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Nai EA, Thurbide KB. A Dual Column pH Switchable Water Stationary Phase System for Separation Control in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e70008. [PMID: 39494766 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.70008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
A dual column system comprised of a pH switchable water stationary phase column and a conventional non-polar capillary column is introduced for use in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By removing or adding NH4OH to the system hydration source, the water stationary phase pH can be rapidly switched between acidic (measured at pH∼3) and basic (measured at pH∼9) in seconds, while the operating character of the conventional column is unchanged. This switch modulates the velocity of ionizable analytes about 20-fold in the system, whereas non-ionizable analytes are not affected. In this way, the retention time of acids and/or bases can be reproducibly altered (<1% RSD; n = 3) in SFC separations. As a result, analyte selectivity and resolution can be readily controlled during analyses. For example, a selectivity reversal (alpha from 0.4 to 1.6) and a resolution increase (from 0 to 13) are demonstrated. Rapid stationary phase pH switching also allows multiple acids, bases, and/or neutral analytes to be determined simultaneously. Applications demonstrate that this method can greatly simplify complex mixture analysis in SFC by helping to separate target analytes from interfering matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Nai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin B Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Nai EA, Thurbide KB. A novel switchable water stationary phase for supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341686. [PMID: 37709440 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel pH switchable water stationary phase is presented for use in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). By adding NH4OH to the water coating and system hydration, changes in CO2 pressure and temperature allow a wide range of stationary phase pH conditions (∼3-9) to be achieved, which impact analyte retention properties. For example, 100 atm and 50 °C produces an acidic water stationary phase (pH near 4.0) where octanoic acid readily elutes while the base caffeine does not. Conversely, at 80 atm and 120 °C a basic water stationary phase (pH near 8.0) is obtained and the opposite occurs. Further, under constant pressure and temperature conditions, simply adding or removing NH4OH from the system is also found to readily allow switching between the basic and acidic water stationary phase modes and demonstrates control over ionizable analyte elution. For instance, hexanoic acid elution is near 40 times more delayed on a basic water stationary phase and, as such, it can be eluted at later points in time as desired by removing the NH4OH and switching to an acidic stationary phase. Experiments indicate that stationary phase pH switching occurs uniformly across the 15 m column length within about 18 s and that analyte retention times are very reproducible upon performing a switch (1.4% RSD; n = 3). Results demonstrate the selectivity factor between acidic and neutral analytes can be reversed and increased about 35 times, while in other trials resolution also similarly increased near 40-fold. By rapidly switching the stationary phase pH back and forth between acidic and basic modes, the selectivity between ionizable analytes could also be increased as desired. Various applications with the system show that it can vastly increase the separation between target analytes and matrix components as required by the dynamics of a particular separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Nai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin B Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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3
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Plachká K, Pilařová V, Horáček O, Gazárková T, Vlčková HK, Kučera R, Nováková L. Columns in analytical-scale supercritical fluid chromatography: From traditional to unconventional chemistries. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300431. [PMID: 37568246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, we thoroughly explored supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) columns used across > 3000 papers published from the first study carried out under SFC conditions in 1962 to the end of 2022. We focused on the open tubular capillary, packed capillary, and packed columns, their chemistries, dimensions, and trends in used stationary phases with correlation to their specific interactions, advantages, drawbacks, used instrumentation, and application field. Since the 1990s, packed columns with liquid chromatography and SFC-dedicated stationary phases for chiral and achiral separation are predominantly used. These stationary phases are based on silica support modified with a wide range of chemical moieties. Moreover, numerous unconventional stationary phases were evaluated, including porous graphitic carbon, titania, zirconia, alumina, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids. The applications of unconventional stationary phases are described in detail as they bring essential findings required for further development of the supercritical fluid chromatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Maity A, Hershkovitz-Pollak Y, Gupta R, Wu W, Haick H. Spin-Controlled Helical Quantum Sieve Chiral Spectrometer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209125. [PMID: 36807927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on a molecular-spin-sensitive-antenna (MSSA) that is based on stacked layers of organically functionalized graphene on a fibrous helical cellulose network for carrying out spatiotemporal identification of chiral enantiomers. The MSSA structures combine three complementary features: (i) chiral separation via a helical quantum sieve for chiral trapping, (ii) chiral recognition by a synthetically implanted spin-sensitive center in a graphitic lattice; and (iii) chiral selectivity by a chirality-induced-spin mechanism that polarizes the local electronic band-structure in graphene through chiral-activated Rashba spin-orbit interaction field. Combining the MSSA structures with decision-making principles based on neuromorphic artificial intelligence shows fast, portable, and wearable spectrometry for the detection and classification of pure and a mixture of chiral molecules, such as butanol (S and R), limonene (S and R), and xylene isomers, with 95-98% accuracy. These results can have a broad impact where the MSSA approach is central as a precautionary risk assessment against potential hazards impacting human health and the environment due to chiral molecules; furthermore, it acts as a dynamic monitoring tool of all parts of the chiral molecule life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yael Hershkovitz-Pollak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, P. R. China
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Hondo T, Ota C, Miyake Y, Furutani H, Toyoda M. Microscale supercritical fluid extraction combined with supercritical fluid chromatography and proton-transfer-reaction ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for a magnitude lower limit of quantitation of lipophilic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463495. [PMID: 36126560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of proton transfer ionization reaction mass spectrometry (PTR MS) combined with microscale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) aiming to quantitate single-cell fatty acid analysis levels was investigated. Using a microscale extraction vessel, the obtained low limits of quantitation (LLOQs) of arachidonic acid and arachidic acid were 1.2 and 2.7 fmol, respectively, by using less than 1 µL of sample on stainless steel frit. A series of phthalate, vitamin K1, and α-tocopherol were also tested, and the LLOQ was less than one femtomole for phthalate and 35 and 13 fmol for vitamin K1 and α-tocopherol, respectively. A microliter portion of SFE extracts was introduced into the SFC column by split injection, improving the reproducibility of the chromatography and separation efficiency. The method in the present study has great potential to quantitate lipophilic molecules on the nanogram scale of a sample without complex preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Hondo
- MS-Cheminformatics LLC, Sasao-nishi 2-13-21, Toin, Inabe, Mie 511-0231, Japan; Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Ota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyake
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furutani
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Manufacturing Support, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michisato Toyoda
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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Berger TA. The Evolution and Current State of Instrumentation for Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Roy D, Miller L. Exploring the utility of natural deep eutectic solvents as additives in super/subcritical fluid chromatography- insights into chiral recognition mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Kaplitz AS, Berger TA, Berger BK, Schug KA. A Review of Fraction Collection Technology for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Evolution of packed column SFC as a greener analytical tool for pharmaceutical analysis. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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11
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Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Li X, Yang J, Bao Y, Yin Q, Hao H. A selective cocrystallization separation method based on non-covalent interactions and its application. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A selective cocrystallization technology based on non-covalent interactions between the target compound and cocrystal conformers was developed to effectively separate isomer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuxiang Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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12
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Saowapon MT, Thurbide KB. Adjustable column length using a water stationary phase in supercritical fluid chromatography. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for adjusting the column length during analysis in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is introduced. The approach is based on using a water stationary phase that can be partially ejected (or replenished) from the column as desired, without physically removing the supporting hardware elements. By flowing cool air through a sleeve surrounding the column in a heated oven, an axial thermal gradient along the length of the column was formed. This established a cooler region where the water stationary phase could be maintained and a hotter region where the coating was removed through dehydration. As such, the effective column length could be easily adjusted by changing the gradient via the air flow rate. Using this prototype arrangement, column lengths could be readily varied between 1.4 and 10 m. System response was also fairly rapid and changes took effect in under 1 min. Once a given length was established, retention times were highly reproducible with a relative standard deviation of 1.8% (n = 3). The method is cheaper and faster than the conventional method of storing numerous columns for manual switching. Further, it avoids the convolution of system pressure and flow rate that accompanies the pressure adjustments normally used to optimize capillary SFC separations. Results indicate that this approach could be a useful alternative for adjusting column length to optimize separation speed and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Saowapon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin B. Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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14
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Saowapon MT, Thurbide KB. Dehydration of a Water Stationary Phase as a Novel Separation Gradient in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Doing more with less: Evaluation of the use of high linear velocities in preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:199-206. [PMID: 30871755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of higher than typical linear velocities is discussed for supercritical fluid chromatographic purifications on the preparative scale. SFC separation efficiency suffers far less at high linear velocities than HPLC by the rapid mass transfer of analytes carried by compressed CO2 through the stationary phase. The technique is discussed using chiral test compounds and columns. In many cases, running at high linear velocities can yield significant time savings and decreased consumption of mobile phase solvent, while also lowering energy consumption. Within the practical limitations of commercial instrumentation, using 20 μm particles can aid in achieving higher linear velocities not attainable with smaller 5 μm particles, particularly when running with high percentages of organic co-solvent. Use of larger particles for the stationary phase also lowers the associated column cost. These benefits can yield an overall purification process that is more productive and environmentally friendly.
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16
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Zajickova Z, Špánik I. Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores FL USA
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
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17
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Chiral Separations Using a Modified Water Stationary Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Wang B, Liu XH, Zhou W, Hong Y, Feng SL. Fast separation of flavonoids by supercritical fluid chromatography using a column packed with a sub-2 μm particle stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1410-1420. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou P. R. China
- Central Laboratory of Technical Center; Gansu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiao-hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Central Laboratory of Technical Center; Gansu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Shi-lan Feng
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou P. R. China
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19
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Scott AF, Thurbide KB. Retention Characteristics of a pH Tunable Water Stationary Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:82-89. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Separation factors for [amim]Cl–CO2 biphasic systems from high pressure density and partition coefficient measurements. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Stadie NP, Callini E, Mauron P, Borgschulte A, Züttel A. Supercritical nitrogen processing for the purification of reactive porous materials. J Vis Exp 2015:e52817. [PMID: 26066492 DOI: 10.3791/52817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml(-1), modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 Å. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Stadie
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology;
| | - Elsa Callini
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Philippe Mauron
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Züttel
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
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22
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Tayler MCD, van Meerten S(BGJ, Kentgens APM, van Bentum PJM. Analysis of mass-limited mixtures using supercritical-fluid chromatography and microcoil NMR. Analyst 2015; 140:6217-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00772k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol combining rapid and low-cost chromatography and NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. D. Tayler
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525AJ
- Netherlands
| | | | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525AJ
- Netherlands
| | - P. Jan M. van Bentum
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen 6525AJ
- Netherlands
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23
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Scott AF, Thurbide KB. Comparative Response Characterization of a Universal Acoustic Flame Detector for Chromatography. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Nováková L, Chocholouš P, Solich P. Ultra-fast separation of estrogen steroids using subcritical fluid chromatography on sub-2-micron particles. Talanta 2014; 121:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Noh HB, Chandra P, Kim YJ, Shim YB. A Simple Separation Method with a Microfluidic Channel Based on Alternating Current Potential Modulation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9738-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301351y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Bog Noh
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of BioPhysio
Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of BioPhysio
Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - You-Jeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of BioPhysio
Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of BioPhysio
Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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27
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Design and evaluation of various methods for the construction of kinetic performance limit plots for supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Green bioanalysis: some innovative ideas towards green analytical techniques. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1377-91. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The key target of green chemistry is to make compounds and materials available to mankind, while causing no harm to the environment. In the 21st century analytical scientists are more concerned about green analytical method development. The number of literatures on green chemistry has undergone a dramatic increase in the new millennium. Green bioanalytical techniques aim to minimize or eliminate the hazardous waste associated with bioanalytical methods. An efficient and sincere approach towards bioanalytical method development has an enormous contribution towards green analysis. The selection of organic constituents of the mobile phase, choice of sample extraction process, adoption of an appropriate separation procedure and a few others, control the green chemistry approach of the bioanalytical method. In routine practice, UHPLC–MS can be the most suitable approach, while supercritical fluid chromatography is one of the best available techniques for green bioanalytical methods. Nevertheless, there always remains great scope of further research on green bioanalytical methods.
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Investigation of polar organic solvents compatible with Corona Charged Aerosol Detection and their use for the determination of sugars by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:199-206. [PMID: 23062441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A range of organic solvents (ethanol, isopropanol and acetone) has been investigated as alternatives to acetonitrile and methanol when used in conjunction with Corona Charged Aerosol Detection (Corona CAD). These solvents have been evaluated with regard to their effect on the response of the Corona CAD. Three dimensional response surfaces were constructed using raw data showing the relationship between detector response, analyte concentration and percentage of organic solvent in the mobile phase, using sucralose or quinine as the test analyte. The detector response was non-linear in terms of analyte concentration for all solvents tested. However, detector response varied in an approximately linear manner with percentage of organic solvent over the range 0-40% for ethanol or isopropanol and 0-80% for acetone and methanol. The chromatographic performance of the various solvents when used as aqueous-organic mobile phases was evaluated for isocratic and gradient separations of sugars and sugar alcohols by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) using an Asahipak NH2P-504E column coupled with Corona CAD detection. It was found that whilst acetonitrile provided the highest column efficiencies and lowest detection limits of the solvents studied, acetone also performed well and could be used to resolve the same number of analytes as was possible with acetonitrile. Typical efficiencies and detection limits of 5330 plates m(-1) and 1.25 μg mL(-1), respectively, were achieved when acetone was used as the organic modifier. Acetone was utilised successfully as an organic modifier in the HILIC separation of carbohydrates in a beer sample and also for a partially digested dextran sample.
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Guiochon G, Tarafder A. Fundamental challenges and opportunities for preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1037-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Berger TA. Demonstration of High Speeds with Low Pressure Drops Using 1.8 μm Particles in SFC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Schmitz FP, Leyendecker D, Klesper E. Chromatography with Mobile Phases in the Liquid and the Supercritical State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19840880929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Owing to its favorable properties, such as low viscosity and high diffusivity, a supercritical fluid can be used as the mobile phase in chromatography. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) can provide high-speed and high-resolution separation. Since supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), which is generally used as the mobile phase in SFC, is automatically emitted at room temperature, SFC is most commonly used as a preparative method. However, SFC can also be used to perform high-precision biomolecular analysis, especially for hydrophobic metabolites, because of the low polarity of SCCO2. The use of a mass spectrometer with SFC can widen the scope of application of SFC to bioanalysis. In this review, we summarize practical application of SFC as a tool for the analysis of metabolites in real biological samples.
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34
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Mah C, Thurbide KB. gAn improved interface for universal acoustic flame detection in modified supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1314-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Hemmateenejad B, Shamsipur M, Miri R, Elyasi M, Foroghinia F, Sharghi H. Linear and nonlinear quantitative structure–property relationship models for solubility of some anthraquinone, anthrone and xanthone derivatives in supercritical carbon dioxide. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Xu J, Thompson R, Li B, Ge Z. APPLICATION OF PACKED COLUMN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR SEPARATION OF BROMOSULFONE FROM PROCESS RELATED IMPURITIES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Xu
- a Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
| | - R. Thompson
- a Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
| | - B. Li
- a Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
| | - Z. Ge
- a Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
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37
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Xia Z, Thurbide KB. Universal acoustic flame detection for modified supercritial fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:180-5. [PMID: 16325193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel detector, based on the frequency of acoustic emissions from an oscillating premixed hydrogen/oxygen flame, has been characterized for use in supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC). When an organic analyte is introduced, the steady pitch of the acoustic flame detector (AFD) increases proportionally to the carbon content of the molecule. Using standard hydrocarbon analytes, the SFC-AFD system provided a linear response over about 3 orders of magnitude with a detection limit (S/sigma = 3) of 18 ng of carbon per second. The detector sensitivity was uniform for all analytes and did not change when using either pure or methanol modified supercritical-carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) as a mobile phase. While a stable baseline could be obtained for a variety of constant conditions, density gradients did cause it to shift due to the changing flow rate encountered when using a passive restrictor. While these changes were small for a pure SC-CO(2) mobile phase, they were larger when using a methanol modifier. Qualitatively, the AFD response compared well to a flame ionization detector (FID). Overall, the results indicate that the AFD may be a useful, inexpensive universal detector for SFC applications that require organic modifiers and are unable to use an FID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 1N4
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38
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Chen L, Thompson RA, Johnson BD, Wyvratt JM. Enantiomeric separation of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound using packed-column subcritical fluid chromatography. Chirality 2002; 14:393-9. [PMID: 11984754 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Separation of enantiomers of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound was performed on a Chiralpak AD column using subcritical fluid chromatography. Effects of alcohol modifier and temperature on the separations were studied. The results revealed that while the main adsorbing interactions were between the hydroxyl group of the analyte and the carbamate group of the stationary phase, chiral discrimination was achieved through an inclusion mechanism within the chiral cavity created along the amylose chains. Analogs and synthetic precursors of the thiazolbenzenesulfonamide studied were also investigated so as to understand the effect of functional groups and configuration of the analyte molecule upon chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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39
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Yaku K, Morishita F. Separation of drugs by packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2000; 43:59-76. [PMID: 10869667 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(00)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) has been expected to analyze various kinds of compounds. Many researchers have expected a new chromatographic technique that overcomes the limitations of other techniques, HPLC and GC. In pharmaceutical development, chromatography plays an important role in the evaluation of safety and efficacy of a new compound. This article provides an overview of the separation of drugs by pSFC. The effects of the chromatographic parameters were studied for the separation of steroids. In chiral separation, the successful results were shown and compared with HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yaku
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Product & Technology Development Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8505, Osaka, Japan.
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40
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Pietrogrande MC, Benvenuti A, Dondi F. Temperature effect on HPLC retention of PCBs on porous graphitic carbon. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Abstract
The last 20 years have seen an intense interest in the use of supercritical fluids in separation science. This started with the introduction of commercial instruments first for packed and then for capillary chromatography and it looked as if this would be a technique to rival gas-liquid chromatography and HPLC. The activity developed quite rapidly into packed column supercritical fluid separations then into supercritical fluid extraction. However, in recent years there has been a decline in publications. These later techniques continue to be used but are now principally applied to a limited group of applications where they offer significant advantages over alternative techniques. This review looks back over this period and analyses how these methods were developed and the fluids, detectors and applications that were examined. It suggests why many of the initial applications have vanished and why the initial apparent promise was not fulfilled. The rise and fall of supercritical fluids represents a lesson in the way analysts approach new techniques and how we might view other new separation developments at the end of this millennium. The review looks forward to the future of supercritical fluids and their role at the end of the first century of separation science. Probably the most important idea that supercritical fluids have brought to separation science is a recognition that there is unity in the separation methods and that a continuum exists from gases to liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leics, UK.
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43
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Loughlin T, Thompson R, Bicker G, Tway P, Grinberg N. Use of subcritical fluid chromatography for the separation of enantiomers using packed cellulose based stationary phase. Chirality 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:1<157::aid-chir24>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP. Mass Separation Due to the Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid across a Radial Thermal Gradient. SEP SCI TECHNOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/01496399508013142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Yamada A, Ezaki Y, Matsuo K, Yarita T, Nomura A. Supercritical fluid chromatography of free resin acids on an ODS-silica gel column. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00442-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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47
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Xie LQ, Markides KE, Lee ML. Biomedical applications of analytical supercritical fluid separation techniques. Anal Biochem 1992; 200:7-19. [PMID: 1595903 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90269-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Q Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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48
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Berger TA. Density of methanol-carbon dioxide mixtures at three temperatures: Comparison with vapor-liquid equilibria measurements and results obtained from chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240140504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Ashraf-Khorassani M, Levy JM. Quantitative analysis of polymer additives in low density polyethylene using supercritical fluid extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240131104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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