1
|
Wang M, Perez-Morelo DJ, Ramer G, Pavlidis G, Schwartz JJ, Yu L, Ilic R, Centrone A, Aksyuk VA. Beating thermal noise in a dynamic signal measurement by a nanofabricated cavity optomechanical sensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf7595. [PMID: 36921059 PMCID: PMC10017032 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal fluctuations often impose both fundamental and practical measurement limits on high-performance sensors, motivating the development of techniques that bypass the limitations imposed by thermal noise outside cryogenic environments. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a measurement method that reduces the effective transducer temperature and improves the measurement precision of a dynamic impulse response signal. Thermal noise-limited, integrated cavity optomechanical atomic force microscopy probes are used in a photothermal-induced resonance measurement to demonstrate an effective temperature reduction by a factor of ≈25, i.e., from room temperature down as low as ≈12 K, without cryogens. The method improves the experimental measurement precision and throughput by >2×, approaching the theoretical limit of ≈3.5× improvement for our experimental conditions. The general applicability of this method to dynamic measurements leveraging thermal noise-limited harmonic transducers will have a broad impact across a variety of measurement platforms and scientific fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Wang
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Diego J. Perez-Morelo
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Nanoscale Devices Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Devices Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Nanoscale Devices Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Liya Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Devices Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu XY, Zhang Y, Gao YP, Wang C. Optimal photon-magnon mode matching in whispering-gallery mode cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:40061-40071. [PMID: 34809356 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optomagnonic structures are widely studied in the field of nanophotonics and quantum information science. They are the key platforms for the realization of magnon-mediated microwave to optical transducers in various applications of quantum computing. In order to enhance the coupling between light (photons) and spin waves (magnons), here in this work, we use the Lagrange multiplication method to find the optimum matching condition between the optical whispering-gallery mode and the magnon with Kittle and higher-order modes in microresonators. It is found that the magnon modes located near the edge of the resonator exhibits stronger coupling strength with the optical modes. Numerically, we find the coupling constant can approach 87.6×2π H z in Kittle mode, and 459×2π H z in high-order magnon mode for a yttrium iron garnet (YIG, Y3Fe5O12 ) microdisk cavity with a radius of 300 microns and a thickness of 10 microns. We believe these results may provide an efficient way for enhancing the magneto-optical interaction in the optical devices, which will facilitate the development of magneto-optical control, optical-microwave interaction, and optical nonlinearity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Reaching silicon-based NEMS performances with 3D printed nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6080. [PMID: 34667168 PMCID: PMC8526607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization in NEMS resonators offers the possibility to reach an unprecedented resolution in high-performance mass sensing. These very low limits of detection are related to the combination of two factors: a small resonator mass and a high quality factor. The main drawback of NEMS is represented by the highly complex, multi-steps, and expensive fabrication processes. Several alternatives fabrication processes have been exploited, but they are still limited to MEMS range and very low-quality factor. Here we report the fabrication of rigid NEMS resonators with high-quality factors by a 3D printing approach. After a thermal step, we reach complex geometry printed devices composed of ceramic structures with high Young’s modulus and low damping showing performances in line with silicon-based NEMS resonators ones. We demonstrate the possibility of rapid fabrication of NEMS devices that present an effective alternative to semiconducting resonators as highly sensitive mass and force sensors. NEMS devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems, by virtue of their minute size, offer ultra-high sensitivity, though at the expense of manufacturing complexity. Here, Stassi et al succeed in manufacturing high quality factor NEMS devices using high resolution 3D printing.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang M, Zhang R, Ilic R, Liu Y, Aksyuk VA. Fundamental limits and optimal estimation of the resonance frequency of a linear harmonic oscillator. COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS 2021; 4:10.1038/s42005-021-00700-6. [PMID: 38680632 PMCID: PMC11047169 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-021-00700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
All physical oscillators are subject to thermodynamic and quantum perturbations, fundamentally limiting measurement of their resonance frequency. Analyses assuming specific ways of estimating frequency can underestimate the available precision and overlook unconventional measurement regimes. Here we derive a general, estimation-method-independent Cramer Rao lower bound for a linear harmonic oscillator resonance frequency measurement uncertainty, seamlessly accounting for the quantum, thermodynamic and instrumental limitations, including Fisher information from quantum backaction- and thermodynamically-driven fluctuations. We provide a universal and practical maximum-likelihood frequency estimator reaching the predicted limits in all regimes, and experimentally validate it on a thermodynamically-limited nanomechanical oscillator. Low relative frequency uncertainty is obtained for both very high bandwidth measurements (≈ 10-5 for τ = 30 μs ) and measurements using thermal fluctuations alone (<10-6). Beyond nanomechanics, these results advance frequency-based metrology across physical domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Wang
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 011609 USA
| | - Robert Ilic
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 011609 USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Electric current has been used to send electricity to far distant places. On the other hand, spin current, a flow of electron spin, can in principle also send angular momentum to distant places. In a magnet, there is a universal spin carrier called a spin wave, a wave-type excitation of magnetization. Since spin waves exhibit a long propagation length, it should be able to send angular momentum that can generate torque and force at a distant place: a new function of magnets. Here we observe mechanical angular momentum transmission and force generation due to spin waves injected into Y3Fe5O12 by the spin-Seebeck effect. The spin-wave current, transmitted through a Y3Fe5O12 micro cantilever, was found to create a mechanical force on the cantilever as a non-local reaction of the spin-Seebeck effect. Spin-wave current can be generated remotely even in open circuits, and it can be used to drive micro mechanical devices. Spin current carrying angular momentum enables intriguing phenomena and many fascinating applications. Here the authors demonstrate that thermally driven spin Seebeck current can give rise to the mechanical torque when transmitting through a Y3Fe5O12 micro cantilever.
Collapse
|
6
|
Morell N, Tepsic S, Reserbat-Plantey A, Cepellotti A, Manca M, Epstein I, Isacsson A, Marie X, Mauri F, Bachtold A. Optomechanical Measurement of Thermal Transport in Two-Dimensional MoSe 2 Lattices. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3143-3150. [PMID: 30939027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators have emerged as sensors with exceptional sensitivities. These sensing capabilities open new possibilities in the studies of the thermodynamic properties in condensed matter. Here, we use mechanical sensing as a novel approach to measure the thermal properties of low-dimensional materials. We measure the temperature dependence of both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer down to cryogenic temperature, something that has not been achieved thus far with a single nanoscale object. These measurements show how heat is transported by phonons in two-dimensional systems. Both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity measurements are consistent with predictions based on first-principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Slaven Tepsic
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andrea Cepellotti
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marco Manca
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Itai Epstein
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andreas Isacsson
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , S-41296 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma La Sapienza , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guan M, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhou Z, Dong G, Su W, Min T, Ma J, Hu Z, Ren W, Ye ZG, Nan CW, Liu M. Ionic Modulation of the Interfacial Magnetism in a Bilayer System Comprising a Heavy Metal and a Magnetic Insulator for Voltage-Tunable Spintronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802902. [PMID: 30109765 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The voltage modulation of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is of practical and theoretical significance; due to its advantages of compactness, high-speed response, and energy efficiency, it can be used for various spintronic applications, including spin-Hall, spin-pumping, and spin-Seebeck effects. In this study, a significant ferromagnetic resonance change is achieved within the YIG/Pt bilayer heterostructures uisng ionic modulation, which is accomplished by modifying the interfacial magnetism in the deposited "capping" platinum layer. With a small voltage bias of 4.5 V, a large ferromagnetic field shift of 690 Oe is achieved in heterostructures of YIG (13 nm)/Pt (3 nm)/(ionic liquid, IL)/(Au capacitor). The remarkable magnetoelectric (ME) tunability comes from the additional and voltage-induced ferromagnetic ordering, caused by uncompensated d-orbital electrons in the Pt metal layer. Confirmed by first-principle calculations, this finding paves the way for novel voltage-tunable YIG-based spintronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guan
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shishun Zhao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guohua Dong
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Su
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Tai Min
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongqiang Hu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zuo-Guang Ye
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roy SK, Sauer VTK, Westwood-Bachman JN, Venkatasubramanian A, Hiebert WK. Improving mechanical sensor performance through larger damping. Science 2018; 360:360/6394/eaar5220. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonances are used in a wide variety of devices, from smartphone accelerometers to computer clocks and from wireless filters to atomic force microscopes. Frequency stability, a critical performance metric, is generally assumed to be tantamount to resonance quality factor (the inverse of the linewidth and of the damping). We show that the frequency stability of resonant nanomechanical sensors can be improved by lowering the quality factor. At high bandwidths, quality-factor reduction is completely mitigated by increases in signal-to-noise ratio. At low bandwidths, notably, increased damping leads to better stability and sensor resolution, with improvement proportional to damping. We confirm the findings by demonstrating temperature resolution of 60 microkelvin at 300-hertz bandwidth. These results open the door to high-performance ultrasensitive resonators in gaseous or liquid environments, single-cell nanocalorimetry, nanoscale gas chromatography, atmospheric-pressure nanoscale mass spectrometry, and new approaches in crystal oscillator stability.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim PH, Hauer BD, Clark TJ, Fani Sani F, Freeman MR, Davis JP. Magnetic actuation and feedback cooling of a cavity optomechanical torque sensor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29116095 PMCID: PMC5677085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, such as measurement and control of mechanical motion at the quantum level. Yet many compelling applications of optomechanics—such as microwave-to-telecom wavelength conversion, quantum memories, materials studies, and sensing applications—require hybrid devices, where the optomechanical system is coupled to a separate, typically condensed matter, system. Here, we demonstrate such a hybrid optomechanical system, in which a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle is integrated with an optomechanical torsional resonator. Using this system we quantitatively extract the magnetization of the needle, not known a priori, demonstrating the potential of this system for studies of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we show that we can magnetically dampen its torsional mode from room-temperature to 11.6 K—improving its mechanical response time without sacrificing torque sensitivity. Future extensions will enable studies of high-frequency spin dynamics and broadband wavelength conversion via torque mixing. Although optomechanics enables precision metrology, measurements beyond mechanical properties often require hybrid devices. Here, Kim et al. demonstrate that a ferromagnetic needle integrated with a torsional resonator can determine the magnetic properties and amplify or cool the resonator motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - T J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - F Fani Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - M R Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu M, Wu NLY, Firdous T, Fani Sani F, Losby JE, Freeman MR, Barclay PE. Nanocavity optomechanical torque magnetometry and radiofrequency susceptometry. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:127-131. [PMID: 27798605 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic optomechanical devices allow the observation of nanoscale vibrations with a sensitivity that has dramatically advanced the metrology of nanomechanical structures and has the potential to impact studies of nanoscale physical systems in a similar manner. Here we demonstrate this potential with a nanophotonic optomechanical torque magnetometer and radiofrequency (RF) magnetic susceptometer. Exquisite readout sensitivity provided by a nanocavity integrated within a torsional nanomechanical resonator enables observations of the unique net magnetization and RF-driven responses of single mesoscopic magnetic structures in ambient conditions. The magnetic moment resolution is sufficient for the observation of Barkhausen steps in the magnetic hysteresis of a lithographically patterned permalloy island. In addition, significantly enhanced RF susceptibility is found over narrow field ranges and attributed to thermally assisted driven hopping of a magnetic vortex core between neighbouring pinning sites. The on-chip magnetosusceptometer scheme offers a promising path to powerful integrated cavity optomechanical devices for the quantitative characterization of magnetic micro- and nanosystems in science and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Nathanael L-Y Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tayyaba Firdous
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Fani Sani
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Joseph E Losby
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark R Freeman
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Paul E Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim PH, Hauer BD, Doolin C, Souris F, Davis JP. Approaching the standard quantum limit of mechanical torque sensing. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13165. [PMID: 27762273 PMCID: PMC5080439 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the moment of inertia improves the sensitivity of a mechanically based torque sensor, the parallel of reducing the mass of a force sensor, yet the correspondingly small displacements can be difficult to measure. To resolve this, we incorporate cavity optomechanics, which involves co-localizing an optical and mechanical resonance. With the resulting enhanced readout, cavity-optomechanical torque sensors are now limited only by thermal noise. Further progress requires thermalizing such sensors to low temperatures, where sensitivity limitations are instead imposed by quantum noise. Here, by cooling a cavity-optomechanical torque sensor to 25 mK, we demonstrate a torque sensitivity of 2.9 yNm/. At just over a factor of ten above its quantum-limited sensitivity, such cryogenic optomechanical torque sensors will enable both static and dynamic measurements of integrated samples at the level of a few hundred spins.
Cavity optomechanics enables measurement of torque at levels unattainable by previous techniques, but the main obstacle to improved sensitivity is thermal noise. Here the authors present cryogenic measurement of a cavity-optomechanical torsional resonator with unprecedented torque sensitivity of 2.9 yNm/√Hz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, CCIS 3-199, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, CCIS 3-199, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - C Doolin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, CCIS 3-199, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - F Souris
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, CCIS 3-199, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, CCIS 3-199, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| |
Collapse
|