1
|
Niu X, Zhang Q, Dang Y, Hu W, Sun Y. MolPackL: Quantification and Interpretation of Intermolecular Interactions Driven by Molecular Packing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24075-24084. [PMID: 39141522 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
In organic optoelectronic devices, the properties of the aggregated organic materials depend not only on individual molecules or monomers but also significantly on their packing modes. Different from their inorganic counterparts linked by explicit covalent bonds, organic solids exhibit intricate and numerous intermolecular interactions (IMIs). Due to the intrinsic complexity and disorder of IMIs, identifying and understanding them is a formidable challenge in experimental, theoretical, and data-driven approaches. In this work, we constructed an innovative algorithm framework, Molecular Packing Learning (MolPackL), which can accurately quantify elusive IMIs using contact density histograms (CDHs) and efficiently extract intermolecular features for further property prediction of organic solids. It performs satisfactorily in training predictive models of IMI-related properties in molecular crystals. Particularly, the band gap predictive model based on MolPackL achieved the best-reported performance, with an MAE of 0.20 eV and an impressive R2 of 0.92. Class activation mapping (CAM) visually demonstrates MolPackL's accurate identification of effective interaction sites as the molecular packing changes. What is more, the elemental importance analysis verified that the superior score benefits from MolPackL's ability to comprehensively consider multiple influencing factors of IMIs. In summary, MolPackL provides a new framework for quantitative assessment and understanding of the effect of IMIs. The development of MolPackL marks a significant advancement in establishing predictive models of molecular aggregates, deepening the comprehension of IMIs on the material properties. Given the superior performance, we believe that MolPackL will also become a powerful tool in the design of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abd-Rahman SA, Yamaguchi T, Kera S, Yoshida H. Sample-shape dependent energy levels in organic semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 2022; 106:075303. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.106.075303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
3
|
Tian F, Lin DY, Gao X, Zhao YF, Song HF. A structural modeling approach to solid solutions based on the similar atomic environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034101. [PMID: 32716184 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid solution is one of the important ways to enhance the structural and functional performance of materials. In this work, we develop a structural modeling approach to solid solutions based on the similar atomic environment (SAE). We propose a similarity function associated with any type of atom cluster to describe quantitatively the configurational deviation from the desired solid-solution structure that is fully disordered or contains short-range order (SRO). In this manner, the structural modeling for solid solutions is transferred to a minimization problem in the configuration space. Moreover, we strive to enhance the practicality of this approach. The approach and implementation are demonstrated by cross validations with the special quasi-random structure method. We apply the SAE method to the typical quinary CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy, continuous binary Ta-W alloy, and ternary CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy with SRO as prototypes. In combination with ab initio calculations, we investigate the structural properties and compare the calculation results with experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Tian
- Institute for Applied Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - De-Ye Lin
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ya-Fan Zhao
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hai-Feng Song
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwarze M, Schellhammer KS, Ortstein K, Benduhn J, Gaul C, Hinderhofer A, Perdigón Toro L, Scholz R, Kublitski J, Roland S, Lau M, Poelking C, Andrienko D, Cuniberti G, Schreiber F, Neher D, Vandewal K, Ortmann F, Leo K. Impact of molecular quadrupole moments on the energy levels at organic heterojunctions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2466. [PMID: 31165738 PMCID: PMC6549189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of organic semiconductor devices crucially depends on molecular energies, namely the ionisation energy and the electron affinity. Ionisation energy and electron affinity values of thin films are, however, sensitive to film morphology and composition, making their prediction challenging. In a combined experimental and simulation study on zinc-phthalocyanine and its fluorinated derivatives, we show that changes in ionisation energy as a function of molecular orientation in neat films or mixing ratio in blends are proportional to the molecular quadrupole component along the π-π-stacking direction. We apply these findings to organic solar cells and demonstrate how the electrostatic interactions can be tuned to optimise the energy of the charge-transfer state at the donor-acceptor interface and the dissociation barrier for free charge carrier generation. The confirmation of the correlation between interfacial energies and quadrupole moments for other materials indicates its relevance for small molecules and polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarze
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Institute for Materials Science, Max-Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Ortstein
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher Gaul
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lorena Perdigón Toro
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Kublitski
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Roland
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Lau
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl Poelking
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science, Max-Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schwarze M, Gaul C, Scholz R, Bussolotti F, Hofacker A, Schellhammer KS, Nell B, Naab BD, Bao Z, Spoltore D, Vandewal K, Widmer J, Kera S, Ueno N, Ortmann F, Leo K. Molecular parameters responsible for thermally activated transport in doped organic semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:242-248. [PMID: 30692647 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Doped organic semiconductors typically exhibit a thermal activation of their electrical conductivity, whose physical origin is still under scientific debate. In this study, we disclose relationships between molecular parameters and the thermal activation energy (EA) of the conductivity, revealing that charge transport is controlled by the properties of host-dopant integer charge transfer complexes (ICTCs) in efficiently doped organic semiconductors. At low doping concentrations, charge transport is limited by the Coulomb binding energy of ICTCs, which can be minimized by systematic modification of the charge distribution on the individual ions. The investigation of a wide variety of material systems reveals that static energetic disorder induced by ICTC dipole moments sets a general lower limit for EA at large doping concentrations. The impact of disorder can be reduced by adjusting the ICTC density and the intramolecular relaxation energy of host ions, allowing an increase of conductivity by many orders of magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarze
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christopher Gaul
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Bussolotti
- Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Photo-Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Andreas Hofacker
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nell
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Naab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Johannes Widmer
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Heliatek GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Satoshi Kera
- Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Photo-Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ueno
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen B, Geiger T, Einholz R, Reicherter F, Schundelmeier S, Maichle-Mössmer C, Speiser B, Bettinger HF. Bridging the Gap between Pentacene and Perfluoropentacene: Synthesis and Characterization of 2,3,9,10-Tetrafluoropentacene in the Neutral, Cationic, and Dicationic States. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3149-3158. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Reig M, Bagdziunas G, Volyniuk D, Grazulevicius JV, Velasco D. Tuning the ambipolar charge transport properties of tricyanovinyl-substituted carbazole-based materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6721-6730. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ambipolar charge transport properties of a series of push–pull carbazole-based semiconductors are here evaluated. The ambipolar characteristics depend on the supramolecular organization. Experimental results were confirmed and justified through the X-ray analysis of single crystals and by theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reig
- Grup de Materials Orgànics
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Secció de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Gintautas Bagdziunas
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- Kaunas
- Lithuania
- Department of Material Science and Electrical Engineering
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Juozas V. Grazulevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Dolores Velasco
- Grup de Materials Orgànics
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Secció de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
| |
Collapse
|