1
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He C, Zhou J, Zhou R, Chen C, Jing S, Mu K, Huang YT, Chung CC, Cherng SJ, Lu Y, Tu KN, Feng SP. Nanocrystalline copper for direct copper-to-copper bonding with improved cross-interface formation at low thermal budget. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7095. [PMID: 39154020 PMCID: PMC11330484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct copper-to-copper (Cu-Cu) bonding is a promising technology for advanced electronic packaging. Nanocrystalline (NC) Cu receives increasing attention due to its unique ability to promote grain growth across the bonding interface. However, achieving sufficient grain growth still requires a high thermal budget. This study explores how reducing grain size and controlling impurity concentration in NC Cu leads to substantial grain growth at low temperatures. The fabricated NC Cu has a uniform nanograin size of around 50 nm and a low impurity level of 300 ppm. To prevent ungrown NC and void formation caused by impurity aggregation, we propose a double-layer (DL) structure comprising a normal coarse-grained (CG) layer underneath the NC layer. The CG layer, with a grain size of 1 μm and an impurity level of 3 ppm, acts as a sink, facilitating impurity diffusion from the NC layer to the CG layer. Thanks to sufficient grain growth throughout the entire NC layer, cross-interface Cu-Cu bonding becomes possible under a low thermal budget, either at 100 °C for 60 min or at 200 °C for only 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyi Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiyu Mu
- Doctech. HK Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Doctech. HK Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chih-Chun Chung
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Doctech. HK Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng-Jye Cherng
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Doctech. HK Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Ning Tu
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Xu W, Zhong Y, Li X, Lu K. Stabilizing Supersaturation with Extreme Grain Refinement in Spinodal Aluminum Alloys. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303650. [PMID: 37276137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturated solid solutions can be formed in alloys from various non-equilibrium processes, but stabilizing the metastable phases against decomposition is challenging, particularly the spinodal decomposition that occurs via chemical fluctuations without energy barriers to nucleation. In this work, it is found that spinodal decomposition in supersaturated Al(Zn) solid solutions can be inhibited with straining-induced extreme grain refinement. For the refined supersaturated grains at the nanoscale, their spinodal decomposition is obviously resisted by the relaxed grain boundaries and reduced lattice defects. As grains are refined below 10 nm the decomposition is completely inhibited, in which atomic diffusion is blocked by the stable Schwarz crystal structure with vacancy-free grains. Extreme grain refinement offers a general approach to stabilize supersaturated phases with broadened compositional windows for property modulation of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - K Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, China
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3
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He Q, Schmidt S, Zhu W, Wu G, Huang T, Zhang L, Jensen DJ, Feng Z, Godfrey A, Huang X. 3D microscopy at the nanoscale reveals unexpected lattice rotations in deformed nickel. Science 2023; 382:1065-1069. [PMID: 38033081 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In polycrystalline metals, plastic deformation is accompanied by lattice rotations resulting from dislocation glide. Following these rotations in three dimensions requires nondestructive methods that so far have been limited to grain sizes at the micrometer scale. We tracked the rotations of individual grains in nanograined nickel by using three-dimensional orientation mapping in a transmission electron microscope before and after in situ nanomechanical testing. Many of the larger-size grains underwent unexpected lattice rotations, which we attributed to a reversal of rotation during unloading. This inherent reversible rotation originated from a back stress-driven dislocation slip process that was more active for larger grains. These results provide insights into the fundamental deformation mechanisms of nanograined metals and will help to guide strategies for material design and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao He
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Southwest Technology and Engineering Research Institute, Chongqing 400039, China
| | | | - Wanquan Zhu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Transient Facility, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guilin Wu
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianlin Huang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Dorte Juul Jensen
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zongqiang Feng
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Andrew Godfrey
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxu Huang
- International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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4
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Barra G, Guadagno L, Raimondo M, Santonicola MG, Toto E, Vecchio Ciprioti S. A Comprehensive Review on the Thermal Stability Assessment of Polymers and Composites for Aeronautics and Space Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3786. [PMID: 37765641 PMCID: PMC10535285 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article provides an exhaustive survey on experimental investigations regarding the thermal stability assessment of polymers and polymer-based composites intended for applications in the aeronautical and space fields. This review aims to: (1) come up with a systematic and critical overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge and research on the thermal stability of various polymers and composites, such as polyimides, epoxy composites, and carbon-filled composites; (2) identify the key factors, mechanisms, methods, and challenges that affect the thermal stability of polymers and composites, such as the temperature, radiation, oxygen, and degradation; (3) highlight the current and potential applications, benefits, limitations, and opportunities of polymers and composites with high thermal stability, such as thermal control, structural reinforcement, protection, and energy conversion; (4) give a glimpse of future research directions by providing indications for improving the thermal stability of polymers and composites, such as novel materials, hybrid composites, smart materials, and advanced processing methods. In this context, thermal analysis plays a crucial role in the development of polyimide-based materials for the radiation shielding of space solar cells or spacecraft components. The main strategies that have been explored to improve the processability, optical transparency, and radiation resistance of polyimide-based materials without compromising their thermal stability are highlighted. The combination of different types of polyimides, such as linear and hyperbranched, as well as the incorporation of bulky pendant groups, are reported as routes for improving the mechanical behavior and optical transparency while retaining the thermal stability and radiation shielding properties. Furthermore, the thermal stability of polymer/carbon nanocomposites is discussed with particular reference to the role of the filler in radiation monitoring systems and electromagnetic interference shielding in the space environment. Finally, the thermal stability of epoxy-based composites and how it is influenced by the type and content of epoxy resin, curing agent, degree of cross-linking, and the addition of fillers or modifiers are critically reviewed. Some studies have reported that incorporating mesoporous silica micro-filler or microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) into epoxy resin can enhance its thermal stability and mechanical properties. The mesoporous silica composite exhibited the highest glass transition temperature and activation energy for thermal degradation among all the epoxy-silica nano/micro-composites. Indeed, an average activation energy value of 148.86 kJ/mol was recorded for the thermal degradation of unfilled epoxy resin. The maximum activation energy range was instead recorded for composites loaded with mesoporous microsilica. The EMC-5p50 sample showed the highest mean value of 217.6 kJ/mol. This remarkable enhancement was ascribed to the polymer invading the silica pores and forging formidable interfacial bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Liberata Guadagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Marialuigia Raimondo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Santonicola
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Toto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Long H, Wen K, Liu C, Liu X, Hu H. Effect of Carbon Layer Thickness on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose in a Ni/BDD Composite Electrode. Molecules 2023; 28:5798. [PMID: 37570767 PMCID: PMC10421277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor composite electrodes were prepared by loading Ni onto a boron-doped diamond (BDD) film surface through a thermal catalytic etching method. A carbon precipitate with a desired thickness could be formed on the Ni/BDD composite electrode surface by tuning the processing conditions. A systematic study regarding the influence of the precipitated carbon layer thickness on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose was conducted. While an oxygen plasma was used to etch the precipitated carbon, Ni/BDD-based composite electrodes with the precipitated carbon layers of different thicknesses could be obtained by controlling the oxygen plasma power. These Ni/BDD electrodes were characterized by SEM microscopies, Raman and XPS spectroscopies, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the carbon layer thickness exerted a significant impact on the resulting electrocatalytic performance. The electrode etched under 200 W power exhibited the best performance, followed by the untreated electrode and the electrode etched under 400 W power with the worst performance. Specifically, the electrode etched under 200 W was demonstrated to possess the highest sensitivity of 1443.75 μA cm-2 mM-1 and the lowest detection limit of 0.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Long
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Kui Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Institute of New Materials, Guangzhou 510651, China;
| | - Cuiyin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Xuezhang Liu
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
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6
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Shang Z, Sun T, Ding J, Richter NA, Heckman NM, White BC, Boyce BL, Hattar K, Wang H, Zhang X. Gradient nanostructured steel with superior tensile plasticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9780. [PMID: 37256952 PMCID: PMC10413645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured metallic materials with abundant high-angle grain boundaries exhibit high strength and good radiation resistance. While the nanoscale grains induce high strength, they also degrade tensile ductility. We show that a gradient nanostructured ferritic steel exhibits simultaneous improvement in yield strength by 36% and uniform elongation by 50% compared to the homogenously structured counterpart. In situ tension studies coupled with electron backscattered diffraction analyses reveal intricate coordinated deformation mechanisms in the gradient structures. The outermost nanolaminate grains sustain a substantial plastic strain via a profound deformation mechanism involving prominent grain reorientation. This synergistic plastic co-deformation process alters the rupture mode in the post-necking regime, thus delaying the onset of fracture. The present discovery highlights the intrinsic plasticity of nanolaminate grains and their significance in simultaneous improvement of strength and tensile ductility of structural metallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Shang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tianyi Sun
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jie Ding
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Richter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Brad L. Boyce
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xinghang Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Mi Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Dong Y, Chang H, Alexandrov IV. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Ti-2Fe-0.1B. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2955. [PMID: 37109790 PMCID: PMC10145425 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy was processed using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) via route Bc for four passes. The isochronal annealing of the ultrafine-grained (UFG) Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy was conducted at various temperatures between 150 and 750 °C with holding times of 60 min. The isothermal annealing was performed at 350-750 °C with different holding times (15 min-150 min). The results indicated that no obvious changes in the microhardness of the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy are observed when the annealing temperature (AT) is up to 450 °C. Compared to the UFG state, it was found that excellent strength (~768 MPa) and ductility (~16%) matching can be achieved for the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy when annealed at 450 °C. The microstructure of the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy before and after the various annealing treatments was characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the average grain size remained at an ultrafine level (0.91-1.03 μm) when the annealing temperature was below 450 °C. The good thermal stability of the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy could be ascribed to the pinning of the TiB needles and the segregation of the Fe solute atoms at the grain boundaries, which is of benefit for decreasing grain boundary energy and inhibiting the mobility of grain boundaries. For the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy, a recrystallization activation energy with an average value of ~259.44 KJ/mol was analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). This is much higher than the lattice self-diffusion activation energy of pure titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Mi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering/Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Yanhuai Wang
- Casting and Forging Branch, Lanzhou LS Group Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730314, China;
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering/Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Yuecheng Dong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering/Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering/Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - I. V. Alexandrov
- Department of Materials Science and Physics of Metals, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa 450076, Russia
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8
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Mechanical properties of friction induced nanocrystalline pearlitic steel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12591. [PMID: 35869251 PMCID: PMC9307591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystalline structured variants of commercially available alloys have shown potential for boosting the mechanical properties of these materials, leading to a reduction in waste and thereby retaining feasible supply chains. One approach towards achieving these nanostructures resides in frictional treatments on manufactured parts, leading to differential refinement of the surface structure as compared to the bulk material. In this work the machining method is considered to be a testing platform for the formation and study of frictional nanostructured steel, assembly of which is stabilized by fast cooling of the produced chip. Analysis of the mechanical properties has shown extraordinary results at the surface, over 2000 MPa of strength on AISI1045 steel, more than three times the strength of the base material, demonstrating at the same time a reduction of 15% in the elastic modulus. The microscopic analysis suggests a reassembly of the elements in a new lattice of carbon supersaturated nano-ferrite.
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9
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Zhang BB, Tang YG, Mei QS, Li XY, Lu K. Inhibiting creep in nanograined alloys with stable grain boundary networks. Science 2022; 378:659-663. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Creep, the time-dependent deformation of materials stressed below the yield strength, is responsible for a great number of component failures at high temperatures. Because grain boundaries (GBs) in materials usually facilitate diffusional processes in creep, eliminating GBs is a primary approach to resisting high-temperature creep in metals, such as in single-crystal superalloy turbo blades. We report a different strategy to inhibiting creep by use of stable GB networks. Plastic deformation triggered structural relaxation of high-density GBs in nanograined single-phased nickel-cobalt-chromium alloys, forming networks of stable GBs interlocked with abundant twin boundaries. The stable GB networks effectively inhibit diffusional creep processes at high temperatures. We obtained an unprecedented creep resistance, with creep rates of ~10
–7
per second under gigapascal stress at 700°C (~61% melting point), outperforming that of conventional superalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Y. G. Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Q. S. Mei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - X. Y. Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - K. Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110004, China
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10
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Wang L, Liu H, Zhuang J, Wang D. Small‐Scale Big Science: From Nano‐ to Atomically Dispersed Catalytic Materials. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiahao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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11
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Liu C, Xiang K, Li J, Liu H, Shen F. Controllable Disordered Copper Sulfide with a Sulfur-Rich Interface for High-Performance Gaseous Elemental Mercury Capture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13664-13674. [PMID: 36154115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper sulfide (CuS) has received increasing attention as a promising material in gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) capture, yet how to enhance its activity at elevated temperature remains a great challenge for practical application. Herein, simultaneous improvement in the activity and thermal stability of CuS toward Hg0 capture was successfully achieved for the first time by controlling the crystal growth. CuS with a moderate crystallinity degree of 68.8% showed a disordered structure yet high thermal stability up to 180 °C. Such disordered CuS can maintain its Hg0 capture activity stable during longtime test at a wide temperature range from 60 to 180 °C and displayed strong resistance to SO2 (6%) and H2O (8%). The significant improvement can be attributed to the synergistic effect of a moderately crystalline nature and a unique sulfur-rich interface. Moderate crystallinity guarantees the thermal stability of CuS and the presence of abundant defects, in which copper vacancy enhances significantly the Hg0 capture activity. The sulfur-rich interface enables CuS to provide plentiful highly active Sx2- sites for Hg0 adsorption. The interrelation between structure, reactivity, and thermal stability clarified in this work broadens the understanding toward Hg0 oxidation and adsorption over CuS and provides new insights into the rational design and engineering of advanced environmental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kaisong Xiang
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junyuan Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fenghua Shen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
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12
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Zhao W, Liu Y, Zhang P, Zhou P, Wu Z, Lou B, Jiang Y, Shakoor N, Li M, Li Y, Lynch I, Rui Y, Tan Z. Engineered Zn-based nano-pesticides as an opportunity for treatment of phytopathogens in agriculture. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100420. [PMID: 36038133 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People's desire for food has never slowed, despite the deterioration of the global agricultural environment and the threat to food security. People rely on agrochemicals to ensure normal crop growth and to relieve the existing demand pressure. Phytopathogens have acquired resistance to traditional pesticides as a result of pesticdes' abuse. Compared with traditional formulations, nano-pesticides have superior antimicrobial performance and are environmentally friendly. Zn-based nanoparticles (NPs) have shown their potential as strong antipathogen activity. However, their full potential has not been demonstrated yet. Here, we analyzed the prerequisites for the use of Zn-based NPs as nano-pesticides in agriculture including both intrinsic properties of the materials and environmental conditions. We also summarized the mechanisms of Zn-based NPs against phytopathogens including direct and indirect strategies to alleviate plant disease stress. Finally, the current challenges and future directions are highlighted to advance our understanding of this field and guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanwanjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhangguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Benzhen Lou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaqi Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingshu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; China Agricultural University Professor Workstation of Yuhuangmiao Town, Shanghe County, Jinan, Shandong, China; China Agricultural University Professor Workstation of Sunji Town, Shanghe County, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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13
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A nanodispersion-in-nanograins strategy for ultra-strong, ductile and stable metal nanocomposites. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5581. [PMID: 36151199 PMCID: PMC9508098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanograined metals have the merit of high strength, but usually suffer from low work hardening capacity and poor thermal stability, causing premature failure and limiting their practical utilities. Here we report a "nanodispersion-in-nanograins" strategy to simultaneously strengthen and stabilize nanocrystalline metals such as copper and nickel. Our strategy relies on a uniform dispersion of extremely fine sized carbon nanoparticles (2.6 ± 1.2 nm) inside nanograins. The intragranular dispersion of nanoparticles not only elevates the strength of already-strong nanograins by 35%, but also activates multiple hardening mechanisms via dislocation-nanoparticle interactions, leading to improved work hardening and large tensile ductility. In addition, these finely dispersed nanoparticles result in substantially enhanced thermal stability and electrical conductivity in metal nanocomposites. Our results demonstrate the concurrent improvement of several mutually exclusive properties in metals including strength-ductility, strength-thermal stability, and strength-electrical conductivity, and thus represent a promising route to engineering high-performance nanostructured materials.
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14
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Xiao T, Nagaoka Y, Wang X, Jiang T, LaMontagne D, Zhang Q, Cao C, Diao X, Qiu J, Lu Y, Wang Z, Cao YC. Nanocrystals with metastable high-pressure phases under ambient conditions. Science 2022; 377:870-874. [PMID: 35981022 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The ambient metastability of the rock-salt phase in well-defined model systems comprising nanospheres or nanorods of cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, or both was investigated as a function of composition, initial crystal phase, particle structure, shape, surface functionalization, and ordering level of their assemblies. Our experiments show that these nanocrystal systems exhibit ligand-tailorable reversibility in the rock salt-to-zinc blende solid-phase transformation. Interparticle sintering was used to engineer kinetic barriers in the phase transformation to produce ambient-pressure metastable rock-salt structures in a controllable manner. Interconnected nanocrystal networks were identified as an essential structure that hosted metastable high-energy phases at ambient conditions. These findings suggest general rules for transformation-barrier engineering that are useful in the rational design of next-generation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yasutaka Nagaoka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xirui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Derek LaMontagne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xizheng Diao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiahua Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yiruo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Y Charles Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Xiao B, Luan J, Zhao S, Zhang L, Chen S, Zhao Y, Xu L, Liu CT, Kai JJ, Yang T. Achieving thermally stable nanoparticles in chemically complex alloys via controllable sluggish lattice diffusion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4870. [PMID: 35982072 PMCID: PMC9388539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle strengthening provides a crucial basis for developing high-performance structural materials with potentially superb mechanical properties for structural applications. However, the general wisdom often fails to work well due to the poor thermal stability of nanoparticles, and the rapid coarsening of these particles will lead to the accelerated failures of these materials especially at elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to achieve ultra-stable nanoparticles at 800~1000 °C in a Ni59.9-xCoxFe13Cr15Al6Ti6B0.1 (at.%) chemically complex alloy, resulting from the controllable sluggish lattice diffusion (SLD) effect. Our diffusion kinetic simulations reveal that the Co element leads to a significant reduction in the interdiffusion coefficients of all the main elements, especially for the Al element, with a maximum of up to 5 orders of magnitude. Utilizing first-principles calculations, we further unveil the incompressibility of Al induced by the increased concentration of Co plays a critical role in controlling the SLD effect. These findings are useful for providing advances in the design of novel structural alloys with extraordinary property-microstructure stability combinations for structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junhua Luan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shijun Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yilu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lianyong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - C T Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji-Jung Kai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Recent Progress on Regulating Strategies for the Strengthening and Toughening of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134725. [PMID: 35806849 PMCID: PMC9268124 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high strength, high toughness, and corrosion resistance, high-strength aluminum alloys have attracted great scientific and technological attention in the fields of aerospace, navigation, high-speed railways, and automobiles. However, the fracture toughness and impact toughness of high-strength aluminum alloys decrease when their strength increases. In order to solve the above contradiction, there are currently three main control strategies: adjusting the alloying elements, developing new heat treatment processes, and using different deformation methods. This paper first analyzes the existing problems in the preparation of high-strength aluminum alloys, summarizes the strengthening and toughening mechanisms in high-strength aluminum alloys, and analyzes the feasibility of matching high-strength aluminum alloys in strength and toughness. Then, this paper summarizes the research progress towards adjusting the technology of high-strength aluminum alloys based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, including the adjustment of process parameters and the resulting mechanical properties, as well as new ideas for research on high-strength aluminum alloys. Finally, the main unsolved problems, challenges, and future research directions for the strengthening and toughening of high-strength aluminum alloys are systematically emphasized. It is expected that this work could provide feasible new ideas for the development of high-strength and high-toughness aluminum alloys with high reliability and long service life.
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17
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Wang H, Song W, Liu M, Zhang S, Ren L, Qiu D, Chen XQ, Yang K. Manufacture-friendly nanostructured metals stabilized by dual-phase honeycomb shell. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2034. [PMID: 35440647 PMCID: PMC9019002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Refining grains to the nanoscale can greatly enhance the strength of metals. But the engineering applications of nanostructured metals are limited by their complex manufacturing technology and poor microstructural stability. Here we report a facile "Eutectoid element alloying→ Quenching→ Hot deformation" (EQD) strategy, which enables the mass production of a Ti6Al4V5Cu (wt.%) alloy with α-Ti grain size of 95 ± 32 nm. In addition, rapid co-precipitation of Ti2Cu and β phases forms a "dual-phase honeycomb shell" (DPHS) structure along the grain boundaries and effectively stabilizes the α-grains. The instability temperature of the nanostructured Ti6Al4V5Cu alloy reaches 973 K (0.55Tm). The room temperature tensile strength approaches 1.52 ± 0.03 GPa, which is 60% higher than the Ti6Al4V counterpart without sacrificing its ductility. Furthermore, the tensile elongation at 923 K exceeds 1000%. The aforementioned strategy paves a new pathway to develop manufacture-friendly nanostructured materials and it also has great potential for application in other alloy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Song
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Dong Qiu
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Xing-Qiu Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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18
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Uniting tensile ductility with ultrahigh strength via composition undulation. Nature 2022; 604:273-279. [PMID: 35418634 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metals with nanocrystalline grains have ultrahigh strengths approaching two gigapascals. However, such extreme grain-boundary strengthening results in the loss of almost all tensile ductility, even when the metal has a face-centred-cubic structure-the most ductile of all crystal structures1-3. Here we demonstrate that nanocrystalline nickel-cobalt solid solutions, although still a face-centred-cubic single phase, show tensile strengths of about 2.3 gigapascals with a respectable ductility of about 16 per cent elongation to failure. This unusual combination of tensile strength and ductility is achieved by compositional undulation in a highly concentrated solid solution. The undulation renders the stacking fault energy and the lattice strains spatially varying over length scales in the range of one to ten nanometres, such that the motion of dislocations is thus significantly affected. The motion of dislocations becomes sluggish, promoting their interaction, interlocking and accumulation, despite the severely limited space inside the nanocrystalline grains. As a result, the flow stress is increased, and the dislocation storage is promoted at the same time, which increases the strain hardening and hence the ductility. Meanwhile, the segment detrapping along the dislocation line entails a small activation volume and hence an increased strain-rate sensitivity, which also stabilizes the tensile flow. As such, an undulating landscape resisting dislocation propagation provides a strengthening mechanism that preserves tensile ductility at high flow stresses.
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19
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Jiang Z, Xia B, Ren F, Bao B, Xing W, He T, Li Z. Boosting Vascular Imaging-Performance and Systemic Biosafety of Ultra-Small NaGdF 4 Nanoparticles via Surface Engineering with Rationally Designed Novel Hydrophilic Block Co-Polymer. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101145. [PMID: 35107219 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the anatomical structures, functions, and distribution of vasculature via contrast agent (CA) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for precise medical diagnosis and therapy. The clinically used MRI CAs strongly rely on Gd-chelates, which exhibit low T1 relaxivities and high risks of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) for patients with renal dysfunction. It is extremely important to develop high-performance and safe CAs for MRI. Herein, it is reported that ultra-small NaGdF4 nanoparticles (UGNs) can serve as an excellent safe MRI CA via surface engineering with rationally designed novel hydrophilic block co-polymer (BPn ). By optimizing the polymer molecular weights, the polymer-functionalized UGNs (i.e., UGNs-BP14 ) are obtained to exhibit remarkably higher relaxivity (11.8 mm-1 s-1 at 3.0 T) than Gd-DTPA (3.6 mm-1 s-1 ) due to their ultracompact and abundant hydrophilic surface coating. The high performance of UGNs-BP14 enables us to sensitively visualize microvasculature with a small diameter of ≈0.17 mm for up to 2 h, which is the thinnest blood vessel and the longest time window for low field (1.0 T) MR angiography ever reported, and cannot be achieved by using the clinically used Gd-DTPA under the same conditions. More importantly, renal clearable UGNs-BP14 show lower risks of inducing NSF in comparison with Gd-DTPA due to their negligible release of Gd3+ ions after modification with the novel hydrophilic block copolymer. The study presents a novel avenue for boosting imaging-performance and systemic biosafety of UGNs as a robust MRI CA with great potential in precise diagnosis of vasculature-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Jiang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ren
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bolin Bao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital 3, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital 3, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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20
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Qian S, Ni Y, Gong Y, Yang F, Tong Q. Higher Damping Capacities in Gradient Nanograined Metals. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1491-1496. [PMID: 35112860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The capability of damping mechanical energy in polycrystalline metals depends on the activities of defects such as dislocation and grain boundary (GB). However, operating defects has the opposite effect on strength and damping capacity. In the quest for high damping metals, maintaining the level of strength is desirable in practice. In this work, gradient nanograined structure is considered as a candidate for high-damping metals. The atomistic simulations show that the gradient nanograined models exhibit enhanced damping capacities compared with the homogeneous counterparts. The property can be attributed to the long-range order of GB orientations in gradient grains, where shear stresses facilitate GB sliding. Combined with the extraordinary mechanical properties, the gradient structure achieves a strength-ductility-damping synergy. The results provide promising solutions to the conflicts between mechanical properties and damping capacity in polycrystalline metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qian
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifeng Ni
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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21
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22
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Han HJ, Lee GR, Xie Y, Jang H, Hynek DJ, Cho EN, Kim YJ, Jung YS, Cha JJ. Unconventional grain growth suppression in oxygen-rich metal oxide nanoribbons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh2012. [PMID: 34623908 PMCID: PMC8500517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanograined metal oxides are requisite for diverse applications that use large surface area, such as gas sensors and catalysts. However, nanoscale grains are thermodynamically unstable and tend to coarsen at elevated temperatures. Here, we report effective grain growth suppression in metal oxide nanoribbons annealed at high temperature (900°C) by tuning the metal-to-oxygen ratio and confining the nanoribbons. Despite the high annealing temperatures, the average grain size was maintained at ~6 nm, which also retained their structural integrity. We observe that excess oxygen in amorphous tin oxide nanoribbons prevents merging of small grains during crystallization, leading to suppressed grain growth. As an exemplary application, we demonstrate a gas sensor using grain growth–suppressed tin oxide nanoribbons, which exhibited both high sensitivity and unusual long-term operation stability. Our findings provide a previously unknown pathway to simultaneously achieve high performance and excellent thermal stability in nanograined metal oxide nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeuk Jin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gyu Rac Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Hanhwi Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - David J. Hynek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Eugene N. Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Judy J. Cha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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23
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Jin Z, Li X, Lu K. Formation of Stable Schwarz Crystals in Polycrystalline Copper at the Grain Size Limit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:136101. [PMID: 34623842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A prototype Schwarz crystal (SC) structure of dividing-space minimal grain boundaries (GBs) constrained by coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) was recently discovered in extremely fine-grained polycrystalline Cu. In this Letter, constraining effects of 3D CTB network on the formation and thermostability of SC are addressed via atomistic simulations. GB migration and evolution of CTB network trigger formation of SC diamond. CTB constraints are critical to generate GBs of zero mean curvature underlying vanishing capillary pressure, and to counterbalance the elastic driving forces of lattice. GB motion can be suppressed at temperatures close to the melting point with GB aperture down to 3 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - K Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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24
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Formation of Nanolaminated Structure with Enhanced Thermal Stability in Copper. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092252. [PMID: 34578567 PMCID: PMC8466824 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanolaminated structure with an average boundary spacing of 67 nm has been fabricated in copper by high-rate shear deformation at ambient temperature. The nanolaminated structure with an increased fraction of low angle grain boundaries exhibits a high microhardness of 2.1 GPa. The structure coarsening temperature is 180 K higher than that of its equiaxial nanograined counterpart. Formation of nanolaminated structure provides an alternative way to relax grain boundaries and to stabilize nanostructured metals with medium to low stacking faults energies besides activation of partial dislocations.
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25
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Xu W, Zhang B, Li XY, Lu K. Suppressing atomic diffusion with the Schwarz crystal structure in supersaturated Al-Mg alloys. Science 2021; 373:683-687. [PMID: 34353952 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High atomic diffusivity in metals enables substantial tuneability of their structure and properties by tailoring the diffusional processes, but this causes their customized properties to be unstable at elevated temperatures. Eliminating diffusive interfaces by fabricating single crystals or heavily alloying helps to address this issue but does not inhibit atomic diffusion at high homologous temperatures. We discovered that the Schwarz crystal structure was effective at suppressing atomic diffusion in a supersaturated aluminum-magnesium alloy with extremely fine grains. By forming these stable structures, diffusion-controlled intermetallic precipitation from the nanosized grains and their coarsening were inhibited up to the equilibrium melting temperature, around which the apparent across-boundary diffusivity was reduced by about seven orders of magnitude. Developing advanced engineering alloys using the Schwarz crystal structure may lead to useful properties for high-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - B Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - X Y Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - K Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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26
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Wang M, Deng H, Wang H, Xie Z, Zhang T, Wang X, Fang Q, Liu C, Liu X. Fabrication and stability of ultrafine ZrC nanoparticles dispersion strengthened sub-micrometer grained W alloy. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Simultaneous Improvement of Yield Strength and Ductility at Cryogenic Temperature by Gradient Structure in 304 Stainless Steel. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071856. [PMID: 34361244 PMCID: PMC8308231 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The tensile properties and the corresponding deformation mechanism of the graded 304 stainless steel (ss) at both room and cryogenic temperatures were investigated and compared with those of the coarse-grained (CGed) 304 ss. Gradient structures were found to have excellent synergy of strength and ductility at room temperature, and both the yield strength and the uniform elongation were found to be simultaneously improved at cryogenic temperature in the gradient structures, as compared to those for the CG sample. The hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening was found to play a more important role in the gradient structures as compared to the CG sample and be more obvious at cryogenic temperature as compared to that at room temperature. The central layer in the gradient structures provides stronger strain hardening during tensile deformation at both temperatures, due to more volume fraction of martensitic transformation. The volume fraction of martensitic transformation in the gradient structures was found to be much higher at cryogenic temperature, resulting in a much stronger strain hardening at cryogenic temperature. The amount of martensitic transformation at the central layer of the gradient structures is observed to be even higher than that for the CG sample at cryogenic temperature, which is one of the origins for the simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility by the gradient structures at cryogenic temperature.
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Deng C, Chen N, Hou C, Liu H, Zhou Z, Chen R. Enhancing Interfacial Contact in Solid-State Batteries with a Gradient Composite Solid Electrolyte. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006578. [PMID: 33742535 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries promise to meet the challenges of high energy density and high safety for future energy storage. However, poor interfacial contact and complex manufacturing processes limit their practical applications. Herein, a simple strategy is proposed to enhance interfacial contact by introducing a gradient composite polymer solid electrolyte (GCPE), which is prepared by a facile UV-curing polymerization technique. The high-Li6.4 La3 Zr1.4 Ta0.6 O12 (LLZTO)-content side of the electrolyte exhibits high oxidation resistance (5.4 V versus Li+ /Li), making it compatible with a high-voltage cathode material, whereas the LLZTO-deficient side achieves excellent interfacial contact with the Li metal anode, facilitating uniform Li deposition. Benefiting from the elaborate composition and structure of GCPE films, the symmetric Li//Li cell exhibits a low-voltage hysteresis potential of 42 mV and a long cycle life of >1900 h without short-circuiting. The Li//LiFePO4 solid-state batteries deliver a capacity of 161.0 mA h g-1 at 60 °C and 0.1 C (82.4% capacity is retained after 200 cycles). Even at 80 °C, the cell still shows an outstanding capacity of 132.9 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C after 100 cycles. The design principle of gradient electrolytes provides a new path for achieving enhanced interfacial contact in high-performance solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Deng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
| | - Chuanyu Hou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
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29
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Mao Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhao Y. Breaking Material Property Trade-offs via Macrodesign of Microstructure. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3191-3197. [PMID: 33789051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many properties of materials are incompatible with each other or even completely exclusive. Here, we proposed a new concept in view of the trade-off paradox of material properties, which is to macrodirectionally design the microstructure of materials according to their specific service requirements to accurately use the properties of materials to the extreme. By using this concept, we successfully solved the paradox of high strength and high conductivity of copper contact wire in a high-speed train. Our concept can be used to solve the other property paradoxes of functional and structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Mao
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Xi'an Rare Metal Materials Institute Co. Ltd, 710016 Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jizi Liu
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Zhao
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, P.R. China
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30
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Li J, Shi Y, Li X. Pulse Electrodeposited Ni-26 at. %Mo-A Crossover from Nanocrystalline to Amorphous. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030681. [PMID: 33803394 PMCID: PMC8000203 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Ni-26 at. %Mo alloy with a composite structure of nanocrystalline and amorphous was synthesized by pulse electrodeposition. The composite structure was composed of mixed regions of amorphous and nanograins divided by a nanocrystalline interface network, which significantly suppressed grain coarsening and shear banding that would otherwise deteriorate mechanical properties of extremely fine nanograined metal. Plastic strain induced significant crystallization accompanied by Mo diffusion from mixed regions to nanograined interfaces. As a result, the Ni-26 at. %Mo alloy exhibited a superior hardness to its nanograined counterparts. The present work demonstrates an example of enhancing mechanical performance with hybrid structures crossover from nanocrystalline to amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongxian Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.L.); (X.L.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yinong Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.L.); (X.L.)
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31
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Li XY, Jin ZH, Zhou X, Lu K. Constrained minimal-interface structures in polycrystalline copper with extremely fine grains. Science 2020; 370:831-836. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metals usually exist in the form of polycrystalline solids, which are thermodynamically unstable because of the presence of disordered grain boundaries. Grain boundaries tend to be eliminated through coarsening when heated or by transforming into metastable amorphous states when the grains are small enough. Through experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered a different type of metastable state for extremely fine-grained polycrystalline pure copper. After we reduced grain sizes to a few nanometers with straining, the grain boundaries in the polycrystals evolved into three-dimensional minimal-interface structures constrained by twin boundary networks. This polycrystalline structure that underlies what we call a Schwarz crystal is stable against grain coarsening, even when close to the equilibrium melting point. The polycrystalline samples also exhibit a strength in the vicinity of the theoretical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Z. H. Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - X. Zhou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - K. Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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32
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Effective Surface Nano-Crystallization of Ni 2FeCoMo 0.5V 0.2 Medium Entropy Alloy by Rotationally Accelerated Shot Peening (RASP). ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22101074. [PMID: 33286843 PMCID: PMC7597164 DOI: 10.3390/e22101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The surface nano-crystallization of Ni2FeCoMo0.5V0.2 medium-entropy alloy was realized by rotationally accelerated shot peening (RASP). The average grain size at the surface layer is ~37 nm, and the nano-grained layer is as thin as ~20 μm. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that deformation twinning and dislocation activities are responsible for the effective grain refinement of the high-entropy alloy. In order to reveal the effectiveness of surface nano-crystallization on the Ni2FeCoMo0.5V0.2 medium-entropy alloy, a common model material, Ni, is used as a reference. Under the same shot peening condition, the surface layer of Ni could only be refined to an average grain size of ~234 nm. An ultrafine grained surface layer is less effective in absorbing strain energy than a nano-grain layer. Thus, grain refinement could be realized at a depth up to 70 μm in the Ni sample.
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33
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A coherent set of model equations for various surface and interface energies in systems with liquid and solid metals and alloys. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102212. [PMID: 32781298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper first a generally valid model is derived from the two fundamental equations of Gibbs for temperature and composition dependences of all types of interfacial energies. This general model is applied here to develop a coherent set of particular model equations for surface tension of liquid metals and alloys, for surface energy of solid metals and alloys, for high-angle grain boundary energy in metals and alloys, for solid/liquid interfacial energy in metals and alloys, for liquid/liquid interfacial energy in alloys and for solid/solid interfacial energy in metals and alloys. The latter case is sub-divided into models on coherent, incoherent and semi-coherent interfaces with the same phases and with different phases on the two sides of the interface. Model parameters are given here as an example for the 111 plane of fcc metals and alloys. For other crystal planes or other crystal structures the model parameters should be adjusted, while the model equations remain the same. The method is demonstrated on various surface and interfacial energies of pure Au, on solid/liquid interfacial energy in the AlCu system, on different types of solid/solid interfacial energies in the AuNi system, on solid/solid, solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfacial energies in the AlPb system and on the coherent, incoherent and semi-coherent interfacial energies between ordered and disordered fcc phases in the Ni-rich part of the NiAl system. The ability of this method is demonstrated to predict surface and interface transition along free surfaces and grain boundaries and also negative interfacial energies in nano-systems.
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Chen C, Ren H, He Y, Zhan Y, Au C, Luo Y, Lin X, Liang S, Jiang L. Unraveling the Role of Cu
0
and Cu
+
Sites in Cu/SiO
2
Catalysts for Water‐Gas Shift Reaction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongqi Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Hongju Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Chaktong Au
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yu Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xingyi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Shijing Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou University Gongye Road 523 Fuzhou 350002 Fujian P. R. China
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35
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Deng N, Chen J, Peng LM, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lai T, Ding WJ, Zhu H. Effects of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Structures on Hydrogen-Induced Optical Performance of Modulated Mg-Gd Films with Various Composition Fluctuations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29605-29613. [PMID: 32510191 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanomodification and amorphization are vital for improving the hydrogenation properties of magnesium (Mg)-based alloys. However, comparisons of their positive effects have been rarely presented because their usual fabrication process of annealing is hard to control. In this study, after tuning the composition fluctuation range, self-assembled well-ordered multilayer Mg0.7Gd0.3 films with an excessive amount of nanosized crystals were fabricated by deviating substrates to the edge of the sample stage, while relatively low crystallinity was gained at the center of the sample stage with a small composition fluctuation. It was demonstrated that the hydrogen diffusion rate in the sample deposited at the center with excessive amorphous regions was higher than that of the film fabricated at the edge with excessive nanocrystals regions. Besides, optical conversion ranges were monitored before and after the hydrogen absorption process. Films with large composition fluctuation possessed a high optical reflectance conversion range because the interference effects occurring inside improved their initial reflectance. However, films with small composition fluctuation inside gained a large transmittance conversion range due to their small nanostructured region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tianxing Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jiang Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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36
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Li X, Zhou X, Lu K. Rapid heating induced ultrahigh stability of nanograined copper. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8003. [PMID: 32494653 PMCID: PMC7182405 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inherent thermal and mechanical instability of nanograined materials bottlenecks their processing and technological applications. In addition to the traditional stabilization strategy, which is based on alloying, grain boundary relaxation was recently found to be effective in stabilizing nanograined pure metals. Grain boundary relaxation can be induced by deforming very fine nanograins below a critical size, typically several tens of nanometers. Here, we found that rapid heating may trigger intensive boundary relaxation of pure Cu nanograins with sizes up to submicrometers, a length scale with notable instability in metals. The rapidly heated Cu nanograins remain stable at temperatures as high as 0.6 T m (melting point), even higher than the recrystallization temperature of deformed coarse-grained Cu. The thermally induced grain boundary relaxation originating from the generation of high-density nanotwins offers an alternative approach to stabilizing nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.Y. Li
- Corresponding author. (X.Y.L.); (K.L.)
| | | | - K. Lu
- Corresponding author. (X.Y.L.); (K.L.)
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37
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Cao L, Hou C, Li Y, Liu X, Liang S, Song X. Novel nanocrystalline W-Cu-Cr-ZrC composite with ultra-high hardness. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:134002. [PMID: 31783380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation at nanoscale and highly dispersive nanoparticles were exploited to fabricate a novel type of nanocrystalline W-Cu-Cr-ZrC composite with special hierarchical structure. The microstructures were characterized elaborately and the formation mechanisms of the hierarchical structure were disclosed. It was found that the supersaturated Cr separated from W during sintering and segregated at profuse interfaces. Moreover, Cr can also interact with ZrC nanoparticles dispersed in W matrix, leading to the formation of Zr-Cr-C phase which exerts significant effect on inhibiting coarsening of W grains. On the other side, the dissolution of Cr and W contributes to the formation of Cu nanocrystalline structure. As a result, the prepared W-Cu-Cr-ZrC composite exhibits an ultrahigh hardness of 943HV owing to the synergy of nanocrystalline structure and dispersion strengthening of nanoparticles. The hardness has achieved the highest value among the W-Cu-based composites with the same Cu content reported in literature. This study provided a new strategy for production of high-performance W-Cu-based composites through combination of microstructural design with addition of doping element and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, 100124 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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38
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Wu G, Zhu W, He Q, Feng Z, Huang T, Zhang L, Schmidt S, Godfrey A, Huang X. 2D and 3D orientation mapping in nanostructured metals: A review. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Zhou X, Li X, Lu K. 70 nm: The most unstable grain size in Cu prepared by surface mechanical grinding treatment. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Lin Y, Pan J, Luo Z, Lu Y, Lu K, Li Y. A grain-size-dependent structure evolution in gradient-structured (GS) Ni under tension. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Higher strength levels, achieved for dimensionally-smaller micro- and nano-scale materials or material components, such as MEMS devices, are an important enabler of a broad range of present-day engineering devices and structures. Beyond such applications, there is an important effort to understand the dislocation mechanics basis for obtaining such improved strength properties. Four particular examples related to these issues are described in the present report: (1) a compilation of nano-indentation hardness measurements made on silicon crystals spanning nano- to micro-scale testing; (2) stress–strain measurements made on iron and steel materials at micro- to nano-crystal (grain size) dimensions; (3) assessment of small dislocation pile-ups relating to Griffith-type fracture stress vs. crack-size calculations for cleavage fracturing of α-iron; and (4) description of thermally-dependent strain rate sensitivities for grain size strengthening and weakening for macro- to micro- to nano-polycrystalline copper and nickel materials.
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42
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Wang R, Kurouski D. Thermal Reshaping of Gold Microplates: Three Possible Routes and Their Transformation Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41813-41820. [PMID: 31613582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of Au micro/nanomaterials (AuMNLs) has always been a hot topic because their physicochemical properties, like surface plasmon resonance and catalytic activity, are closely related to their morphology or exposed crystal planes which are heat-sensitive. In this study, we made careful and systematic investigation of thermal deformation and reshaping of individual Au microplates (AuMPs) using atomic force microscopy. We found that AuMPs could transform into walled AuMPs (WAuMPs) and concave AuMPs (CAuMPs) at just 300 °C, which are thermodynamically and kinetically favorable products, respectively. A small fraction of AuMPs, named invariable AuMPs (IAuMPs), remained intact. However, both CAuMPs and IAuMPs can be converted to WAuMPs if the temperature is further increased. We also showed that melting of AuMPs begins from vertices and the boundaries between the top and side plane, rather than only side crystal planes as envisaged before. Finally, we performed a series of electrochemical studies showing that WAuMPs exhibited substantially higher electrocatalytic conversion of methanol at lower formal potential compared to intact AuMPs. This work shows that thermal reshaping of Au is far more complicated as was expected before. It also demonstrates how thermal reshaping can be used to improve electrocatalytic performance of Au and potentially other MNLs.
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43
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Detwinning Mechanism for Nanotwinned Cubic Boron Nitride with Unprecedented Strength: A First-Principles Study. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081117. [PMID: 31382585 PMCID: PMC6723601 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesized nanotwinned cubic boron nitride (nt-cBN) and nanotwinned diamond (nt-diamond) exhibit extremely high hardness and excellent stability, in which nanotwinned structure plays a crucial role. Here we reveal by first-principles calculations a strengthening mechanism of detwinning, which is induced by partial slip on a glide-set plane. We found that continuous partial slip in the nanotwinned structure under large shear strain can effectively delay the structural graphitization and promote the phase transition from twin structure to cubic structure, which helps to increase the maximum strain range and peak stress. Moreover, ab initio molecular dynamics simulation reveals a stabilization mechanism for nanotwin. These results can help us to understand the unprecedented strength and stability arising from the twin boundaries.
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44
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Zhao Y, Zhou H, Chen W, Tong Y, Zhao C, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Zhang Q, Xue Z, Cheong WC, Jin B, Zhou F, Wang W, Chen M, Hong X, Dong J, Wei S, Li Y, Wu Y. Two-Step Carbothermal Welding To Access Atomically Dispersed Pd1 on Three-Dimensional Zirconia Nanonet for Direct Indole Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10590-10594. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhenggang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weng-Chon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Benjin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fangyao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - K. Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Zhou X, Li X, Lu K. Size Dependence of Grain Boundary Migration in Metals under Mechanical Loading. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:126101. [PMID: 30978032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.126101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The greatly increased grain boundary (GB) mobility in nanograined metals under mechanical loading is distinguished from that in their coarse-grained counterparts. The feature leads to softening of nanograined materials and deviation of strength from the classical Hall-Petch relationship. In this Letter, grain size dependences of GB migration in nanograined Ag, Cu, and Ni under tension were investigated quantitatively in a wide size range. As grain size decreases from submicron, GB migration intensifies and then diminishes below a critical grain size. The GB migration peaks at about 80, 75, and 38 nm in Ag, Cu, and Ni, respectively. The suppression of GB migration below a critical size can be attributed to GB relaxation during sample processing or by postthermal annealing. With relaxed GBs the governing deformation mechanism of nanograins shifts from GB migration to formation of through-grain twins or stacking faults. GB relaxation, analogous to GB segregation, offers a novel approach to stabilizing nanograined materials under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - K Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Tang F, Liu X, Wang H, Hou C, Lu H, Nie Z, Song X. Solute segregation and thermal stability of nanocrystalline solid solution systems. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1813-1826. [PMID: 30631871 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A model coupling first principles and thermodynamics was developed to describe the thermal stability of a nanograin structure in solid solution alloys. The thermodynamic functions of solute segregation and conditions for thermal stabilization were demonstrated for both strongly and weakly solute-segregating systems. The dependence of segregation behavior on the grain size, solute concentration and temperature was quantified, where the parameters to control destabilization of the nanograin structure at a given temperature were predicted. For the first time it was found that there exists a transformation from the single-extreme to dual-extreme rule of the total Gibbs free energies of the solid solution systems with the decrease of solute concentration or increase of temperature. The model calculations were confirmed quantitatively by the experimental results, and a nanocrystalline W-10 at%Sc solid solution with a highly stable grain structure in a broad range from room temperature to 1600 K was prepared. The universal mechanism disclosed in this study will facilitate the design of nanocrystalline alloys with high thermal stability through matching of the doping element and the initial grain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawei Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Characterization of a Nanocrystalline Structure Formed by Crystal Lattice Transformation in a Bulk Steel Material. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of nanocrystalline structures in bulk metal materials is of great significance for both investigating the structural features of nanocrystalline materials and enhancing the value of bulk metal materials in engineering applications. Herein, we report a nanocrystalline structure formed by lattice transformation in a three-dimensional bulk metal material. We characterized its phase composition, three-dimensional features, and boundary structure. This nanocrystalline structure had microscale length and height and nanoscale width, which gave it a “nanoplate” structure in three-dimensional space. We observed edge dislocations in the interior of the nanocrystalline structure. A unique transitional boundary that contributed to maintaining its nanoscale size was found at the border between the parent phase and the nanocrystalline structure.
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Ultrastrong nanocrystalline steel with exceptional thermal stability and radiation tolerance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5389. [PMID: 30568181 PMCID: PMC6300597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystalline (NC) metals are stronger and more radiation-tolerant than their coarse-grained (CG) counterparts, but they often suffer from poor thermal stability as nanograins coarsen significantly when heated to 0.3 to 0.5 of their melting temperature (Tm). Here, we report an NC austenitic stainless steel (NC-SS) containing 1 at% lanthanum with an average grain size of 45 nm and an ultrahigh yield strength of ~2.5 GPa that exhibits exceptional thermal stability up to 1000 °C (0.75 Tm). In-situ irradiation to 40 dpa at 450 °C and ex-situ irradiation to 108 dpa at 600 °C produce neither significant grain growth nor void swelling, in contrast to significant void swelling of CG-SS at similar doses. This thermal stability is due to segregation of elemental lanthanum and (La, O, Si)-rich nanoprecipitates at grain boundaries. Microstructure dependent cluster dynamics show grain boundary sinks effectively reduce steady-state vacancy concentrations to suppress void swelling upon irradiation. Weaker ferritic/matensitic steels rather than stronger austenitic steels are usually candidates for nuclear reactors since they do not easily swell under irradiation. Here, the authors make an ultrastrong lanthanum-doped nanocrystalline austenitic steel that is thermally stable and radiation-tolerant.
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Tang Z, Xu T, Li S, Shi Z, Li X. Room-temperature excitonic emission with a phonon replica from graphene nanosheets deposited on Ni-nanocrystallites/Si-nanoporous pillar array. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172238. [PMID: 30224993 PMCID: PMC6124105 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were grown on a Si nanoporous pillar array (Si-NPA) via chemical vapour deposition, using a thin layer of pre-deposited Ni nanocrystallites as catalyst. GNSs were determined to be of high quality and good dispersivity, with a typical diameter size of 15 × 8 nm. Light absorption measurements showed that GNSs had an absorption band edge at 3.3 eV. They also showed sharp and regular excitonic emitting peaks in the ultraviolet and visible region (2.06-3.6 eV). Moreover, phonon replicas with long-term stability appeared with the excitonic peaks at room temperature. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence from the GNSs revealed that the excitonic emission derived from free and bound excitonic recombination. A physical model based on band energy theory was constructed to analyse the carrier transport of GNSs. The Ni nanocrystallites on Si-NPA, which acted as a metal-enhanced fluorescence substrate, were supposed to accelerate the excitonic recombination of GNSs and enhanced the measured emission intensity. Results of this study would be valuable in determining the luminescence mechanism of GNSs and could be applied in real-world optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Tang
- Department of Physics and Laboratory of Material Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Electrical Engineering Department, Zhengzhou Business Technician Institute, Zhengzhou 450100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Physics and Laboratory of Material Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Physics and Laboratory of Material Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Physics and Laboratory of Material Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Physics and Laboratory of Material Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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