold that marries the synthetic accessibility and stability of cyclooctyne with the curved π system of carbon nanomaterials. These molecules are strained alkyne-containing cycloparaphenylenes (or [n+1]CPPs), which have been shown to possess size-dependent reactivity as well as the classic characteristics of the unfunctionalized parent CPP, such as a tunable HOMO-LUMO gap and bright fluorescence for large sizes. Herein, we elaborate further on this scaffold, introducing two modifications to the original design and fully characterizing the kinetics of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) for each [n+1]CPP with a model azide. Additionally, we explain how electronic (the incorporation of fluorine atoms) and strain (a meta linkage which heightens local strain at the alkyne) modulations affect SPAAC reactivity via the distortion-interaction computational model. Altogether, these results indicate that through a modular synthesis and rational chemical design, we have developed a new family of tunable and inherently fluorescent strained alkyne carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Nathalie Myrthil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Anna L Garrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
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3
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Somnarin T, Krawmanee P, Gleeson MP, Gleeson D. Computational investigation of the radical-mediated mechanism of formation of difluoro methyl oxindoles: Elucidation of the reaction selectivity and yields. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:670-676. [PMID: 36398747 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxindoles are an important class of heterocyclic alkaloids with demonstrated pharmacological activity at multiple biological targets. Preparation of new analogs through novel synthetic routes is therefore highly attractive. In this work, we report a computational study to investigate the synthesis of ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylated oxindoles from N-arylmethacrylamides. The reaction tolerates a diverse range of acrylamides, shows yields ranging from approximately 38%-96%. We have applied density functional theory (DFT) to explore the reaction mechanism, kinetics and thermodynamics to gain further understanding. We demonstrate that a radical-based ring closure reaction is energetically more favorable than a heterolytic process, that the rate-determining step is the formation of the arylmethacrylamide radical, and that the product yields and selectivities are consistent with experiment. The results demonstrate that theoretical methods can prove useful to understand how such reaction and could be potentially employed to rapidly explore the reaction scope further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanachon Somnarin
- Applied Computational Chemistry Research Unit & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pacharaporn Krawmanee
- Applied Computational Chemistry Research Unit & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew Paul Gleeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Gleeson
- Applied Computational Chemistry Research Unit & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Lewis‐Atwell T, Townsend PA, Grayson MN. Machine learning activation energies of chemical reactions. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toby Lewis‐Atwell
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Piers A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Bath Bath UK
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5
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Farrar EHE, Grayson MN. Machine learning and semi-empirical calculations: a synergistic approach to rapid, accurate, and mechanism-based reaction barrier prediction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7594-7603. [PMID: 35872815 PMCID: PMC9242013 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern QM modelling methods, such as DFT, have provided detailed mechanistic insights into countless reactions. However, their computational cost inhibits their ability to rapidly screen large numbers of substrates and catalysts in reaction discovery. For a C-C bond forming nitro-Michael addition, we introduce a synergistic semi-empirical quantum mechanical (SQM) and machine learning (ML) approach that allows the prediction of DFT-quality reaction barriers in minutes, even on a standard laptop using widely available modelling software. Mean absolute errors (MAEs) are obtained that are below the accepted chemical accuracy threshold of 1 kcal mol-1 and substantially better than SQM methods without ML correction (5.71 kcal mol-1). Predictive power is shown to hold when the ML models are applied to an unseen set of compounds from the toxicology literature. Mechanistic insight is also achieved via the generation of full SQM transition state (TS) structures which are found to be very good approximations for the DFT-level geometries, revealing important steric interactions in some TSs. This combination of speed, accuracy, and mechanistic insight is unprecedented; current ML barrier models compromise on at least one of these important criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H E Farrar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Matthew N Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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6
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Champagne PA. Identifying the true origins of selectivity in chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed N-acyl-azetidine desymmetrizations. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15662-15672. [PMID: 35003597 PMCID: PMC8654023 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first catalytic intermolecular desymmetrization of azetidines was reported by Sun and coworkers in 2015 using a BINOL-derived phosphoric acid catalyst (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 5895-5898). To uncover the mechanism of the reaction and the origins of the high enantioselectivity, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed at the B97D3/6-311+G(2d,2p)/SMD(toluene)//B97D3/6-31G(d,p)/CPCM(toluene) level of theory. Comparison of four possible activation modes confirms that this reaction proceeds through the bifunctional activation of the azetidine nitrogen and the thione tautomer of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole nucleophile. Upon thorough conformational sampling of the enantiodetermining transition structures (TSs), a free energy difference of 2.0 kcal mol-1 is obtained, accurately reproducing the experimentally measured 88% e.e. at 80 °C. This energy difference is due to both decreased distortion and increased non-covalent interactions in the pro-(S) TS. To uncover the true origins of selectivity, the TSs optimized with the full catalyst were compared to those optimized with a model catalyst through steric maps. It is found that the arrangements displayed by the substrates are controlled by strict primary orbital interaction requirements at the transition complex, and their ability to fit into the catalyst pocket drives the selectivity. A general model of selectivity for phosphoric acid-catalyzed azetidine desymmetrizations is proposed, which is based on the preference of the nucleophile and benzoyl group to occupy empty quadrants of the chiral catalyst pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
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7
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Zubatyuk R, Smith JS, Nebgen BT, Tretiak S, Isayev O. Teaching a neural network to attach and detach electrons from molecules. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4870. [PMID: 34381051 PMCID: PMC8357920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interatomic potentials derived with Machine Learning algorithms such as Deep-Neural Networks (DNNs), achieve the accuracy of high-fidelity quantum mechanical (QM) methods in areas traditionally dominated by empirical force fields and allow performing massive simulations. Most DNN potentials were parametrized for neutral molecules or closed-shell ions due to architectural limitations. In this work, we propose an improved machine learning framework for simulating open-shell anions and cations. We introduce the AIMNet-NSE (Neural Spin Equilibration) architecture, which can predict molecular energies for an arbitrary combination of molecular charge and spin multiplicity with errors of about 2-3 kcal/mol and spin-charges with error errors ~0.01e for small and medium-sized organic molecules, compared to the reference QM simulations. The AIMNet-NSE model allows to fully bypass QM calculations and derive the ionization potential, electron affinity, and conceptual Density Functional Theory quantities like electronegativity, hardness, and condensed Fukui functions. We show that these descriptors, along with learned atomic representations, could be used to model chemical reactivity through an example of regioselectivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zubatyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justin S Smith
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Benjamin T Nebgen
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Olexandr Isayev
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Sterling AJ, Zavitsanou S, Ford J, Duarte F. Selectivity in organocatalysis—From qualitative to quantitative predictive models. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Ford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford UK
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9
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Mała ŻA, Janicki MJ, Niedźwiecka NH, Góra RW, Konieczny KA, Kowalczyk R. Stereoselectivity Enhancement During the Generation of Three Contiguous Stereocenters in Tetrahydrothiophenes. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta A. Mała
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Natalia H. Niedźwiecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Physical and Quantum Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krzysztof A. Konieczny
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Bioorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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10
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Nakliang P, Yoon S, Choi S. Emerging computational approaches for the study of regio- and stereoselectivity in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry has become important in organic synthesis as it provides a detailed understanding of molecular structures and properties and detailed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratanphorn Nakliang
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yoon
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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11
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Lewis-Atwell T, Townsend PA, Grayson MN. Comparisons of different force fields in conformational analysis and searching of organic molecules: A review. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Kawabata T, Hyakutake R, Yoshimura T, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Decisive Effects of C-N Axial Chirality of Intermediary Enolates on the Stereochemical Course of β-Lactam Formation from β-Branched α-Amino Acid Derivatives via Memory of Chirality. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-s(k)74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Moon S, Chatterjee S, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Predicting glycosylation stereoselectivity using machine learning. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2931-2939. [PMID: 34164060 PMCID: PMC8179398 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the stereochemical outcome of chemical reactions is challenging in mechanistically ambiguous transformations. The stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions is influenced by at least eleven factors across four chemical participants and temperature. A random forest algorithm was trained using a highly reproducible, concise dataset to accurately predict the stereoselective outcome of glycosylations. The steric and electronic contributions of all chemical reagents and solvents were quantified by quantum mechanical calculations. The trained model accurately predicts stereoselectivities for unseen nucleophiles, electrophiles, acid catalyst, and solvents across a wide temperature range (overall root mean square error 6.8%). All predictions were validated experimentally on a standardized microreactor platform. The model helped to identify novel ways to control glycosylation stereoselectivity and accurately predicts previously unknown means of stereocontrol. By quantifying the degree of influence of each variable, we begin to gain a better general understanding of the transformation, for example that environmental factors influence the stereoselectivity of glycosylations more than the coupling partners in this area of chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Moon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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14
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Pak G, Park E, Park S, Kim J. Synthesis of (+)-Hypoxylactone through Allenoate γ-Addition: Revision of Stereochemistry. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14246-14252. [PMID: 33113328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of (+)-hypoxylactone has been accomplished in four steps starting from the allenoate γ-addition of threo-3-chloro-2-silyoxybutanals, leading to the revision of stereochemistry. The key was the discovery of control elements required to matching/mismatching cases in the allenoate γ-addition to provide the desired adducts as a single isomer. The utility of the γ-adduct was demonstrated with the Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization to afford (+)-xylogiblactone A. Use of Ag2O was the key to epoxidation for preventing epimerization of the γ-lactone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah Pak
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Saehansaem Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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15
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Spicher S, Grimme S. Efficient Computation of Free Energy Contributions for Association Reactions of Large Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6606-6611. [PMID: 32787231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modern density functional theory (DFT) methods are capable of providing accurate association energies for supramolecular systems and even protein-ligand complexes. However, the calculation of the essential harmonic vibrational frequencies needed to obtain free energies is often too computationally demanding. In this work, the corresponding thermostatistical contributions are computed in the well-established (modified) rigid-rotor-harmonic-oscillator approximation with structures and frequencies taken from low-cost quantum chemical methods, namely, GFN2-xTB and PM6-D3H4. Additionally, a recently developed new general force field (GFN-FF) is tested for this purpose. DFT reference values for 59 complexes composed of three standard noncovalent and supramolecular benchmark sets (S22, L7, and S30L) are used in the evaluation. Overall, the accuracy of the low-cost methods is remarkable with typical deviations of only 0.5-2 kcal mol-1 (5-10%) from the DFT reference values. In particular, the performance of the GFN-FF is promising considering the acceleration of 5 and 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to DFT and GFN2-xTB, respectively. This opens new perspectives for computing thermodynamic properties of, e.g., biomacromolecules as shown, for example, for the binding of retinol and rivaroxaban in protein complexes consisting of ≤4700 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spicher
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Dajek M, Pruszczyńska A, Konieczny KA, Kowalczyk R. Cinchona Squaramide‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Desymmetrization of 1,3‐Diketones Leading to Chiral 1,4‐Dihydropyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dajek
- Department of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Department of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and Technology
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17
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Yang L, Lin Z, Zheng K, Kong L, Hong R. A Modular Synthesis of Antitumor Macrolide (–)‐Lasonolide A †. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural SubstancesCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zuming Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural SubstancesCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kuan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural SubstancesCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Luyao Kong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural SubstancesCenter for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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18
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Lin D, Wei Y, Peng A, Zhang H, Zhong C, Lu D, Zhang H, Zheng X, Yang L, Feng Q, Xie L, Huang W. Stereoselective gridization and polygridization with centrosymmetric molecular packing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1756. [PMID: 32273512 PMCID: PMC7145858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gridarenes, with well-defined edges and vertices, represent versatile nanoscale building blocks for the installation of frameworks and architectures but suffer from difficulty in stereoselective control during their synthesis. Here we report a diastereoselective gridization of superelectrophilic diazafluorene-containing substrates (AmBn) with crescent shapes into Drawing Hands grids (DHGs). The meso-selectivity reaches 75.6% diastereomeric excess (de) during the gridization of A1B1-type substrates and maintains ~80% de during the polygridization of A2B2-type monomers. Such stereocontrol originates from the centrosymmetric molecular packing of two charge-delocalized superelectrophiles with synergistically π–π stacking attractions and coulombic repulsions. As meso-stereoregular structures show 20∼30 nm in length, the rigid ring/chain-alternating polygrids have a Mark–Houwink exponent of 1.651 and a molecular weight (M) dependence of the hydrodynamic radius Rh ∼ M1.13. Via the simulation of chain collapse, meso-configured polygridarenes still adopt rod-like conformations that facilitate the high rigidity of organic nanopolymers, distinguished from toroid backbones of rac-type polygrids. Gridarenes with well-defined edges and vertices represent versatile nanoscale building blocks for installating frameworks but suffer from lack of stereoselective control during their synthesis. Here, the authors report a diastereoselective gridization of superelectrophilic diazafluorene-containing substrates with crescent shapes into Drawing Hands grids (DHGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Lin
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aizhong Peng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - He Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhong
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiangping Zheng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Quanyou Feng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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19
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Park S, Pak G, Oh C, Lee J, Kim J, Yu CM. Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Aldehydes through Asymmetric Allenoate γ-Addition: Synthesis of (+)-Xylogiblactone A. Org Lett 2019; 21:7660-7664. [PMID: 31486655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of (+)-xylogiblactone A has been achieved from t-butyl 2-methylbuta-2,3-dienoate in a linear three-step sequence. The key elements of the synthesis include a kinetic resolution of racemic 2-silyoxyaldehyde through the allenoate γ-addition to yield the γ-adduct as a single isomer and the subsequent gold catalysis to form the butenolide core. For a general method, the kinetic resolution of several racemic 2-silyloxyaldehydes is also performed to provide products in high levels of stereoselectivity with unusual anti-Felkin-Anh addition fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehansaem Park
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungah Pak
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwa Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Mo Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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20
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Cheng GJ, Zhong XM, Wu YD, Zhang X. Mechanistic understanding of catalysis by combining mass spectrometry and computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12749-12764. [PMID: 31560354 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mass spectrometry and computational chemistry has been proven to be powerful for exploring reaction mechanisms. The former provides information of reaction intermediates, while the latter gives detailed reaction energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiu-Mei Zhong
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
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21
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On the electron flow sequence driving the hydrometallation of acetylene by lithium hydride. J Mol Model 2018; 24:305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Kal‐Koshvandi AT, Heravi MM. Applications of Dainshefsky's Dienes in the Asymmetric synthesis of Aza‐Diels‐Alder Reaction. CHEM REC 2018; 19:550-600. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of ChemistryAlzahra University Vanak, Tehran Iran
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23
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Tao DJ, Slutskyy Y, Muuronen M, Le A, Kohler P, Overman LE. Total Synthesis of (-)-Chromodorolide B By a Computationally-Guided Radical Addition/Cyclization/Fragmentation Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3091-3102. [PMID: 29412658 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of a chromodorolide marine diterpenoid is described. The core of the diterpenoid is constructed by a bimolecular radical addition/cyclization/fragmentation cascade that unites two complex fragments and forms two C-C bonds and four contiguous stereogenic centers of (-)-chromodorolide B in a single step. This coupling step is initiated by visible-light photocatalytic fragmentation of a redox-active ester, which can be accomplished in the presence of an iridium or a less-precious electron-rich dicyanobenzene photocatalyst, and employs equimolar amounts of the two addends. Computational studies guided the development of this central step of the synthesis and provide insight into the origin of the observed stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yuriy Slutskyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alexander Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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24
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Li F, Korenaga T, Nakanishi T, Kikuchi J, Terada M. Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring Expansion Reaction of 1,3-Dithiane Derivatives: Case Study of the Nature of Ion-Pairing Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2629-2642. [PMID: 29377689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral counterion controlled asymmetric catalysis via an ion-pairing interaction has attracted immense attention in recent years. Despite a number of successful studies, the mechanistic elucidation of the stereocontrolling element in the ion-pairing interaction is rarely conducted and hence its nature is still far from being well understood. Herein we report an in-depth mechanistic case study of a newly developed enantioselective ring expansion reaction of 1,3-dithiane derivatives catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). An unprecedented enantioselective 1,2-sulfur rearrangement/stereospecific nucleophilic addition sequence was proven to be the stereoselective pathway. More importantly, by thorough investigation of the intrinsic nature of the stereospecific nucleophilic addition to the cationic thionium intermediate, we discovered that the key interaction in this process is the nonclassical C-H···O hydrogen bonds formed between the conjugate base of the CPA catalyst and the cationic intermediate. These C-H···O hydrogen bonds not only bind the catalyst to the substrates to form energetically favored states throughout the overall processes but also firmly maintain the relative positions of these fragments as the "fixed" contact ion pair to sustain the chiral information generated at the initial sulfur rearrangement step. This mechanistic case study provides a very clear understanding of the nature of the ion-pairing interaction in organocatalysis. The conclusion encourages the further development of the research field with the focus to design new organocatalysts and cultivate novel organocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Taishi Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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25
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Garnsey MR, Slutskyy Y, Jamison CR, Zhao P, Lee J, Rhee YH, Overman LE. Short Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cheloviolenes A and B and Dendrillolide C via Convergent Fragment Coupling Using a Tertiary Carbon Radical. J Org Chem 2017; 83:6958-6976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Garnsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yuriy Slutskyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher R. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Juyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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26
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Hurtak JA, McDonald FE. Synthesis of the ABC Substructure of Brevenal by Sequential exo-Mode Oxacyclizations of Acyclic Polyene Precursors. Org Lett 2017; 19:6036-6039. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hurtak
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Frank E. McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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27
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Slutskyy Y, Jamison CR, Zhao P, Lee J, Rhee YH, Overman LE. Versatile Construction of 6-Substituted cis-2,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-ones: Short Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cheloviolenes A and B and Dendrillolide C. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7192-7195. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Slutskyy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher R. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Juyeol Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong
San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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28
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Ermanis K, Hsiao YT, Kaya U, Jeuken A, Clarke PA. The stereodivergent formation of 2,6- cis and 2,6- trans-tetrahydropyrans: experimental and computational investigation of the mechanism of a thioester oxy-Michael cyclization. Chem Sci 2017; 8:482-490. [PMID: 28451195 PMCID: PMC5298201 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational and synthetic studies have elucidated the origins of stereodivergence in an oxy-Michael synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans.
The origins of the stereodivergence in the thioester oxy-Michael cyclization for the formation of 4-hydroxy-2,6-cis- or 2,6-trans-substituted tetrahydropyran rings under different conditions was investigated both computationally and experimentally. Synthetic studies showed that the 4-hydroxyl group was essential for stereodivergence. When the 4-hydroxyl group was present, TBAF-mediated conditions gave the 2,6-trans-tetrahydropyran and trifluoroacetic acid-mediated conditions gave the 2,6-cis-tetrahydropyran. This stereodivergence vanished when the hydroxyl group was removed or protected. Computational studies revealed that: (i) the trifluoroacetic acid catalysed formation of 2,6-cis-tetrahydropyrans was mediated by a trifluoroacetate-hydroxonium bridge and proceeded via a chair-like transition state; (ii) the TBAF-mediated formation of 2,6-trans-tetrahydropyrans proceeded via a boat-like transition state, where the 4-hydroxyl group formed a crucial hydrogen bond to the cyclizing alkoxide; (iii) both reactions are under kinetic control. The utility of this stereodivergent approach for the formation of 4-hydroxy-2,6-substituted tetrahydropyran rings has been demonstrated by the total syntheses of the anti-osteoporotic natural products diospongin A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Ermanis
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Yin-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Uğur Kaya
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Alan Jeuken
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5DD , UK .
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29
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Hubin PO, Jacquemin D, Leherte L, Vercauteren DP. Parameterization of the ReaxFF reactive force field for a proline-catalyzed aldol reaction. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2564-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O. Hubin
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique (PCI), Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur; 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1; rue Descartes 75231 Paris Cedex 5 France
| | - Laurence Leherte
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique (PCI), Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur; 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Daniel P. Vercauteren
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Informatique (PCI), Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur; 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
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30
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Zhang X, Chung LW, Wu YD. New Mechanistic Insights on the Selectivity of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions: The Role of Computational Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1302-10. [PMID: 27268125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With new advances in theoretical methods and increased computational power, applications of computational chemistry are becoming practical and routine in many fields of chemistry. In organic chemistry, computational chemistry plays an indispensable role in elucidating reaction mechanisms and the origins of various selectivities, such as chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities. Consequently, mechanistic understanding improves synthesis and assists in the rational design of new catalysts. In this Account, we present some of our recent works to illustrate how computational chemistry provides new mechanistic insights for improvement of the selectivities of several organic reactions. These examples include not only explanations for the existing experimental observations, but also predictions which were subsequently verified experimentally. This Account consists of three sections discuss three different kinds of selectivities. The first section discusses the regio- and stereoselectivities of hydrosilylations of alkynes, mainly catalyzed by [Cp*Ru(MeCN)3](+) or [CpRu(MeCN)3](+). Calculations suggest a new mechanism that involves a key ruthenacyclopropene intermediate. This mechanism not only explains the unusual Markovnikov regio-selectivity and anti-addition stereoselectivity observed by Trost and co-workers, but also motivated further experimental investigations. New intriguing experimental observations and further theoretical studies led to an extension of the reaction mechanism. The second section includes three cases of meta-selective C-H activation of aryl compounds. In the case of Cu-catalyzed selective meta-C-H activation of aniline, a new mechanism that involves a Cu(III)-Ar-mediated Heck-like transition state, in which the Ar group acts as an electrophile, was proposed. This mechanism predicted a higher reactivity for more electron-deficient Ar groups, which was supported by experiments. For two template-mediated, meta-selective C-H bond activations catalyzed by Pd(II), different mechanisms were derived for the two templates. One involves a dimeric Pd-Pd or Pd-Ag active catalyst, and the other involves a monomeric Pd catalyst, in which a monoprotected amino acid coordinates in a bidentate fashion and serves as an internal base for C-H activation. The third section discusses a desymmetry strategy in asymmetric synthesis. The construction of rigid skeletons is critical for these catalysts to distinguish two prochiral groups. Overall, fruitful collaborations between computational and experimental chemists have provided new and comprehensive mechanistic understanding and insights into these useful reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Zhang
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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31
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Naruse Y, Hasegawa Y, Ikemoto K. Orbital theory for diastereoselectivity in electrophilic addition. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Lam YH, Grayson MN, Holland MC, Simon A, Houk KN. Theory and Modeling of Asymmetric Catalytic Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:750-62. [PMID: 26967569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern density functional theory and powerful contemporary computers have made it possible to explore complex reactions of value in organic synthesis. We describe recent explorations of mechanisms and origins of stereoselectivities with density functional theory calculations. The specific functionals and basis sets that are routinely used in computational studies of stereoselectivities of organic and organometallic reactions in our group are described, followed by our recent studies that uncovered the origins of stereocontrol in reactions catalyzed by (1) vicinal diamines, including cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amines, (2) vicinal amidophosphines, and (3) organo-transition-metal complexes. Two common cyclic models account for the stereoselectivity of aldol reactions of metal enolates (Zimmerman-Traxler) or those catalyzed by the organocatalyst proline (Houk-List). Three other models were derived from computational studies described in this Account. Cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amines and other vicinal diamines are venerable asymmetric organocatalysts. For α-fluorinations and a variety of aldol reactions, vicinal diamines form enamines at one terminal amine and activate electrophilically with NH(+) or NF(+) at the other. We found that the stereocontrolling transition states are cyclic and that their conformational preferences are responsible for the observed stereoselectivity. In fluorinations, the chair seven-membered cyclic transition states is highly favored, just as the Zimmerman-Traxler chair six-membered aldol transition state controls stereoselectivity. In aldol reactions with vicinal diamine catalysts, the crown transition states are favored, both in the prototype and in an experimental example, shown in the graphic. We found that low-energy conformations of cyclic transition states occur and control stereoselectivities in these reactions. Another class of bifunctional organocatalysts, the vicinal amidophosphines, catalyzes the (3 + 2) annulation reaction of allenes with activated olefins. Stereocontrol here is due to an intermolecular hydrogen bond that activates the electrophilic partner in this reaction. We have also studied complex organometallic catalysts. Krische's ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrohydroxyalkylation of butadiene involves two chiral ligands at Ru, a chiral diphosphine and a chiral phosphate. The size of this combination strains the limits of modern computations with over 160 atoms, multiple significant steps, and a variety of ligand coordinations and conformations possible. We found that carbon-carbon bond formation occurs via a chair Zimmerman-Traxler-type transition structure and that a formyl CH···O hydrogen bond from aldehyde CH to phosphate oxygen, as well as steric interactions of the two chiral ligands, control the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Adam Simon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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33
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Madarász Á, Berta D, Paton RS. Development of a True Transition State Force Field from Quantum Mechanical Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:1833-44. [PMID: 26925858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition state force fields (TSFF) treated the TS structure as an artificial minimum on the potential energy surface in the past decades. The necessary parameters were developed either manually or by the Quantum-to-molecular mechanics method (Q2MM). In contrast with these approaches, here we propose to model the TS structures as genuine saddle points at the molecular mechanics level. Different methods were tested on small model systems of general chemical reactions such as protonation, nucleophilic attack, and substitution, and the new procedure led to more accurate models than the Q2MM-type parametrization. To demonstrate the practicality of our approach, transferrable parameters have been developed for Mo-catalyzed olefin metathesis using quantum mechanical properties as reference data. Based on the proposed strategy, any force field can be extended with true transition state force field (TTSFF) parameters, and they can be readily applied in several molecular mechanics programs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Madarász
- Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudosok Korutja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Berta
- Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudosok Korutja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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34
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Stegmüller A, Tonner R. A Quantum Chemical Descriptor for CVD Precursor Design: Predicting Decomposition Rates of TBP and TBAs Isomers and Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201504332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stegmüller
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Fachbereich Chemie and Material Sciences Center; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Fachbereich Chemie and Material Sciences Center; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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35
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Sekikawa T, Kitaguchi T, Kitaura H, Minami T, Hatanaka Y. Catalytic Activity of epi-Quinine-Derived 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide in Asymmetric Nitro-Michael Reaction of Furanones. Org Lett 2015; 17:3026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Sekikawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kitaguchi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Kitaura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Minami
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hatanaka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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36
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Wang J, Chen N, Xu J. Diastereoselectivity in the triethylamine-catalyzed sulfa-Michael addition of thiols to nitroalkenes: kinetic and thermodynamic control. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Cheng GJ, Zhang X, Chung LW, Xu L, Wu YD. Computational organic chemistry: bridging theory and experiment in establishing the mechanisms of chemical reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1706-25. [PMID: 25568962 DOI: 10.1021/ja5112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chemical reactions, especially catalysis, has been an important and active area of computational organic chemistry, and close collaborations between experimentalists and theorists represent a growing trend. This Perspective provides examples of such productive collaborations. The understanding of various reaction mechanisms and the insight gained from these studies are emphasized. The applications of various experimental techniques in elucidation of reaction details as well as the development of various computational techniques to meet the demand of emerging synthetic methods, e.g., C-H activation, organocatalysis, and single electron transfer, are presented along with some conventional developments of mechanistic aspects. Examples of applications are selected to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of these techniques. Some challenges in the mechanistic studies and predictions of reactions are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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38
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Lopez SA, Pourati M, Gais HJ, Houk KN. How Torsional Effects Cause Attack at Sterically Crowded Concave Faces of Bicyclic Alkenes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8304-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501557z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Melika Pourati
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Gais
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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39
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Brambilla M, Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Thomson JE. Asymmetric and enantiospecific syntheses of 1-hydroxymethyl pyrrolizidine alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Singh P, Manna SK, Panda G. Synthesis of polyhydroxylated indolizidines and piperidines from Garner's aldehyde: total synthesis of (−)-swainsonine, (+)-1,2-di-epi-swainsonine, (+)-8,8a-di-epi-castanospermine, pentahydroxy indolizidines, (−)-1-deoxynojirimycin, (−)-1-deoxy-altro-nojirimycin, and related diversity. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Wang H, Houk KN. Torsional Control of Stereoselectivities in Electrophilic Additions and Cycloadditions to Alkenes. Chem Sci 2014; 5:10.1039/C3SC52538D. [PMID: 24409340 PMCID: PMC3882201 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Torsional effects control the π-facial stereoselectivities of a variety of synthetically important organic reactions. This review surveys theoretical calculations that have led to the understanding of the influence of the torsional effects on several types of stereoselective organic reactions, especially electrophilic additions and cycloadditions to alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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42
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Volp KA, Harned AM. Origin of Stereoselectivity of the Alkylation of Cyclohexadienone-Derived Bicyclic Malonates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7554-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4011238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Volp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Andrew M. Harned
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
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43
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Egart B, Lentz D, Czekelius C. Diastereoselective Bromocyclization of O-Allyl-N-tosyl-hydroxylamines. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2490-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3026725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Egart
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195
Berlin, Germany
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44
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Iafe RG, Kuo JL, Hochstatter DG, Saga T, Turner JW, Merlic CA. Increasing the efficiency of the transannular Diels-Alder strategy via palladium(II)-catalyzed macrocyclizations. Org Lett 2013; 15:582-5. [PMID: 23343225 DOI: 10.1021/ol303394t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed macrocyclizations of bis(vinylboronate ester) compounds are demonstrated to provide a strategically efficient approach to transannular Diels-Alder reaction substrates. In several systems reported, the macrocycle is preorganized such that cycloaddition at room temperature occurs concomitantly with cyclization. Numerous advantages over palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling approaches are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Iafe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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45
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Alajarin M, Cabrera J, Sanchez-Andrada P, Orenes RA, Pastor A. 4-Alkenyl-2-aminothiazoles: Smart Dienes for Polar [4 + 2] Cycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Cahill KJ, Johnson RP. Beyond Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory: A Systematic Electron Transfer Model (ETM) for Polar Bimolecular Organic Reactions. J Org Chem 2012; 78:1864-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301731v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J. Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Richard P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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47
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Lam YH, Houk KN, Cossy J, Prado DG, Cochi A. H12461. Fluorine as a Regiocontrol Element in the Ring Openings of Bicyclic Aziridiniums. Helv Chim Acta 2012; 95:2265-2277. [PMID: 23471532 PMCID: PMC3586746 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the variation in the regioselectivity of the nucleophilic ring-opening of a series of bicyclic aziridinium ions derived from N-alkylprolinols was investigated by quantum chemical computations (M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p)-SMD). These aziridiniums differ only in the degree and the stereochemistry of fluoro substitution at C(4). With the azide ion as nucleophile, the ratio of the piperidine to the pyrrolidine product was computed. An electrostatic gauche effect influences the conformation of the adjoining five-membered ring in the fluorinated bicyclic aziridinium. This controls the regioselectivity of the aziridinium ring-opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA, phone: +1-310-206-0515; fax: +1-310-206-1843
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA, phone: +1-310-206-0515; fax: +1-310-206-1843
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
| | - Domingo Gomez Prado
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
| | - Anne Cochi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
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48
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Wang H, Kohler P, Overman LE, Houk KN. Origins of stereoselectivities of dihydroxylations of cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octenes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16054-8. [PMID: 22954350 DOI: 10.1021/ja3075538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselectivities of the dihydroxylations of cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octene intermediates for a projected total synthesis of chromodorolide A have been explored experimentally. The reaction occurs unexpectedly on the apparently more hindered (concave) face; this result has been explained through computational studies using B3LYP and B3LYP-D3 methods. Torsional effects are largely responsible for the stereoselectivity encountered in the chromodorolide A synthesis. Many literature examples have been reported on related cases. QM calculations show that the stereoselectivities of dihydroxylations of fused cyclopentenes are influenced by the conformational rigidity or flexibility of the substrate. Torsional, electrostatic, and steric effects can all influence stereoselectivity, and the rigidity or flexibility of conformations of reactants provides a predictive guide to stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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49
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Schnermann MJ, Untiedt NL, Jiménez-Osés G, Houk KN, Overman LE. Forming Tertiary Organolithiums and Organocuprates from Nitrile Precursors and their Bimolecular Reactions with Carbon Electrophiles to Form Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Schnermann MJ, Untiedt NL, Jiménez–Osés G, Houk KN, Overman LE. Forming tertiary organolithiums and organocuprates from nitrile precursors and their bimolecular reactions with carbon electrophiles to form quaternary carbon stereocenters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9581-6. [PMID: 22927041 PMCID: PMC3517041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schnermann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Nicholas L. Untiedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez–Osés
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
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