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Tomczak J, Mackiewicz J, Lisek M, Kaluza A, Boczek T. Exploring AKAPs in visual signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1412407. [PMID: 38813437 PMCID: PMC11133604 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1412407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex nature of the retina demands well-organized signaling to uphold signal accuracy and avoid interference, a critical aspect in handling a variety of visual stimuli. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), known for binding protein kinase A (PKA), contribute to the specificity and efficiency of retinal signaling. They play multifaceted roles in various retinal cell types, influencing photoreceptor sensitivity, neurotransmitter release in bipolar cells, and the integration of visual information in ganglion cells. AKAPs like AKAP79/150 and AKAP95 exhibit distinct subcellular localizations, impacting synaptic transmission and receptor sensitivity in photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Furthermore, AKAPs are involved in neuroprotective mechanisms and axonal degeneration, particularly in retinal ganglion cells. In particular, AKAP6 coordinates stress-specific signaling and promotes neuroprotection following optic nerve injury. As our review underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting AKAP signaling complexes for retinal neuroprotection and enhancement, it acknowledges challenges in developing selective drugs that target complex protein-protein interactions. Overall, this exploration of AKAPs provides valuable insights into the intricacies of retinal signaling, offering a foundation for understanding and potentially addressing retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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2
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Amaya-Rodriguez CA, Carvajal-Zamorano K, Bustos D, Alegría-Arcos M, Castillo K. A journey from molecule to physiology and in silico tools for drug discovery targeting the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1251061. [PMID: 38328578 PMCID: PMC10847257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1251061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 channel is widely expressed in nerve terminals of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and trigeminal ganglia innervating the body and face, respectively, as well as in other tissues and organs including central nervous system. The TRPV1 channel is a versatile receptor that detects harmful heat, pain, and various internal and external ligands. Hence, it operates as a polymodal sensory channel. Many pathological conditions including neuroinflammation, cancer, psychiatric disorders, and pathological pain, are linked to the abnormal functioning of the TRPV1 in peripheral tissues. Intense biomedical research is underway to discover compounds that can modulate the channel and provide pain relief. The molecular mechanisms underlying temperature sensing remain largely unknown, although they are closely linked to pain transduction. Prolonged exposure to capsaicin generates analgesia, hence numerous capsaicin analogs have been developed to discover efficient analgesics for pain relief. The emergence of in silico tools offered significant techniques for molecular modeling and machine learning algorithms to indentify druggable sites in the channel and for repositioning of current drugs aimed at TRPV1. Here we recapitulate the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the TRPV1 channel, including structural models obtained through cryo-EM, pharmacological compounds tested on TRPV1, and the in silico tools for drug discovery and repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Amaya-Rodriguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Fisiología y Comportamiento Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Karina Carvajal-Zamorano
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Daniel Bustos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Departamento de Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Melissa Alegría-Arcos
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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3
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Collins KB, Scott JD. Phosphorylation, compartmentalization, and cardiac function. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:353-369. [PMID: 36177749 PMCID: PMC10049969 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental element of cell signaling. First discovered as a biochemical switch in glycogen metabolism, we now know that this posttranslational modification permeates all aspects of cellular behavior. In humans, over 540 protein kinases attach phosphate to acceptor amino acids, whereas around 160 phosphoprotein phosphatases remove phosphate to terminate signaling. Aberrant phosphorylation underlies disease, and kinase inhibitor drugs are increasingly used clinically as targeted therapies. Specificity in protein phosphorylation is achieved in part because kinases and phosphatases are spatially organized inside cells. A prototypic example is compartmentalization of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A through association with A-kinase anchoring proteins. This configuration creates autonomous signaling islands where the anchored kinase is constrained in proximity to activators, effectors, and selected substates. This article primarily focuses on A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) signaling in the heart with an emphasis on anchoring proteins that spatiotemporally coordinate excitation-contraction coupling and hypertrophic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie B. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Ave, Seattle WA, 98195
| | - John D. Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Ave, Seattle WA, 98195
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4
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Subramanian H, Nikolaev VO. A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins in Cardiac Myocytes and Their Roles in Regulating Calcium Cycling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030436. [PMID: 36766777 PMCID: PMC9913689 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of calcium cycling and calcium transient amplitude are critical determinants for the efficient contraction and relaxation of the heart. Calcium-handling proteins in the cardiac myocyte are altered in heart failure, and restoring the proper function of those proteins is an effective potential therapeutic strategy. The calcium-handling proteins or their regulators are phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), and thereby their activity is regulated. A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) play a seminal role in orchestrating PKA and cAMP regulators in calcium handling and contractile machinery. This cAMP/PKA orchestration is crucial for the increased force and rate of contraction and relaxation of the heart in response to fight-or-flight. Knockout models and the few available preclinical models proved that the efficient targeting of AKAPs offers potential therapies tailor-made for improving defective calcium cycling. In this review, we highlight important studies that identified AKAPs and their regulatory roles in cardiac myocyte calcium cycling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.O.N.); Tel.: +49(0)40-7410-57383 (V.O.N.)
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.O.N.); Tel.: +49(0)40-7410-57383 (V.O.N.)
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5
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Chan GKL, Maisel S, Hwang YC, Pascual BC, Wolber RRB, Vu P, Patra KC, Bouhaddou M, Kenerson HL, Lim HC, Long D, Yeung RS, Sethupathy P, Swaney DL, Krogan NJ, Turnham RE, Riehle KJ, Scott JD, Bardeesy N, Gordan JD. Oncogenic PKA signaling increases c-MYC protein expression through multiple targetable mechanisms. eLife 2023; 12:e69521. [PMID: 36692000 PMCID: PMC9925115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations that activate protein kinase A (PKA) are found in many tumor types. Yet, their downstream oncogenic signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. We used global phosphoproteomics and kinase activity profiling to map conserved signaling outputs driven by a range of genetic changes that activate PKA in human cancer. Two signaling networks were identified downstream of PKA: RAS/MAPK components and an Aurora Kinase A (AURKA)/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) sub-network with activity toward MYC oncoproteins. Findings were validated in two PKA-dependent cancer models: a novel, patient-derived fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) line that expresses a DNAJ-PKAc fusion and a PKA-addicted melanoma model with a mutant type I PKA regulatory subunit. We identify PKA signals that can influence both de novo translation and stability of the proto-oncogene c-MYC. However, the primary mechanism of PKA effects on MYC in our cell models was translation and could be blocked with the eIF4A inhibitor zotatifin. This compound dramatically reduced c-MYC expression and inhibited FLC cell line growth in vitro. Thus, targeting PKA effects on translation is a potential treatment strategy for FLC and other PKA-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary KL Chan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Samantha Maisel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yeonjoo C Hwang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Bryan C Pascual
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Rebecca RB Wolber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Phuong Vu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Krushna C Patra
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- J. David Gladstone InstituteSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery and Northwest Liver Research Program, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Huat C Lim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Donald Long
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery and Northwest Liver Research Program, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- J. David Gladstone InstituteSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Rigney E Turnham
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Department of Surgery and Northwest Liver Research Program, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterBostonUnited States
| | - John D Gordan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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6
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Piol D, Tosatto L, Zuccaro E, Anderson EN, Falconieri A, Polanco MJ, Marchioretti C, Lia F, White J, Bregolin E, Minervini G, Parodi S, Salvatella X, Arrigoni G, Ballabio A, La Spada AR, Tosatto SC, Sambataro F, Medina DL, Pandey UB, Basso M, Pennuto M. Antagonistic effect of cyclin-dependent kinases and a calcium-dependent phosphatase on polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor toxic gain of function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1694. [PMID: 36608116 PMCID: PMC9821870 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansions in androgen receptor (AR), generating gain-of-function toxicity that may involve phosphorylation. Using cellular and animal models, we investigated what kinases and phosphatases target polyQ-expanded AR, whether polyQ expansions modify AR phosphorylation, and how this contributes to neurodegeneration. Mass spectrometry showed that polyQ expansions preserve native phosphorylation and increase phosphorylation at conserved sites controlling AR stability and transactivation. In small-molecule screening, we identified that CDC25/CDK2 signaling could enhance AR phosphorylation, and the calcium-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin had opposite effects. Pharmacologic and genetic manipulation of these kinases and phosphatases modified polyQ-expanded AR function and toxicity in cells, flies, and mice. Ablation of CDK2 reduced AR phosphorylation in the brainstem and restored expression of Myc and other genes involved in DNA damage, senescence, and apoptosis, indicating that the cell cycle-regulated kinase plays more than a bystander role in SBMA-vulnerable postmitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Piol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute (DTI), Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Tosatto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute (DTI), Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | - Eric N. Anderson
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Maria J. Polanco
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute (DTI), Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchioretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | - Joseph White
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Biological Chemistry, and the UCI Institute for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elisa Bregolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sara Parodi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Albert R. La Spada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Biological Chemistry, and the UCI Institute for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Silvio C. E. Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego L. Medina
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Udai B. Pandey
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute (DTI), Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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7
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Mironova GY, Haghbin N, Welsh DG. Functional tuning of Vascular L-type Ca2+ channels. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1058744. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1058744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle contraction is intimately tied to membrane potential and the rise in intracellular Ca2+ enabled by the opening of L-type Ca2+ channels. While voltage is often viewed as the single critical factor gating these channels, research is starting to reveal a more intricate scenario whereby their function is markedly tuned. This emerging concept will be the focus of this three-part review, the first part articulating the mechanistic foundation of contractile development in vascular smooth muscle. Part two will extend this foundational knowledge, introducing readers to functional coupling and how neighboring L-type Ca2+ channels work cooperatively through signaling protein complexes, to facilitate their open probability. The final aspect of this review will discuss the impact of L-type Ca2+ channel trafficking, a process tied to cytoskeleton dynamics. Cumulatively, this brief manuscript provides new insight into how voltage, along with channel cooperativity and number, work in concert to tune Ca2+ responses and smooth muscle contraction.
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8
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Zhang R, Liang C, Guo X, Bao P, Pei J, Wu F, Yin M, Chu M, Yan P. Quantitative phosphoproteomics analyses reveal the regulatory mechanisms related to frozen-thawed sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in yak (Bos grunniens). Front Physiol 2022; 13:1013082. [PMID: 36277216 PMCID: PMC9583833 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1013082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatozoa are not mature after ejaculation and must undergo additional functional and structural changes within female reproductive tracts to achieve subsequent fertilization, including both capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR), which are dominated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), especially phosphorylation. However, the mechanism of protein phosphorylation during frozen-thawed sperm capacitation and AR has not been well studied. In this study, the phosphoproteomics approach was employed based on tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategy to analyze frozen-thawed sperm in Ashidan yak under three sequential conditions (density gradient centrifugation-based purification, incubation in the capacitation medium and induction of AR processes by the calcium ionophore A23187 treatment). The identification of 1,377 proteins with 5,509 phosphorylation sites revealed changes in phosphorylation levels of sperm-specific proteins involved in regulation of spermatogenesis, sperm motility, energy metabolism, cilium movement, capacitation and AR. Some phosphorylated proteins, such as AKAP3, AKAP4, SPA17, PDMD11, CABYR, PRKAR1A, and PRKAR2A were found to regulate yak sperm capacitation and AR though the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway cascades. Notably, the phosphorylation level of SPA17 at Y156 increased in capacitated sperm, suggesting that it is also a novel functional protein besides AKAPs during sperm capacitation. Furthermore, the results of this study suggested that the phosphorylation of PRKAR1A and PRKAR2A, and the dephosphorylation of CABYR both play key regulatory role in yak sperm AR process. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that differentially phosphorylated proteins (AKAP3, AKAP4, FSIP2, PSMD11, CABYR, and TPPP2) related to capacitation and AR process played a key role in protein kinase A binding, sperm motility, reproductive process, cytoskeleton and sperm flagella function. Taken together, these data provide not only a solid foundation for further exploring phosphoproteome of sperm in yak, but an efficient way to identify sperm fertility-related marker phosphorylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fude Wu
- Yak Breeding and Extension Service Center in in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Mancai Yin
- Yak Breeding and Extension Service Center in in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chu, ; Ping Yan,
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chu, ; Ping Yan,
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9
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Decoding the Phosphatase Code: Regulation of Cell Proliferation by Calcineurin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031122. [PMID: 35163061 PMCID: PMC8835043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, a calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, integrates the alterations in intracellular calcium levels into downstream signaling pathways by regulating the phosphorylation states of several targets. Intracellular Ca2+ is essential for normal cellular physiology and cell cycle progression at certain critical stages of the cell cycle. Recently, it was reported that calcineurin is activated in a variety of cancers. Given that abnormalities in calcineurin signaling can lead to malignant growth and cancer, the calcineurin signaling pathway could be a potential target for cancer treatment. For example, NFAT, a typical substrate of calcineurin, activates the genes that promote cell proliferation. Furthermore, cyclin D1 and estrogen receptors are dephosphorylated and stabilized by calcineurin, leading to cell proliferation. In this review, we focus on the cell proliferative functions and regulatory mechanisms of calcineurin and summarize the various substrates of calcineurin. We also describe recent advances regarding dysregulation of the calcineurin activity in cancer cells. We hope that this review will provide new insights into the potential role of calcineurin in cancer development.
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10
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Dixon RE, Navedo MF, Binder MD, Santana LF. Mechanisms and Physiological Implications of Cooperative Gating of Ion Channels Clusters. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:1159-1210. [PMID: 34927454 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels play a central role in the regulation of nearly every cellular process. Dating back to the classic 1952 Hodgkin-Huxley model of the generation of the action potential, ion channels have always been thought of as independent agents. A myriad of recent experimental findings exploiting advances in electrophysiology, structural biology, and imaging techniques, however, have posed a serious challenge to this long-held axiom as several classes of ion channels appear to open and close in a coordinated, cooperative manner. Ion channel cooperativity ranges from variable-sized oligomeric cooperative gating in voltage-gated, dihydropyridine-sensitive Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels to obligatory dimeric assembly and gating of voltage-gated Nav1.5 channels. Potassium channels, transient receptor potential channels, hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide-activated channels, ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) have also been shown to gate cooperatively. The implications of cooperative gating of these ion channels range from fine tuning excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells to regulating cardiac function and vascular tone, to modulation of action potential and conduction velocity in neurons and cardiac cells, and to control of pace-making activity in the heart. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms leading to cooperative gating of ion channels, their physiological consequences and how alterations in cooperative gating of ion channels may induce a range of clinically significant pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ellen Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marc D Binder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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11
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Chaklader M, Rothermel BA. Calcineurin in the heart: New horizons for an old friend. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110134. [PMID: 34454008 PMCID: PMC8908812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin, also known as PP2B or PPP3, is a member of the PPP family of protein phosphatases that also includes PP1 and PP2A. Together these three phosphatases carryout the majority of dephosphorylation events in the heart. Calcineurin is distinct in that it is activated by the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) and therefore acts as a node for integrating Ca2+ signals with changes in phosphorylation, two fundamental intracellular signaling cascades. In the heart, calcineurin is primarily thought of in the context of pathological cardiac remodeling, acting through the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cell (NFAT) family of transcription factors. However, calcineurin activity is also essential for normal heart development and homeostasis in the adult heart. Furthermore, it is clear that NFAT-driven changes in transcription are not the only relevant processes initiated by calcineurin in the setting of pathological remodeling. There is a growing appreciation for the diversity of calcineurin substrates that can impact cardiac function as well as the diversity of mechanisms for targeting calcineurin to specific sub-cellular domains in cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types. Here, we will review the basics of calcineurin structure, regulation, and function in the context of cardiac biology. Particular attention will be given to: the development of improved tools to identify and validate new calcineurin substrates; recent studies identifying new calcineurin isoforms with unique properties and targeting mechanisms; and the role of calcineurin in cardiac development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Chaklader
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Ulengin-Talkish I, Parson MAH, Jenkins ML, Roy J, Shih AZL, St-Denis N, Gulyas G, Balla T, Gingras AC, Várnai P, Conibear E, Burke JE, Cyert MS. Palmitoylation targets the calcineurin phosphatase to the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase complex at the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6064. [PMID: 34663815 PMCID: PMC8523714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, the conserved protein phosphatase and target of immunosuppressants, is a critical mediator of Ca2+ signaling. Here, to discover calcineurin-regulated processes we examined an understudied isoform, CNAβ1. We show that unlike canonical cytosolic calcineurin, CNAβ1 localizes to the plasma membrane and Golgi due to palmitoylation of its divergent C-terminal tail, which is reversed by the ABHD17A depalmitoylase. Palmitoylation targets CNAβ1 to a distinct set of membrane-associated interactors including the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KA) complex containing EFR3B, PI4KA, TTC7B and FAM126A. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange reveals multiple calcineurin-PI4KA complex contacts, including a calcineurin-binding peptide motif in the disordered tail of FAM126A, which we establish as a calcineurin substrate. Calcineurin inhibitors decrease PI4P production during Gq-coupled GPCR signaling, suggesting that calcineurin dephosphorylates and promotes PI4KA complex activity. In sum, this work discovers a calcineurin-regulated signaling pathway which highlights the PI4KA complex as a regulatory target and reveals that dynamic palmitoylation confers unique localization, substrate specificity and regulation to CNAβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A H Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jagoree Roy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Z L Shih
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole St-Denis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- High-Fidelity Science Communications, Summerside, PE, Canada
| | - Gergo Gulyas
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Church TW, Tewatia P, Hannan S, Antunes J, Eriksson O, Smart TG, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Gold MG. AKAP79 enables calcineurin to directly suppress protein kinase A activity. eLife 2021; 10:e68164. [PMID: 34612814 PMCID: PMC8560092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between the second messengers cAMP and Ca2+ is a hallmark of dynamic cellular processes. A common motif is the opposition of the Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin and the major cAMP receptor, protein kinase A (PKA). Calcineurin dephosphorylates sites primed by PKA to bring about changes including synaptic long-term depression (LTD). AKAP79 supports signaling of this type by anchoring PKA and calcineurin in tandem. In this study, we discovered that AKAP79 increases the rate of calcineurin dephosphorylation of type II PKA regulatory subunits by an order of magnitude. Fluorescent PKA activity reporter assays, supported by kinetic modeling, show how AKAP79-enhanced calcineurin activity enables suppression of PKA without altering cAMP levels by increasing PKA catalytic subunit capture rate. Experiments with hippocampal neurons indicate that this mechanism contributes toward LTD. This non-canonical mode of PKA regulation may underlie many other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Church
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Parul Tewatia
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - João Antunes
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Olivia Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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14
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SPATA33 localizes calcineurin to the mitochondria and regulates sperm motility in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106673118. [PMID: 34446558 PMCID: PMC8536318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106673118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is a target of immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. In the immune system, calcineurin interacts with NFAT via the PxIxIT motif to activate T cells. In contrast, little is known about the proteins that interact with a testis-enriched calcineurin that is essential for sperm motility and male fertility. Here, we discovered that calcineurin interacts with SPATA33 via a PQIIIT sequence in the testis. Further analyses reveal that SPATA33 plays critical roles in sperm motility and male fertility. Our finding sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms of sperm motility regulation and the etiology of human male fertility. Furthermore, it may help us not only understand reproductive toxicities but also develop nonhormonal male contraceptives. Calcineurin is a calcium-dependent phosphatase that plays roles in a variety of biological processes including immune responses. In spermatozoa, there is a testis-enriched calcineurin composed of PPP3CC and PPP3R2 (sperm calcineurin) that is essential for sperm motility and male fertility. Because sperm calcineurin has been proposed as a target for reversible male contraceptives, identifying proteins that interact with sperm calcineurin widens the choice for developing specific inhibitors. Here, by screening the calcineurin-interacting PxIxIT consensus motif in silico and analyzing the function of candidate proteins through the generation of gene-modified mice, we discovered that SPATA33 interacts with sperm calcineurin via a PQIIIT sequence. Spata33 knockout mice exhibit reduced sperm motility because of an inflexible midpiece, leading to impaired male fertility, which phenocopies Ppp3cc and Ppp3r2 knockout mice. Further analysis reveals that sperm calcineurin disappears from the mitochondria in the Spata33 knockout testis. In addition, immunoprecipitation analysis indicates that sperm calcineurin interacts with not only SPATA33 but also the mitochondrial protein VDAC2. These results indicate that SPATA33 localizes calcineurin to the mitochondria and regulates sperm motility.
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15
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Sholokh A, Klussmann E. Local cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling cascades-Roles and targets in chronic kidney disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13641. [PMID: 33660401 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying chronic kidney disease (CKD) are poorly understood and treatment options are limited, a situation underpinning the need for elucidating the causative molecular mechanisms and for identifying innovative treatment options. It is emerging that cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling occurs in defined cellular compartments within nanometre dimensions in processes whose dysregulation is associated with CKD. cAMP compartmentalization is tightly controlled by a specific set of proteins, including A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). AKAPs such as AKAP18, AKAP220, AKAP-Lbc and STUB1, and PDE4 coordinate arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-induced water reabsorption by collecting duct principal cells. However, hyperactivation of the AVP system is associated with kidney damage and CKD. Podocyte injury involves aberrant AKAP signalling. cAMP signalling in immune cells can be local and slow the progression of inflammatory processes typical for CKD. A major risk factor of CKD is hypertension. cAMP directs the release of the blood pressure regulator, renin, from juxtaglomerular cells, and plays a role in Na+ reabsorption through ENaC, NKCC2 and NCC in the kidney. Mutations in the cAMP hydrolysing PDE3A that cause lowering of cAMP lead to hypertension. Another major risk factor of CKD is diabetes mellitus. AKAP18 and AKAP150 and several PDEs are involved in insulin release. Despite the increasing amount of data, an understanding of functions of compartmentalized cAMP signalling with relevance for CKD is fragmentary. Uncovering functions will improve the understanding of physiological processes and identification of disease-relevant aberrations may guide towards new therapeutic concepts for the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Sholokh
- Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Berlin Germany
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16
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Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Vanselow JT, Bathon K, Lenz K, Herterich S, Schlosser A, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M, Calebiro D, Sbiera S. PKA Cα subunit mutation triggers caspase-dependent RIIβ subunit degradation via Ser 114 phosphorylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabd4176. [PMID: 33608270 PMCID: PMC7895437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PRKACA gene are the most frequent cause of cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas leading to Cushing's syndrome. PRKACA encodes for the catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A (PKA). We already showed that PRKACA mutations lead to impairment of regulatory (R) subunit binding. Furthermore, PRKACA mutations are associated with reduced RIIβ protein levels; however, the mechanisms leading to reduced RIIβ levels are presently unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of the most frequent PRKACA mutation, L206R, on regulatory subunit stability. We find that Ser114 phosphorylation of RIIβ is required for its degradation, mediated by caspase 16. Last, we show that the resulting reduction in RIIβ protein levels leads to increased cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells. These findings reveal the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance of the R subunit degradation caused by PRKACA mutations, adding another dimension to the deregulation of PKA signaling caused by PRKACA mutations in adrenal Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Weigand
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jens T Vanselow
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bathon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lenz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Herterich
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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18
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Abstract
The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal coding. This realization has changed our understanding of cAMP signaling from a model in which cAMP connects a receptor at the plasma membrane to an intracellular effector in a linear pathway to a model in which cAMP signals propagate within a complex network of alternative branches and the specific functional outcome strictly depends on local regulation of cAMP levels and on selective activation of a limited number of branches within the network. In this review, we cover some of the early studies and summarize more recent evidence supporting the model of compartmentalized cAMP signaling, and we discuss how this knowledge is starting to provide original mechanistic insight into cell physiology and a novel framework for the identification of disease mechanisms that potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: cAMP mediates the intracellular response to multiple hormones and neurotransmitters. Signal fidelity and accurate coordination of a plethora of different cellular functions is achieved via organization of multiprotein signalosomes and cAMP compartmentalization in subcellular nanodomains. Defining the organization and regulation of subcellular cAMP nanocompartments is necessary if we want to understand the complex functional ramifications of pharmacological treatments that target G protein-coupled receptors and for generating a blueprint that can be used to develop precision medicine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zerio
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Omar MH, Scott JD. AKAP Signaling Islands: Venues for Precision Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:933-946. [PMID: 33082006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory enzymes often have different roles in distinct subcellular compartments. Yet, most drugs indiscriminately saturate the cell. Thus, subcellular drug-delivery holds promise as a means to reduce off-target pharmacological effects. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) sequester combinations of signaling enzymes within subcellular microdomains. Targeting drugs to these 'signaling islands' offers an opportunity for more precise delivery of therapeutics. Here, we review mechanisms that bestow protein kinase A (PKA) versatility inside the cell, appraise recent advances in exploiting AKAPs as platforms for precision pharmacology, and explore the impact of methodological innovations on AKAP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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20
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Kato H, Ogasawara J, Takakura H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Kizaki T, Izawa T. Exercise Training-Enhanced Lipolytic Potency to Catecholamine Depends on the Time of the Day. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186920. [PMID: 32967199 PMCID: PMC7554872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is well known to enhance adipocyte lipolysis in response to hormone challenge. However, the existence of a relationship between the timing of exercise training and its effect on adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. To clarify this issue, Wistar rats were run on a treadmill for 9 weeks in either the early part (E-EX) or late part of the active phase (L-EX). L-EX rats exhibited greater isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis expressed as fold induction over basal lipolysis, with greater protein expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylated at Ser 660 compared to E-EX rats. Furthermore, we discovered that Brain and muscle Arnt-like (BMAL)1 protein can associate directly with several protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory units (RIα, RIβ, and RIIβ) of protein kinase, its anchoring protein (AKAP)150, and HSL, and that the association of BMAL1 with the regulatory subunits of PKA, AKAP150, and HSL was greater in L-EX than in E-EX rats. In contrast, comparison between E-EX and their counterpart sedentary control rats showed a greater co-immunoprecipitation only between BMAL1 and ATGL. Thus, both E-EX and L-EX showed an enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol, but the mechanisms underlying exercise training-enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol were different in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Takakura
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Ken Shirato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-424-65-6721; Fax: +81-424-65-6729
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21
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Purkey AM, Dell’Acqua ML. Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors During Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:8. [PMID: 32292336 PMCID: PMC7119613 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent learning and memory require multiple forms of plasticity at hippocampal and cortical synapses that are regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR). These plasticity mechanisms include long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), which are Hebbian input-specific mechanisms that rapidly increase or decrease AMPAR synaptic strength at specific inputs, and homeostatic plasticity that globally scales-up or -down AMPAR synaptic strength across many or even all inputs. Frequently, these changes in synaptic strength are also accompanied by a change in the subunit composition of AMPARs at the synapse due to the trafficking to and from the synapse of receptors lacking GluA2 subunits. These GluA2-lacking receptors are most often GluA1 homomeric receptors that exhibit higher single-channel conductance and are Ca2+-permeable (CP-AMPAR). This review article will focus on the role of protein phosphorylation in regulation of GluA1 CP-AMPAR recruitment and removal from hippocampal synapses during synaptic plasticity with an emphasis on the crucial role of local signaling by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the Ca2+calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B/calcineurin (CaN) that is coordinated by the postsynaptic scaffold protein A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark L. Dell’Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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22
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The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins in cardiac oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1341-1353. [PMID: 31671182 PMCID: PMC6824835 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stress initiates a pathological remodeling process that is associated with cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis that ultimately leads to heart failure. In the injured heart, a pathologically elevated synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main driver of oxidative stress and consequent cardiomyocyte dysfunction and death. In this context, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a central role in regulating signaling pathways that protect the heart against ROS-induced cardiac damage. In cardiac cells, spatiotemporal regulation of PKA activity is controlled by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). This family of scaffolding proteins tether PKA and other transduction enzymes at subcellular microdomains where they can co-ordinate cellular responses regulating oxidative stress. In this review, we will discuss recent literature illustrating the role of PKA and AKAPs in modulating the detrimental impact of ROS production on cardiac function.
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Ohadi D, Schmitt DL, Calabrese B, Halpain S, Zhang J, Rangamani P. Computational Modeling Reveals Frequency Modulation of Calcium-cAMP/PKA Pathway in Dendritic Spines. Biophys J 2019; 117:1963-1980. [PMID: 31668749 PMCID: PMC7031750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the primary excitatory postsynaptic sites that act as subcompartments of signaling. Ca2+ is often the first and most rapid signal in spines. Downstream of calcium, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of spine formation, morphological modifications, and ultimately, learning and memory. Although the dynamics of calcium are reasonably well-studied, calcium-induced cAMP/PKA dynamics, particularly with respect to frequency modulation, are not fully explored. In this study, we present a well-mixed model for the dynamics of calcium-induced cAMP/PKA dynamics in dendritic spines. The model is constrained using experimental observations in the literature. Further, we measured the calcium oscillation frequency in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal CA1 neurons and used these dynamics as model inputs. Our model predicts that the various steps in this pathway act as frequency modulators for calcium, and the high frequency of calcium input is filtered by adenylyl cyclase 1 and phosphodiesterases in this pathway such that cAMP/PKA only responds to lower frequencies. This prediction has important implications for noise filtering and long-timescale signal transduction in dendritic spines. A companion manuscript presents a three-dimensional spatial model for the same pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Ohadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Danielle L Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Barbara Calabrese
- Division of Biological Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Division of Biological Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Carboplatin Enhances the Activity of Human Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 through the Cyclic AMP-Protein Kinase A-A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133271. [PMID: 31277262 PMCID: PMC6651390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboplatin, an anticancer drug, often causes chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN). Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a non-selective cation channel, is a polymodal nociceptor expressed in sensory neurons. TRPA1 is not only involved in pain transmission, but also in allodynia or hyperalgesia development. However, the effects of TRPA1 on carboplatin-induced PN is unclear. We revealed that carboplatin induced mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia, and the pains observed in carboplatin-induced PN models were significantly suppressed by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 without a change in the level of TRPA1 protein. In cells expressing human TRPA, carboplatin had no effects on changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i); however, carboplatin pretreatment enhanced the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by the TRPA1 agonist, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). These effects were suppressed by an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA). The PKA activator forskolin enhanced AITC-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and carboplatin itself increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Moreover, inhibition of A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) significantly decreased the carboplatin-induced enhancement of [Ca2+]i induced by AITC and improved carboplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia. These results suggested that carboplatin induced mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia by increasing sensitivity to TRPA1 via the cAMP-PKA-AKAP pathway.
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Murphy JG, Crosby KC, Dittmer PJ, Sather WA, Dell'Acqua ML. AKAP79/150 recruits the transcription factor NFAT to regulate signaling to the nucleus by neuronal L-type Ca 2+ channels. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1743-1756. [PMID: 31091162 PMCID: PMC6727748 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, regulation of activity-dependent transcription by the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) depends upon Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (LTCC) and NFAT translocation to the nucleus following its dephosphorylation by the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CaN). CaN is recruited to the channel by A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 79/150, which binds to the LTCC C-terminus via a modified leucine-zipper (LZ) interaction. Here we sought to gain new insights into how LTCCs and signaling to NFAT are regulated by this LZ interaction. RNA interference–mediated knockdown of endogenous AKAP150 and replacement with human AKAP79 lacking its C-terminal LZ domain resulted in loss of depolarization-stimulated NFAT signaling in rat hippocampal neurons. However, the LZ mutation had little impact on the AKAP–LTCC interaction or LTCC function, as measured by Förster resonance energy transfer, Ca2+ imaging, and electrophysiological recordings. AKAP79 and NFAT coimmunoprecipitated when coexpressed in heterologous cells, and the LZ mutation disrupted this association. Critically, measurements of NFAT mobility in neurons employing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy provided further evidence for an AKAP79 LZ interaction with NFAT. These findings suggest that the AKAP79/150 LZ motif functions to recruit NFAT to the LTCC signaling complex to promote its activation by AKAP-anchored calcineurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Murphy
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin C Crosby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Philip J Dittmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - William A Sather
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Gildart M, Kapiloff MS, Dodge-Kafka KL. Calcineurin-AKAP interactions: therapeutic targeting of a pleiotropic enzyme with a little help from its friends. J Physiol 2018; 598:3029-3042. [PMID: 30488951 PMCID: PMC7586300 DOI: 10.1113/jp276756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin is a key regulator of pathological cardiac hypertrophy whose therapeutic targeting in heart disease has been elusive due to its role in other essential biological processes. Calcineurin is targeted to diverse intracellular compartments by association with scaffold proteins, including by multivalent A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that bind protein kinase A and other important signalling enzymes determining cardiac myocyte function and phenotype. Calcineurin anchoring by AKAPs confers specificity to calcineurin function in the cardiac myocyte. Targeting of calcineurin 'signalosomes' may provide a rationale for inhibiting the phosphatase in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah Gildart
- Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly L Dodge-Kafka
- Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Schober R, Waldherr L, Schmidt T, Graziani A, Stilianu C, Legat L, Groschner K, Schindl R. STIM1 and Orai1 regulate Ca 2+ microdomains for activation of transcription. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:1079-1091. [PMID: 30408546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since calcium (Ca2+) regulates a large variety of cellular signaling processes in a cell's life, precise control of Ca2+ concentrations within the cell is essential. This enables the transduction of information via Ca2+ changes in a time-dependent and spatially defined manner. Here, we review molecular and functional aspects of how the store-operated Ca2+ channel Orai1 creates spatiotemporal Ca2+ microdomains. The architecture of this channel is unique, with a long helical pore and a six-fold symmetry. Energetic barriers within the Ca2+ channel pathway limit permeation to allow an extensive local Ca2+ increase in close proximity to the channel. The precise timing of the Orai1 channel function is controlled by direct binding to STIM proteins upon Ca2+ depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum. These induced Ca2+ microdomains are tailored to, and sufficient for, triggering long-term activation processes, such as transcription factor activation and subsequent gene regulation. We describe the principles of spatiotemporal activation of the transcription factor NFAT and compare its signaling characteristics to those of the autophagy regulating transcription factors, MITF and TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Schober
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Linda Waldherr
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tony Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Annarita Graziani
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Stilianu
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenz Legat
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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28
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l-arginine alters the proteome of frozen-thawed bovine sperm during in vitro capacitation. Theriogenology 2018; 119:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE, Balezina OP. Calcineurin and Its Role in Synaptic Transmission. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:674-689. [PMID: 30195324 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a serine/threonine phosphatase widely expressed in different cell types and structures including neurons and synapses. The most studied role of CaN is its involvement in the functioning of postsynaptic structures of central synapses. The role of CaN in the presynaptic structures of central and peripheral synapses is less understood, although it has generated a considerable interest and is a subject of a growing number of studies. The regulatory role of CaN in synaptic vesicle endocytosis in the synapse terminals is actively studied. In recent years, new targets of CaN have been identified and its role in the regulation of enzymes and neurotransmitter secretion in peripheral neuromuscular junctions has been revealed. CaN is the only phosphatase that requires calcium and calmodulin for activation. In this review, we present details of CaN molecular structure and give a detailed description of possible mechanisms of CaN activation involving calcium, enzymes, and endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Known and newly discovered CaN targets at pre- and postsynaptic levels are described. CaN activity in synaptic structures is discussed in terms of functional involvement of this phosphatase in synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Tarasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A E Gaydukov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O P Balezina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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30
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Penny CJ, Gold MG. Mechanisms for localising calcineurin and CaMKII in dendritic spines. Cell Signal 2018; 49:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Saraf J, Bhattacharya P, Kalia K, Borah A, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Dave KR, Yavagal DR. A Friend or Foe: Calcineurin across the Gamut of Neurological Disorders. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:805-819. [PMID: 30062109 PMCID: PMC6062828 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) is a unique but confounding calcium/calmodulin-mediated enzyme. CaN has shown to play essential roles from regulating calcium homeostasis to being an intricate part of learning and memory formation. Neurological disorders, despite differing in their etiology, share similar pathological outcomes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic signaling brought about by excitotoxic elements. CaN, being deeply integrated in vital neuronal functions, may be implicated in various neurological disorders. Understanding the enzyme and its physiological niche in the nervous system is vital in uncovering its roles in the spectrum of brain disorders. By reviewing the crosstalk in different neurological pathologies, a possible grasp of CaN's complex signaling may lead to forming better neurotherapy. This Outlook attempts to explore the various neuronal functions of CaN and investigate its pervasive role through the gamut of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Saraf
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular
and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science
and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department
of Neurology, University of Miami Miller
School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department
of Neurology, University of Miami Miller
School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Musheshe N, Lobo MJ, Schmidt M, Zaccolo M. Targeting FRET-Based Reporters for cAMP and PKA Activity Using AKAP79. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2164. [PMID: 29976855 PMCID: PMC6068576 DOI: 10.3390/s18072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors for 3′⁻5′cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) allow real-time imaging of cAMP levels and kinase activity in intact cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. The development of FRET-based sensors has made it possible to directly demonstrate that cAMP and PKA signals are compartmentalized. These sensors are currently widely used to dissect the organization and physiological function of local cAMP/PKA signaling events in a variety of cell systems. Fusion to targeting domains has been used to direct the sensors to a specific subcellular nanodomain and to monitor cAMP and PKA activity at specific subcellular sites. Here, we investigate the effects of using the A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) as a targeting domain for cAMP and PKA FRET-based reporters. As AKAP79 interacts with PKA itself, when used as a targeting domain, it can potentially impact on the amplitude and kinetics of the signals recorded locally. By using as the targeting domain wild type AKAP79 or a mutant that cannot interact with PKA, we establish that AKAP79 does not affect the amplitude and kinetics of cAMP changes or the level of PKA activity detected by the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nshunge Musheshe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
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Control of Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity by AKAP-Anchored Kinase and Phosphatase Regulation of Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2863-2876. [PMID: 29440558 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2362-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal information processing requires multiple forms of synaptic plasticity mediated by NMDARs and AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). These plasticity mechanisms include long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are Hebbian, homosynaptic mechanisms locally regulating synaptic strength of specific inputs, and homeostatic synaptic scaling, which is a heterosynaptic mechanism globally regulating synaptic strength across all inputs. In many cases, LTP and homeostatic scaling regulate AMPAR subunit composition to increase synaptic strength via incorporation of Ca2+-permeable receptors (CP-AMPAR) containing GluA1, but lacking GluA2, subunits. Previous work by our group and others demonstrated that anchoring of the kinase PKA and the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) to A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 150 play opposing roles in regulation of GluA1 Ser845 phosphorylation and CP-AMPAR synaptic incorporation during hippocampal LTP and LTD. Here, using both male and female knock-in mice that are deficient in PKA or CaN anchoring, we show that AKAP150-anchored PKA and CaN also play novel roles in controlling CP-AMPAR synaptic incorporation during homeostatic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. We found that genetic disruption of AKAP-PKA anchoring prevented increases in Ser845 phosphorylation and CP-AMPAR synaptic recruitment during rapid homeostatic synaptic scaling-up induced by combined blockade of action potential firing and NMDAR activity. In contrast, genetic disruption of AKAP-CaN anchoring resulted in basal increases in Ser845 phosphorylation and CP-AMPAR synaptic activity that blocked subsequent scaling-up by preventing additional CP-AMPAR recruitment. Thus, the balanced, opposing phospho-regulation provided by AKAP-anchored PKA and CaN is essential for control of both Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity mechanisms that require CP-AMPARs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal circuit function is shaped by multiple forms of activity-dependent plasticity that control excitatory synaptic strength, including LTP/LTD that adjusts strength of individual synapses and homeostatic plasticity that adjusts overall strength of all synapses. Mechanisms controlling LTP/LTD and homeostatic plasticity were originally thought to be distinct; however, recent studies suggest that CP-AMPAR phosphorylation regulation is important during both LTP/LTD and homeostatic plasticity. Here we show that CP-AMPAR regulation by the kinase PKA and phosphatase CaN coanchored to the scaffold protein AKAP150, a mechanism previously implicated in LTP/LTD, is also crucial for controlling synaptic strength during homeostatic plasticity. These novel findings significantly expand our understanding of homeostatic plasticity mechanisms and further emphasize how intertwined they are with LTP and LTD.
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Nie B, Liu C, Bai X, Chen X, Wu S, Zhang S, Huang Z, Xie M, Xu T, Xin W, Zeng W, Ouyang H. AKAP150 involved in paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting CN/NFAT2 pathway and downregulating IL-4. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:158-168. [PMID: 29056557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitubulin chemotherapeutics agents, such as paclitaxel, are effective chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment. However, painful neuropathy is a major adverse effect limiting the wider application of chemotherapeutics. In this study, we found that A-kinase anchor protein 150 (AKAP150) was significantly upregulated after paclitaxel injection. Inhibition of AKAP150 via siRNA or AKAP150flox/flox in rodents alleviated the pain behavior induced by paclitaxel, and partly restored the decreased calcineurin (CN) phosphatase activity after paclitaxel treatment. Paclitaxel decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), and intrathecal injections of IL-4 effectively alleviated paclitaxel-induced hypersensitivity and the frequency of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons action potential. The decreased CN enzyme activity, resulted in reduced protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) in cell nuclei. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that, NFAT2 binds to the IL-4 gene promoter regulating the protein expression of IL-4. Overexpression of NFAT2 by intrathecal injection of the AAV5-NFAT2-GFP virus alleviated the pain behavior induced by paclitaxel via increasing the expression of IL-4. Knocked down AKAP150 by siRNA or AAV5-Cre-GFP partly restored the expression of IL-4 in DRG. Our results indicated that regulation of IL-4 via the CN/NFAT2 pathway mediated by AKAP150 could be a pivotal treatment target for paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain and or other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilin Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Subo Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manxiu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Zhongshan Medicine School, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenjun Xin
- Zhongshan Medicine School, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weian Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Handong Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Ezrin-anchored PKA phosphorylates serine 369 and 373 on connexin 43 to enhance gap junction assembly, communication, and cell fusion. Biochem J 2018; 475:455-476. [PMID: 29259079 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of human cells can fuse to form multinucleated syncytia. In the differentiation of human placenta, mononuclear cytotrophoblasts fuse to form an endocrinologically active, non-proliferative, multinucleated syncytium. This syncytium covers the placenta and manages the exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal circulation. We recently reported protein kinase A (PKA) to be part of a macromolecular signaling complex with ezrin and gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) that provides cAMP-mediated control of gap junction communication. Here, we examined the associated phosphorylation events. Inhibition of PKA activity resulted in decreased Cx43 phosphorylation, which was associated with reduced trophoblast fusion and differentiation. In vitro studies using peptide arrays, together with mass spectrometry, pointed to serine 369 and 373 of Cx43 as the major PKA phosphorylation sites that increases gap junction assembly at the plasmalemma. A combination of knockdown and reconstitution experiments and gap-fluorescence loss in photobleaching assays with mutant Cx43 containing single or double phosphoserine-mimicking amino acid substitutions in putative PKA phosphorylation sites demonstrated that phosphorylation of S369 and S373 mediated gap junction communication, trophoblast differentiation, and cell fusion.
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Wild AR, Dell'Acqua ML. Potential for therapeutic targeting of AKAP signaling complexes in nervous system disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 185:99-121. [PMID: 29262295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A common feature of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders is a breakdown in the integrity of intracellular signal transduction pathways. Dysregulation of ion channels and receptors in the cell membrane and the enzymatic mediators that link them to intracellular effectors can lead to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. However, therapeutic targeting of these ubiquitous signaling elements can lead to off-target side effects due to their widespread expression in multiple systems of the body. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are multivalent scaffolding proteins that compartmentalize a diverse range of receptor and effector proteins to streamline signaling within nanodomain signalosomes. A number of essential neurological processes are known to critically depend on AKAP-directed signaling and an understanding of the role AKAPs play in nervous system disorders has emerged in recent years. Selective targeting of AKAP protein-protein interactions may be a means to uncouple pathologically active signaling pathways in neurological disorders with a greater degree of specificity. In this review we will discuss the role of AKAPs in both regulating normal nervous system function and dysfunction associated with disease, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of AKAP signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Wild
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
AKAP79/150 is essential for coordinating second messenger-responsive enzymes in processes including synaptic long-term depression. Ca2+ directly regulates AKAP79 through its effector calmodulin (CaM), but the molecular basis of this regulation was previously unknown. Here, we report that CaM recognizes a ‘1-4-7-8’ pattern of hydrophobic amino acids starting at Trp79 in AKAP79. Cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry assisted mapping of the interaction site. Removal of the CaM-binding sequence in AKAP79 prevents formation of a Ca2+-sensitive interface between AKAP79 and calcineurin, and increases resting cellular PKA phosphorylation. We determined a crystal structure of CaM bound to a peptide encompassing its binding site in AKAP79. CaM adopts a highly compact conformation in which its open Ca2+-activated C-lobe and closed N-lobe cooperate to recognize a mixed α/310 helix in AKAP79. The structure guided a bioinformatic screen to identify potential sites in other proteins that may employ similar motifs for interaction with CaM. The A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP79 is regulated by calmodulin (CaM). Here, the authors use crosslinking coupled to mass spectrometry to identify the CaM-binding site in AKAP79 and present the structure of CaM bound to an AKAP79 peptide. The structure shows that CaM adopts a highly compact conformation to interact with a mixed α/310 helix in AKAP79.
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38
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Nygren PJ, Mehta S, Schweppe DK, Langeberg LK, Whiting JL, Weisbrod CR, Bruce JE, Zhang J, Veesler D, Scott JD. Intrinsic disorder within AKAP79 fine-tunes anchored phosphatase activity toward substrates and drug sensitivity. eLife 2017; 6:e30872. [PMID: 28967377 PMCID: PMC5653234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase 2B (PP2B, calcineurin) focuses and insulates termination of local second messenger responses. Conformational flexibility in regions of intrinsic disorder within A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) delineates PP2B access to phosphoproteins. Structural analysis by negative-stain electron microscopy (EM) reveals an ensemble of dormant AKAP79-PP2B configurations varying in particle length from 160 to 240 Å. A short-linear interaction motif between residues 337-343 of AKAP79 is the sole PP2B-anchoring determinant sustaining these diverse topologies. Activation with Ca2+/calmodulin engages additional interactive surfaces and condenses these conformational variants into a uniform population with mean length 178 ± 17 Å. This includes a Leu-Lys-Ile-Pro sequence (residues 125-128 of AKAP79) that occupies a binding pocket on PP2B utilized by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin. Live-cell imaging with fluorescent activity-sensors infers that this region fine-tunes calcium responsiveness and drug sensitivity of the anchored phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Nygren
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Devin K Schweppe
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Lorene K Langeberg
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Whiting
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field LaboratoryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - David Veesler
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Kjaergaard M, Kragelund BB. Functions of intrinsic disorder in transmembrane proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3205-3224. [PMID: 28601983 PMCID: PMC11107515 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder is common in integral membrane proteins, particularly in the intracellular domains. Despite this observation, these domains are not always recognized as being disordered. In this review, we will discuss the biological functions of intrinsically disordered regions of membrane proteins, and address why the flexibility afforded by disorder is mechanistically important. Intrinsically disordered regions are present in many common classes of membrane proteins including ion channels and transporters; G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors. The functions of the disordered regions are many and varied. We will discuss selected examples including: (1) Organization of receptors, kinases, phosphatases and second messenger sources into signaling complexes. (2) Modulation of the membrane-embedded domain function by ball-and-chain like mechanisms. (3) Trafficking of membrane proteins. (4) Transient membrane associations. (5) Post-translational modifications most notably phosphorylation and (6) disorder-linked isoform dependent function. We finish the review by discussing the future challenges facing the membrane protein community regarding protein disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kjaergaard
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Wang YL, Zhang CX. Putting a brake on synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2917-2927. [PMID: 28361181 PMCID: PMC11107501 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In chemical synapses, action potentials evoke synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane at the active zone to release neurotransmitter. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) then follows exocytosis to recapture vesicle proteins and lipid components for recycling and the maintenance of membrane homeostasis. Therefore, SVE plays an essential role during neurotransmission and is one of the most precisely regulated biological processes. Four modes of SVE have been characterized and both positive and negative regulators have been identified. However, our understanding of SVE regulation remains unclear, especially the identity of negative regulators and their mechanisms of action. Here, we review the current knowledge of proteins that function as inhibitors of SVE and their modes of action in different forms of endocytosis. We also propose possible physiological roles of such negative regulation. We believe that a better understanding of SVE regulation, especially the inhibitory mechanisms, will shed light on neurotransmission in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Long Wang
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Claire Xi Zhang
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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41
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Regulation of the phosphatase PP2B by protein-protein interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1313-1319. [PMID: 27911714 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein dephosphorylation is important for regulating cellular signaling in a variety of contexts. Protein phosphatase-2B (PP2B), or calcineurin, is a widely expressed serine/threonine phosphatase that acts on a large cross section of potential protein substrates when activated by increased levels of intracellular calcium in concert with calmodulin. PxIxIT and LxVP targeting motifs are important for maintaining specificity in response to elevated calcium. In the present study, we describe the mechanism of PP2B activation, discuss its targeting by conserved binding motifs and review recent advances in the understanding of an A-kinase anchoring protein 79/PP2B/protein kinase A complex's role in synaptic long-term depression. Finally, we discuss potential for targeting PP2B anchoring motifs for therapeutic benefit.
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42
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Disrupting sensitization of TRPV4. Neuroscience 2017; 352:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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43
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Mitochondrial AKAP1 supports mTOR pathway and tumor growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2842. [PMID: 28569781 PMCID: PMC5520900 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of energy production and the sites where metabolic pathway and survival signals integrate and focus, promoting adaptive responses to hormone stimulation and nutrient availability. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism and signaling are linked to tumorigenesis. AKAP1 scaffolding protein integrates cAMP and src signaling on mitochondria, regulating organelle biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and cell survival. Here, we provide evidence that AKAP1 is a transcriptional target of Myc and supports the growth of cancer cells. We identify Sestrin2, a leucine sensor and inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as a novel component of the complex assembled by AKAP1 on mitochondria. Downregulation of AKAP1 impaired mTOR pathway and inhibited glioblastoma growth. Both effects were reversed by concomitant depletion of AKAP1 and sestrin2. High levels of AKAP1 were found in a wide variety of high-grade cancer tissues. In lung cancer, AKAP1 expression correlates with high levels of Myc, mTOR phosphorylation and reduced patient survival. Collectively, these data disclose a previously unrecognized role of AKAP1 in mTOR pathway regulation and cancer growth. AKAP1/mTOR signal integration on mitochondria may provide a new target for cancer therapy.
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44
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A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 79/150 Scaffolds Transient Receptor Potential A 1 Phosphorylation and Sensitization by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1842. [PMID: 28500286 PMCID: PMC5431798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical pain serves as a base clinical symptom for many of the world’s most debilitating syndromes. Ion channels expressed by peripheral sensory neurons largely contribute to mechanical hypersensitivity. Transient Receptor Potential A 1 (TRPA1) is a ligand-gated ion channel that contributes to inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity, yet little is known as to the post-translational mechanism behind its somatosensitization. Here, we utilize biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral measures to demonstrate that metabotropic glutamate receptor-induced sensitization of TRPA1 nociceptors stimulates targeted modification of the receptor. Type 1 mGluR5 activation increases TRPA1 receptor agonist sensitivity in an AKA-dependent manner. As a scaffolding protein for Protein Kinases A and C (PKA and PKC, respectively), AKAP facilitates phosphorylation and sensitization of TRPA1 in ex vivo sensory neuronal preparations. Furthermore, hyperalgesic priming of mechanical hypersensitivity requires both TRPA1 and AKAP. Collectively, these results identify a novel AKAP-mediated biochemical mechanism that increases TRPA1 sensitivity in peripheral sensory neurons, and likely contributes to persistent mechanical hypersensitivity.
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45
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Gonzalez de Valdivia E, Broselid S, Kahn R, Olde B, Leeb-Lundberg LMF. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1)/GPR30 increases ERK1/2 activity through PDZ motif-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9932-9943. [PMID: 28450397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), also called G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), is thought to play important roles in breast cancer and cardiometabolic regulation, but many questions remain about ligand activation, effector coupling, and subcellular localization. We showed recently that GPR30 interacts through the C-terminal type I PDZ motif with SAP97 and protein kinase A (PKA)-anchoring protein (AKAP) 5, which anchor the receptor in the plasma membrane and mediate an apparently constitutive decrease in cAMP production independently of Gi/o Here, we show that GPR30 also constitutively increases ERK1/2 activity. Removing the receptor PDZ motif or knocking down specifically AKAP5 inhibited the increase, showing that this increase also requires the PDZ interaction. However, the increase was inhibited by pertussis toxin as well as by wortmannin but not by AG1478, indicating that Gi/o and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) mediate the increase independently of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. FK506 and okadaic acid also inhibited the increase, implying that a protein phosphatase is involved. The proposed GPR30 agonist G-1 also increased ERK1/2 activity, but this increase was only observed at a level of receptor expression below that required for the constitutive increase. Furthermore, deleting the PDZ motif did not inhibit the G-1-stimulated increase. Based on these results, we propose that GPR30 increases ERK1/2 activity via two Gi/o-mediated mechanisms, a PDZ-dependent, apparently constitutive mechanism and a PDZ-independent G-1-stimulated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Björn Olde
- Cardiology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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46
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Sheftic SR, Page R, Peti W. Investigating the human Calcineurin Interaction Network using the πɸLxVP SLiM. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38920. [PMID: 27974827 PMCID: PMC5156906 DOI: 10.1038/srep38920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ser/thr phosphorylation is the primary reversible covalent modification of proteins in eukaryotes. As a consequence, it is the reciprocal actions of kinases and phosphatases that act as key molecular switches to fine tune cellular events. It has been well documented that ~400 human ser/thr kinases engage substrates via consensus phosphosite sequences. Strikingly, we know comparatively little about the mechanism by which ~40 human protein ser/thr phosphatases (PSPs) dephosphorylate ~15000 different substrates with high specificity. The identification of substrates of the essential PSP calcineurin (CN) has been exceptionally challenging and only a small fraction has been biochemically confirmed. It is now emerging that CN binds regulators and substrates via two short linear motifs (SLiMs), the well-studied PxIxIT SLiM and the LxVP SLiM, which remains controversial at the molecular level. Here we describe the crystal structure of CN in complex with its substrate NFATc1 and show that the LxVP SLiM is correctly defined as πɸLxVP. Bioinformatics studies using the πɸLxVP SLiM resulted in the identification of 567 potential CN substrates; a small subset was experimentally confirmed. This combined structural-bioinformatics approach provides a powerful method for dissecting the CN interaction network and for elucidating the role of CN in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Sheftic
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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47
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Lorenzen-Schmidt I, Clarke SB, Pyle WG. The neglected messengers: Control of cardiac myofilaments by protein phosphatases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 101:81-89. [PMID: 27721025 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myofilaments act as the central contractile apparatus of heart muscle cells. Covalent modification of constituent proteins through phosphorylation is a rapid and powerful mechanism to control myofilament function, and is increasingly seen as a mechanism of disease. While the relationship between protein kinases and cardiac myofilaments has been widely examined, the impact of protein dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases is poorly understood. This review outlines the mechanisms by which the mostly widely expressed protein phosphatases in cardiac myocytes regulate myofilament function, and the emerging role of myofilament-associated protein phosphatases in heart failure. The importance of regulatory subunits and subcellular compartmentalization in determining the functional impact of protein phosphatases on myofilament and myocardial function is also discussed, as are discrepancies about the roles of protein phosphatases in regulating myofilament function. The potential for targeting these molecular messengers in the treatment of heart failure is discussed as a key future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Lorenzen-Schmidt
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samantha B Clarke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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48
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Ayres AW, Carr DW, McConnell DS, Lieberman RW, Smith GD. Expression and Intracellular Localization of Protein Phosphatases 2A and 2B, Protein Kinase A, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP79), and Binding of the Regulatory (RII) Subunit of Protein Kinase A to AKAP79 in Human Myometrium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760300136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard W. Lieberman
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; Reproductive Science Program; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Physiology and Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary D. Smith
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; Reproductive Science Program; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Physiology and Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan, 6428 Med Sci 1, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0617
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49
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Wehbi VL, Taskén K. Molecular Mechanisms for cAMP-Mediated Immunoregulation in T cells - Role of Anchored Protein Kinase A Signaling Units. Front Immunol 2016; 7:222. [PMID: 27375620 PMCID: PMC4896925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is one of the most common and versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) target PKA to specific substrates and distinct subcellular compartments providing spatial and temporal specificity for mediation of biological effects channeled through the cAMP/PKA pathway. In the immune system, cAMP is a potent negative regulator of T cell receptor-mediated activation of effector T cells (Teff) acting through a proximal PKA/Csk/Lck pathway anchored via a scaffold consisting of the AKAP Ezrin holding PKA, the linker protein EBP50, and the anchoring protein phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains holding Csk. As PKA activates Csk and Csk inhibits Lck, this pathway in response to cAMP shuts down proximal T cell activation. This immunomodulating pathway in Teff mediates clinically important responses to regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression and inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs), adrenergic stimuli, adenosine, and a number of other ligands. A major inducer of T cell cAMP levels is PG E2 (PGE2) acting through EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors. PGE2 plays a crucial role in the normal physiological control of immune homeostasis as well as in inflammation and cancer immune evasion. Peripherally induced Tregs express cyclooxygenase-2, secrete PGE2, and elicit the immunosuppressive cAMP pathway in Teff as one tumor immune evasion mechanism. Moreover, a cAMP increase can also be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as intercellular transfer between T cells. Indeed, Treg, known to have elevated levels of intracellular cAMP, may mediate their suppressive function by transferring cAMP to Teff through gap junctions, which we speculate could also be regulated by PKA/AKAP complexes. In this review, we present an updated overview on the influence of cAMP-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms acting through localized cAMP signaling and the therapeutical increasing prospects of AKAPs disruptors in T-cell immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Wehbi
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Gonzalez Bosc LV, Plomaritas DR, Herbert LM, Giermakowska W, Browning C, Jernigan NL. ASIC1-mediated calcium entry stimulates NFATc3 nuclear translocation via PICK1 coupling in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L48-58. [PMID: 27190058 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00040.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) Ca(2+) influx through acid-sensing ion channel-1 (ASIC1) and activation of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin-dependent transcription factor known as nuclear factor of activated T-cells isoform c3 (NFATc3). Whether Ca(2+) influx through ASIC1 contributes to NFATc3 activation in the pulmonary vasculature is unknown. Furthermore, both ASIC1 and calcineurin have been shown to interact with the scaffolding protein known as protein interacting with C kinase-1 (PICK1). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ASIC1 contributes to NFATc3 nuclear translocation in PASMC in a PICK1-dependent manner. Using both ASIC1 knockout (ASIC1(-/-)) mice and pharmacological inhibition of ASIC1, we demonstrate that ASIC1 contributes to CH-induced (1 wk at 380 mmHg) and endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced (10(-7) M) Ca(2+) responses and NFATc3 nuclear import in PASMC. The interaction between ASIC1/PICK1/calcineurin was shown using a Duolink in situ Proximity Ligation Assay. Inhibition of PICK1 by using FSC231 abolished ET-1-induced and ionomycin-induced NFATc3 nuclear import, but it did not alter ET-1-mediated Ca(2+) responses, suggesting that PICK1 acts downstream of Ca(2+) influx. The key findings of the present work are that 1) Ca(2+) influx through ASIC1 mediates CH- and ET-1-induced NFATc3 nuclear import and 2) the scaffolding protein PICK1 is necessary for NFATc3 nuclear import. Together, these data provide an essential link between CH-induced ASIC1-mediated Ca(2+) influx and activation of the NFATc3 transcription factor. Identification of this ASIC1/PICK1/NFATc3 signaling complex increases our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the vascular remodeling and increased vascular contractility that are associated with CH-induced pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Danielle R Plomaritas
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lindsay M Herbert
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Carly Browning
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nikki L Jernigan
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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