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Adorjáni B, Libál A, Reichhardt C, Reichhardt CJO. Phase separation, edge currents, and Hall effect for active matter with Magnus dynamics. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:40. [PMID: 38844720 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We examine run-and-tumble disks in two-dimensional systems where the particles also have a Magnus component to their dynamics. For increased activity, we find that the system forms a motility-induced phase-separated (MIPS) state with chiral edge flow around the clusters, where the direction of the current is correlated with the sign of the Magnus term. The stability of the MIPS state is non-monotonic as a function of increasing Magnus term amplitude, with the MIPS region first extending down to lower activities followed by a break up of MIPS at large Magnus amplitudes into a gel-like state. We examine the dynamics in the presence of quenched disorder and a uniform drive and find that the bulk flow exhibits a drive-dependent Hall angle. This is a result of the side jump effect produced by scattering from the pinning sites and is similar to the behavior found for skyrmions in chiral magnets with quenched disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adorjáni
- Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084, Cluj, Romania
| | - A Libál
- Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084, Cluj, Romania
| | - C Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - C J O Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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2
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Müller NP, Krstulovic G. Exploring the Equivalence between Two-Dimensional Classical and Quantum Turbulence through Velocity Circulation Statistics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:094002. [PMID: 38489623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.094002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We study the statistics of velocity circulation in two-dimensional classical and quantum turbulence. We perform numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes and the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations for the direct and inverse cascades. Our GP simulations display clear energy spectra compatible with the double cascade theory of two-dimensional classical turbulence. In the inverse cascade, we found that circulation intermittency in quantum turbulence is the same as in classical turbulence. We compare GP data to Navier-Stokes simulations and experimental data from Zhu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 214001 (2023)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.130.214001]. In the direct cascade, for nearly incompressible GP flows, classical and quantum turbulence circulation displays the same self-similar scaling. When compressibility becomes important, quasishocks generate quantum vortices and the equivalence of quantum and classical turbulence only holds for low-order moments. Our results establish the boundaries of the equivalence between two-dimensional classical and quantum turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás P Müller
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Boulevard de l'Observatoire CS 34229 - F 06304 NICE Cedex 4, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giorgio Krstulovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Boulevard de l'Observatoire CS 34229 - F 06304 NICE Cedex 4, France
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3
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Congy T, Azam P, Kaiser R, Pavloff N. Topological Constraints on the Dynamics of Vortex Formation in a Two-Dimensional Quantum Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033804. [PMID: 38307046 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We present experimental and theoretical results on formation of quantum vortices in a laser beam propagating in a nonlinear medium. Topological constrains richer than the mere conservation of vorticity impose an elaborate dynamical behavior to the formation and annihilation of vortex-antivortex pairs. We identify two such mechanisms, both described by the same fold-Hopf bifurcation. One of them is particularly efficient although it is not observed in the context of liquid helium films or stationary systems because it relies on the compressible nature of the fluid of light we consider and on the nonstationarity of its flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Congy
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - P Azam
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - R Kaiser
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - N Pavloff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LPTMS, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
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4
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Easton T, Kokmotos M, Barontini G. Vortex clustering in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19432. [PMID: 37940655 PMCID: PMC10632428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We numerically study the formation of vortex clusters in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates where vortices are initially imprinted in a line. We show that such a system exhibits a rich phenomenology depending on the distance at which the vortices are imprinted and their number. In particular we observe that it is possible to obtain systems of twin vortex clusters, twin vortex clusters with orbiting satellite vortices, and triplets of clusters. By using a clustering algorithm we are able to quantitatively describe the formation and dynamics of the clusters. We finally utilise an analytical model to determine the range of parameters for which the clustering occurs. Our work sets the stage for possible experimental implementations where the formation of vortex clusters and more exotic bound states of vortices could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Easton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Marios Kokmotos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Giovanni Barontini
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Siovitz I, Lannig S, Deller Y, Strobel H, Oberthaler MK, Gasenzer T. Universal Dynamics of Rogue Waves in a Quenched Spinor Bose Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:183402. [PMID: 37977625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.183402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Isolated many-body systems far from equilibrium may exhibit scaling dynamics with universal exponents indicating the proximity of the time evolution to a nonthermal fixed point. We find universal dynamics connected with the occurrence of extreme wave excitations in the mutually coupled magnetic components of a spinor gas which propagate in an effectively random potential. The frequency of these rogue waves is affected by the time-varying spatial correlation length of the potential, giving rise to an additional exponent δ_{c}≃1/3 for temporal scaling, which is different from the exponent β_{V}≃1/4 characterizing the scaling of the correlation length ℓ_{V}∼t^{β_{V}} in time. As a result of the caustics, i.e., focusing events, real-time instanton defects appear in the Larmor phase of the spin-1 system as vortices in space and time. The temporal correlations governing the instanton occurrence frequency scale as t^{δ_{I}}. This suggests that the universality class of a nonthermal fixed point could be characterized by different, mutually related exponents defining the evolution in time and space, respectively. Our results have a strong relevance for understanding pattern coarsening from first principles and potential implications for dynamics ranging from the early Universe to geophysical dynamics and microphysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Siovitz
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lannig
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Deller
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Strobel
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus K Oberthaler
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasenzer
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chatterjee AK, Takada S, Hayakawa H. Quantum Mpemba Effect in a Quantum Dot with Reservoirs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:080402. [PMID: 37683159 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the quantum Mpemba effect in a quantum dot coupled to two reservoirs, described by the Anderson model. We show that the system temperatures starting from two different initial values (hot and cold) cross each other at finite time (and thereby reverse their identities; i.e., hot becomes cold and vice versa) to generate thermal quantum Mpemba effect. The slowest relaxation mode believed to play the dominating role in Mpemba effect in Markovian systems does not contribute to such anomalous relaxation in the present model. In this connection, our analytical result provides necessary condition for producing quantum Mpemba effect in the density matrix elements of the quantum dot, as a combined effect of the remaining relaxation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Chatterjee
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takada
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering and Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hisao Hayakawa
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Drori L, Das BC, Zohar TD, Winer G, Poem E, Poddubny A, Firstenberg O. Quantum vortices of strongly interacting photons. Science 2023; 381:193-198. [PMID: 37440622 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Vortices are topologically nontrivial defects that generally originate from nonlinear field dynamics. All-optical generation of photonic vortices-phase singularities of the electromagnetic field-requires sufficiently strong nonlinearity that is typically achieved in the classical optics regime. We report on the realization of quantum vortices of photons that result from a strong photon-photon interaction in a quantum nonlinear optical medium. The interaction causes faster phase accumulation for copropagating photons, producing a quantum vortex-antivortex pair within the two-photon wave function. For three photons, the formation of vortex lines and a central vortex ring confirms the existence of a genuine three-photon interaction. The wave function topology, governed by two- and three-photon bound states, imposes a conditional phase shift of π per photon, a potential resource for deterministic quantum logic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Drori
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bankim Chandra Das
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tomer Danino Zohar
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Winer
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eilon Poem
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Poddubny
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofer Firstenberg
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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8
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Zhu HY, Xie JH, Xia KQ. Circulation in Quasi-2D Turbulence: Experimental Observation of the Area Rule and Bifractality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:214001. [PMID: 37295099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.214001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of the velocity circulation in a quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow. We show that the area rule of circulation around simple loops holds in both the forward cascade enstrophy inertial range (ΩIR) and the inverse cascade energy inertial range (EIR): When the side lengths of a loop are all within the same inertial range, the circulation statistics depend on the loop area alone. It is also found that, for circulation around figure-eight loops, the area rule still holds in EIR but is not applicable in ΩIR. In ΩIR, the circulation is nonintermittent; whereas in EIR, the circulation is bifractal: space filling for moments of the order of 3 and below and a monofractal with a dimension of 1.42 for higher orders. Our results demonstrate, as in a numerical study of 3D turbulence [K. P. Iyer et al., Circulation in High Reynolds Number Isotropic Turbulence is a Bifractal, Phys. Rev. X 9, 041006 (2019).PRXHAE2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.9.041006], that, in terms of circulation, turbulent flows exhibit a simpler behavior than velocity increments, as the latter are multifractals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yu Zhu
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research and Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin-Han Xie
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science at College of Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke-Qing Xia
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research and Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Lee M, Hugonnet H, Lee MJ, Cho Y, Park Y. Optical trapping with holographically structured light for single-cell studies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011302. [PMID: 38505814 PMCID: PMC10903426 DOI: 10.1063/5.0111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A groundbreaking work in 1970 by Arthur Ashkin paved the way for developing various optical trapping techniques. Optical tweezers have become an established method for the manipulation of biological objects, due to their noninvasiveness and precise controllability. Recent innovations are accelerating and now enable single-cell manipulation through holographic light structuring. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in optical tweezer techniques for studies at the individual cell level. Our review focuses on holographic optical tweezers that utilize active spatial light modulators to noninvasively manipulate live cells. The versatility of the technology has led to valuable integrations with microscopy, microfluidics, and biotechnological techniques for various single-cell studies. We aim to recapitulate the basic principles of holographic optical tweezers, highlight trends in their biophysical applications, and discuss challenges and future prospects.
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10
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Baudin K, Garnier J, Fusaro A, Berti N, Michel C, Krupa K, Millot G, Picozzi A. Observation of Light Thermalization to Negative-Temperature Rayleigh-Jeans Equilibrium States in Multimode Optical Fibers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:063801. [PMID: 36827573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.063801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the temperature of a thermodynamic system is usually believed to be a positive quantity, under particular conditions, negative-temperature equilibrium states are also possible. Negative-temperature equilibriums have been observed with spin systems, cold atoms in optical lattices, and two-dimensional quantum superfluids. Here we report the observation of Rayleigh-Jeans thermalization of light waves to negative-temperature equilibrium states. The optical wave relaxes to the equilibrium state through its propagation in a multimode optical fiber-i.e., in a conservative Hamiltonian system. The bounded energy spectrum of the optical fiber enables negative-temperature equilibriums with high energy levels (high-order fiber modes) more populated than low energy levels (low-order modes). Our experiments show that negative-temperature speckle beams are featured, in average, by a nonmonotonic radial intensity profile. The experimental results are in quantitative agreement with the Rayleigh-Jeans theory without free parameters. Bringing negative temperatures to the field of optics opens the door to the investigation of fundamental issues of negative-temperature states in a flexible experimental environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Baudin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - J Garnier
- CMAP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A Fusaro
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - N Berti
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - C Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Nice, Nice, France
| | - K Krupa
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Picozzi
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Gałka M, Christodoulou P, Gazo M, Karailiev A, Dogra N, Schmitt J, Hadzibabic Z. Emergence of Isotropy and Dynamic Scaling in 2D Wave Turbulence in a Homogeneous Bose Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:190402. [PMID: 36399756 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.190402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We realize a turbulent cascade of wave excitations in a homogeneous 2D Bose gas and probe on all relevant time and length scales how it builds up from small to large momenta, until the system reaches a steady state with matching energy injection and dissipation. This all-scales view directly reveals the two theoretically expected cornerstones of turbulence formation-the emergence of statistical momentum-space isotropy under anisotropic forcing and the spatiotemporal scaling of the momentum distribution at times before any energy is dissipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gałka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Christodoulou
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gazo
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Karailiev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Nishant Dogra
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Schmitt
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Liu XP, Yao XC, Li X, Wang YX, Huang CJ, Deng Y, Chen YA, Pan JW. Temperature-Dependent Decay of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Vortices across the BCS-BEC Crossover. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:163602. [PMID: 36306767 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We systematically study the decay of quasi-two-dimensional vortices in an oblate strongly interacting Fermi gas over a wide interaction range and observe that, as the system temperature is lowered, the vortex lifetime increases in the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) regime but decreases at unitarity and in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regime. The observations can be qualitatively captured by a phenomenological model simply involving diffusion and two-body collisional loss, in which the vortex lifetime is mostly determined by the slower process of the two. In particular, the counterintuitive vortex decay in the BCS regime can be interpreted by considering the competition between the temperature dependence of the vortex annihilation rate and that of unpaired fermions. Our results suggest a competing mechanism for the complex vortex decay dynamics in the BCS-BEC crossover for the fermionic superfluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Pei Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xing-Can Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute of Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, AI Tower, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chun-Jiong Huang
- Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjin Deng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- MinJiang Collaborative Center for Theoretical Physics, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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Guo X, Zhou L, Roul B, Wu Y, Huang Y, Das S, Hong Z. Theoretical Understanding of Polar Topological Phase Transitions in Functional Oxide Heterostructures: A Review. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200486. [PMID: 35900067 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The exotic topological phase is attracting considerable attention in condensed matter physics and materials science over the past few decades due to intriguing physical insights. As a combination of "topology" and "ferroelectricity," the ferroelectric (polar) topological structures are a fertile playground for emergent phenomena and functionalities with various potential applications. Herein, the review starts with the universal concept of the polar topological phase and goes on to briefly discuss the important role of computational tools such as phase-field simulations in designing polar topological phases in oxide heterostructures. In particular, the history of the development of phase-field simulations for ferroelectric oxide heterostructures is highlighted. Then, the current research progress of polar topological phases and their emergent phenomena in ferroelectric functional oxide heterostructures is reviewed from a theoretical perspective, including the topological polar structures, the establishment of phase diagrams, their switching kinetics and interconnections, phonon dynamics, and various macroscopic properties. Finally, this review offers a perspective on the future directions for the discovery of novel topological phases in other ferroelectric systems and device design for next-generation electronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductors and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Linming Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Basanta Roul
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Central Research Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore, 560013, India
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Sujit Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Zijian Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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14
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Griffin A, Krstulovic G, L'vov VS, Nazarenko S. Energy Spectrum of Two-Dimensional Acoustic Turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:224501. [PMID: 35714230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.224501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report an exact unique constant-flux power-law analytical solution of the wave kinetic equation for the turbulent energy spectrum, E(k)=C_{1}sqrt[ϵac_{s}]/k, of acoustic waves in 2D with almost linear dispersion law, ω_{k}=c_{s}k[1+(ak)^{2}], ak≪1. Here, ϵ is the energy flux over scales, and C_{1} is the universal constant which was found analytically. Our theory describes, for example, acoustic turbulence in 2D Bose-Einstein condensates. The corresponding 3D counterpart of turbulent acoustic spectrum was found over half a century ago, however, due to the singularity in 2D, no solution has been obtained until now. We show the spectrum E(k) is realizable in direct numerical simulations of forced-dissipated Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the presence of strong condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Griffin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Giorgio Krstulovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Boulevard de l'Observatoire CS 34229-F 06304 NICE Cedex 4, France
| | - Victor S L'vov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey Nazarenko
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
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15
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Onorato M, Dematteis G, Proment D, Pezzi A, Ballarin M, Rondoni L. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium description of negative temperature states in a one-dimensional lattice using a wave kinetic approach. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014206. [PMID: 35193220 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We predict negative temperature states in the discrete nonlinear Schödinger (DNLS) equation as exact solutions of the associated wave kinetic equation. Within the wave kinetic approach, we define an entropy that results monotonic in time and reaches a stationary state, that is consistent with classical equilibrium statistical mechanics. We also perform a detailed analysis of the fluctuations of the actions at fixed wave numbers around their mean values. We give evidence that such fluctuations relax to their equilibrium behavior on a shorter timescale than the one needed for the spectrum to reach the equilibrium state. Numerical simulations of the DNLS equation are shown to be in agreement with our theoretical results. The key ingredient for observing negative temperatures in lattices characterized by two invariants is the boundedness of the dispersion relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Onorato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - G Dematteis
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - D Proment
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR47TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - A Pezzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Ballarin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - L Rondoni
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
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16
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Kwon WJ, Del Pace G, Xhani K, Galantucci L, Muzi Falconi A, Inguscio M, Scazza F, Roati G. Sound emission and annihilations in a programmable quantum vortex collider. Nature 2021; 600:64-69. [PMID: 34853459 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In quantum fluids, the quantization of circulation forbids the diffusion of a vortex swirling flow seen in classical viscous fluids. Yet, accelerating quantum vortices may lose their energy into acoustic radiations1,2, similar to the way electric charges decelerate on emitting photons. The dissipation of vortex energy underlies central problems in quantum hydrodynamics3, such as the decay of quantum turbulence, highly relevant to systems as varied as neutron stars, superfluid helium and atomic condensates4,5. A deep understanding of the elementary mechanisms behind irreversible vortex dynamics has been a goal for decades3,6, but it is complicated by the shortage of conclusive experimental signatures7. Here we address this challenge by realizing a programmable vortex collider in a planar, homogeneous atomic Fermi superfluid with tunable inter-particle interactions. We create on-demand vortex configurations and monitor their evolution, taking advantage of the accessible time and length scales of ultracold Fermi gases8,9. Engineering collisions within and between vortex-antivortex pairs allows us to decouple relaxation of the vortex energy due to sound emission and that due to interactions with normal fluid (that is, mutual friction). We directly visualize how the annihilation of vortex dipoles radiates a sound pulse. Further, our few-vortex experiments extending across different superfluid regimes reveal non-universal dissipative dynamics, suggesting that fermionic quasiparticles localized inside the vortex core contribute significantly to dissipation, thereby opening the route to exploring new pathways for quantum turbulence decay, vortex by vortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Kwon
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - G Del Pace
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K Xhani
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Galantucci
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Muzi Falconi
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Scazza
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Roati
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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17
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Wittmer P, Schmied CM, Gasenzer T, Ewerz C. Vortex Motion Quantifies Strong Dissipation in a Holographic Superfluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:101601. [PMID: 34533356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Holographic duality provides a description of strongly coupled quantum systems in terms of weakly coupled gravitational theories in a higher-dimensional space. It is a challenge, however, to quantitatively determine the physical parameters of the quantum systems corresponding to generic holographic theories. Here, we address this problem for the two-dimensional holographic superfluid, known to exhibit strong dissipation. We numerically simulate the motion of a vortex dipole and perform a high-precision matching of the corresponding dynamics resulting from the dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Excellent agreement is found for the vortex core shape and the spatiotemporal trajectories. A further comparison to the Hall-Vinen-Iordanskii equations for point vortices interacting with the superfluid allows us to determine the friction parameters of the holographic superfluid. Our results suggest that holographic vortex dynamics can be applied to experimentally accessible superfluids like strongly coupled ultracold Bose gases or thin helium films with temperatures in the Kelvin range. This would make holographic far-from-equilibrium dynamics and turbulence amenable to experimental tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wittmer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian-Marcel Schmied
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasenzer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Ewerz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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Kanai T, Guo W. True Mechanism of Spontaneous Order from Turbulence in Two-Dimensional Superfluid Manifolds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:095301. [PMID: 34506186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.095301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a 2D turbulent fluid containing pointlike vortices, Lars Onsager predicted that adding energy to the fluid can lead to the formation of persistent clusters of like-signed vortices, i.e., Onsager vortex (OV) clusters. In the evolution of 2D superfluid turbulence in a uniform disk-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), it was discovered that a pair of OV clusters with opposite signs can form without any energy input. This striking spontaneous order was explained as being due to a vortex evaporative-heating mechanism, i.e., annihilations of vortex-antivortex pairs which remove the lowest-energy vortices and thereby boost the mean energy per vortex. However, in our search for exotic OV states in a boundaryless 2D spherical BEC, we found that OV clusters never form despite the annihilations of vortex pairs. Our analysis reveals that contrary to the general belief, vortex-pair annihilation emits intense sound waves, which damp the motion of all vortices and hence suppress the formation of OV clusters. We also present unequivocal evidence showing that the true mechanism underlying the observed spontaneous OV state is the vortices exiting the BEC boundaries. Uncovering this mechanism paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of emergent vortex orders in 2D manifolds of superfluids driven far from equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kanai
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
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19
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Metz F, Polo J, Weber N, Busch T. Deep-learning-based quantum vortex detection in atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abea6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Quantum vortices naturally emerge in rotating Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) and, similarly to their classical counterparts, allow the study of a range of interesting out-of-equilibrium phenomena, such as turbulence and chaos. However, the study of such phenomena requires the determination of the precise location of each vortex within a BEC, which becomes challenging when either only the density of the condensate is available or sources of noise are present, as is typically the case in experimental settings. Here, we introduce a machine-learning-based vortex detector motivated by state-of-the-art object detection methods that can accurately locate vortices in simulated BEC density images. Our model allows for robust and real-time detection in noisy and non-equilibrium configurations. Furthermore, the network can distinguish between vortices and anti-vortices if the phase profile of the condensate is also available. We anticipate that our vortex detector will be advantageous for both experimental and theoretical studies of the static and dynamic properties of vortex configurations in BECs.
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20
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Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase induced by dissipating quasisolitons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10773. [PMID: 34031458 PMCID: PMC8144421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically study the sound propagation in a two-dimensional weakly interacting uniform Bose gas. Using the classical fields approximation we analyze in detail the properties of density waves generated both in a weak and strong perturbation regimes. While in the former case density excitations can be described in terms of hydrodynamic or collisionless sound, the strong disturbance of the system results in a qualitatively different response. We identify observed structures as quasisolitons and uncover their internal complexity for strong perturbation case. For this regime quasisolitons break into vortex pairs as time progresses, eventually reaching an equilibrium state. We find this state, characterized by only fluctuating in time averaged number of pairs of opposite charge vortices and by appearance of a quasi-long-range order, as the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase.
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21
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Liu XP, Yao XC, Deng Y, Wang XQ, Wang YX, Huang CJ, Li X, Chen YA, Pan JW. Universal Dynamical Scaling of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Vortices in a Strongly Interacting Fermionic Superfluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:185302. [PMID: 34018783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.185302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vortices play a leading role in many fascinating quantum phenomena. Here we generate a large number of vortices by thermally quenching a fermionic superfluid of ^{6}Li atoms in an oblate optical trap and study their annihilation dynamics and spatial distribution. Over a wide interaction range from the attractive to the repulsive side across the Feshbach resonance, these quasi-two-dimensional vortices are observed to follow algebraic scaling laws both in time and space, having exponents consistent with the two-dimensional universality. We further simulate the classical XY model on the square lattice by a Glauber dynamics and find good agreement between the numerical and experimental behaviors. Our work provides a direct demonstration of the universal 2D vortex dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Pei Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xing-Can Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Youjin Deng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- MinJiang Collaborative Center for Theoretical Physics, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Chun-Jiong Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute of Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computing,and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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22
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Lu X, Han Y, Lv H, Mou Z, Zhou C, Wang S, Teng S. α spiral nanoslit and the higher order plasmonic vortex generation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:305201. [PMID: 32235063 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In view of the conciseness of a spiral nanoslit and the limited order of the generated vortex, a kind of nanometer spiral, named α spirals, is proposed to generate a higher order plasmonic vortex. Theoretical analysis provides the basis for the advancement of an α spiral. The proposed spiral can generate the plasmonic vortex and the extreme order of the generated vortex depends on parameter α. The numerical simulations express the valid region of the plasmonic vortex generated by the α spiral. Discussions about the validity range of the α spiral nanoslit and the influence of the film material are beneficial to generate a high order vortex. This work builds a platform for the generation of the higher order plasmonic vortex using the simple spiral nanostructure and it can extend the potential applications of higher order plasmonic vortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014 People's Republic of China
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23
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Varga E, Vadakkumbatt V, Shook AJ, Kim PH, Davis JP. Observation of Bistable Turbulence in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Superflow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:025301. [PMID: 32701340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.025301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turbulent flow restricted to two dimensions can spontaneously develop order on large scales, defying entropy expectations and in sharp contrast with turbulence in three dimensions where nonlinear turbulent processes act to destroy large-scale order. In this work we report the observation of unusual turbulent behavior in steady-state flow of superfluid ^{4}He-a liquid with vanishing viscosity and discrete vorticity-in a nearly two-dimensional channel. Surprisingly, for a range of experimental parameters, turbulence is observed to exist in two bistable states. This bistability can be well explained by the appearance of large-scale regions of flow of opposite vorticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varga
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - V Vadakkumbatt
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A J Shook
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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24
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Reichhardt C, Reichhardt CJO. Dynamics of Magnus-dominated particle clusters, collisions, pinning, and ratchets. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:062602. [PMID: 32688521 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the recent work in skyrmions and active chiral matter systems, we examine pairs and small clusters of repulsively interacting point particles in the limit where the dynamics is dominated by the Magnus force. We find that particles with the same Magnus force can form stable pairs, triples, and higher ordered clusters or exhibit chaotic motion. For mixtures of particles with opposite Magnus force, particle pairs can combine to form translating dipoles. Under an applied drive, particles with the same Magnus force translate; however, particles with different or opposite Magnus force exhibit a drive-dependent decoupling transition. When the particles interact with a repulsive obstacle, they can form localized orbits with depinning or unwinding transitions under an applied drive. We examine the interaction of these particles with clusters or lines of obstacles and find that the particles can become trapped in orbits that encircle multiple obstacles. Under an ac drive, we observe a series of ratchet effects, including ratchet reversals, for particles interacting with a line of obstacles due to the formation of commensurate orbits. Finally, in assemblies of particles with mixed Magnus forces of the same sign, we find that the particles with the largest Magnus force become localized in the center of the cluster, while for mixtures with opposite Magnus forces, the motion is dominated by transient local pairs or clusters, where the translating pairs can be regarded as a form of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C J O Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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25
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Nakagawa M, Tsuji N, Kawakami N, Ueda M. Dynamical Sign Reversal of Magnetic Correlations in Dissipative Hubbard Models. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:147203. [PMID: 32338955 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In quantum magnetism, the virtual exchange of particles mediates an interaction between spins. Here, we show that an inelastic Hubbard interaction fundamentally alters the magnetism of the Hubbard model due to dissipation in spin-exchange processes, leading to sign reversal of magnetic correlations in dissipative quantum dynamics. This mechanism is applicable to both fermionic and bosonic Mott insulators, and can naturally be realized with ultracold atoms undergoing two-body inelastic collisions. The dynamical reversal of magnetic correlations can be detected by using a double-well optical lattice or quantum-gas microscopy, the latter of which facilitates the detection of the magnetic correlations in one-dimensional systems because of spin-charge separation. Our results open a new avenue toward controlling quantum magnetism by dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nakagawa
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsuji
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norio Kawakami
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahito Ueda
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute for Physics of Intelligence, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Müller NP, Brachet ME, Alexakis A, Mininni PD. Abrupt Transition between Three-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Quantum Turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:134501. [PMID: 32302183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.134501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present numerical evidence of a critical-like transition in an out-of-equilibrium mean-field description of a quantum system. By numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation we show that quantum turbulence displays an abrupt change between three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) behavior. The transition is observed both in quasi-2D flows in cubic domains (controlled by the amplitude of a 3D perturbation to the flow), as well as in flows in thin domains (controlled by the domain aspect ratio) in a configuration that mimics systems realized in laboratory experiments. In one regime the system displays a transfer of the energy towards smaller scales, while in the other the system displays a transfer of the energy towards larger scales and a coherent self-organization of the quantized vortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás P Müller
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
| | - Marc-Etienne Brachet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandros Alexakis
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo D Mininni
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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27
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Ji L, Zhao Y, Tao M, Wang H, Niu D, Ouyang G, Xia A, Liu M. Dimension-Tunable Circularly Polarized Luminescent Nanoassemblies with Emerging Selective Chirality and Energy Transfer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2373-2384. [PMID: 32027478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective interplay between dimensional morphology transition and signal transfer is an important feature for both nanomaterials and biosystems. While most of those reported examples considered either dimensional transition or signal transfer, the integrated interplay or selectivity for these two aspects in single self-assembled system has been rarely studied. Here, we report that a positively charged chiral π-building block could self-assemble into multidimensional nanostructures, which showed tunable circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Impressively, when these CPL-active multidimensional structures interacted with two achiral dyes (positively charged ThT and negatively charged CNA), 3D nanocubes and 0D nanospheres showed neither chirality transfer nor energy transfer, while 2D nanoplates could successfully trigger a selective chirality or energy transfer depending on the charge type of acceptor dyes, which then emitted an enhanced CPL signal. This work demonstrated rational design of charged π-building block for the construction of dimension controllable and selective signal transfer self-assembly system, which might deepen the understanding the interplay of dimensional structures and signal transfer functions in natural and nano systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy , Hebei University , Baoding 071002 , P.R. China
| | - Min Tao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Dian Niu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Ouyang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Andong Xia
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300072 , P.R. China
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28
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Córdoba-Camacho WY, da Silva RM, Shanenko AA, Vagov A, Vasenko AS, Lvov BG, Albino Aguiar J. Spontaneous pattern formation in superconducting films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:075403. [PMID: 31675734 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting films are usually regarded as type II superconductors even when they are made of a type I material. The reason is the presence of stray magnetic fields that stabilize the vortex matter by inducing long-range repulsive interactions between vortices. While very thin films indeed reach this limit, there is a large interval of thicknesses where magnetic properties of superconducting films cannot be classified as either of the two conventional superconductivity types. Recent calculations revealed that in this interval the system exhibits spontaneous formation of magnetic flux-condensate patterns and superstructures appearing due to the interplay between the long-range stray field effects and proximity to the Bogomolnyi self-duality point. These calculations were based on the periodic in-plane boundary conditions which, as is well known from classical electrodynamics, for systems with long-range interactions can lead to field distortions and considerable discrepancies between results of different calculation methods. Here we demonstrate that similar spontaneous patterns are obtained for superconducting films with open in-plane boundary conditions (vanishing in-plane currents perpendicular to the edges of the finite film) and thus the phenomenon is not an artefact of chosen boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Córdoba-Camacho
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia
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29
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Gauthier G, Szigeti SS, Reeves MT, Baker M, Bell TA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Davis MJ, Neely TW. Quantitative Acoustic Models for Superfluid Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:260402. [PMID: 31951434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.260402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally realize a highly tunable superfluid oscillator circuit in a quantum gas of ultracold atoms and develop and verify a simple lumped-element description of this circuit. At low oscillator currents, we demonstrate that the circuit is accurately described as a Helmholtz resonator, a fundamental element of acoustic circuits. At larger currents, the breakdown of the Helmholtz regime is heralded by a turbulent shedding of vortices and density waves. Although a simple phase-slip model offers qualitative insights into the circuit's resistive behavior, our results indicate deviations from the phase-slip model. A full understanding of the dissipation in superfluid circuits will thus require the development of empirical models of the turbulent dynamics in this system, as have been developed for classical acoustic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gauthier
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart S Szigeti
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew T Reeves
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas A Bell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tyler W Neely
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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30
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Sachkou YP, Baker CG, Harris GI, Stockdale OR, Forstner S, Reeves MT, He X, McAuslan DL, Bradley AS, Davis MJ, Bowen WP. Coherent vortex dynamics in a strongly interacting superfluid on a silicon chip. Science 2019; 366:1480-1485. [PMID: 31857478 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantized vortices are fundamental to the two-dimensional dynamics of superfluids, from quantum turbulence to phase transitions. However, surface effects have prevented direct observations of coherent two-dimensional vortex dynamics in strongly interacting systems. Here, we overcome this challenge by confining a thin film of superfluid helium at microscale on the atomically smooth surface of a silicon chip. An on-chip optical microcavity allows laser initiation of clusters of quasi-two-dimensional vortices and nondestructive observation of their decay in a single shot. Coherent dynamics dominate, with thermal vortex diffusion suppressed by five orders of magnitude. This establishes an on-chip platform with which to study emergent phenomena in strongly interacting superfluids and to develop quantum technologies such as precision inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen P Sachkou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher G Baker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Glen I Harris
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Oliver R Stockdale
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan Forstner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew T Reeves
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xin He
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David L McAuslan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ashton S Bradley
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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31
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Navon N, Eigen C, Zhang J, Lopes R, Gaunt AL, Fujimoto K, Tsubota M, Smith RP, Hadzibabic Z. Synthetic dissipation and cascade fluxes in a turbulent quantum gas. Science 2019; 366:382-385. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Scale-invariant fluxes are the defining property of turbulent cascades, but their direct measurement is a challenging experimental problem. Here we perform such a measurement for a direct energy cascade in a turbulent quantum gas. Using a time-periodic force, we inject energy at a large length scale and generate a cascade in a uniformly trapped three-dimensional Bose gas. The adjustable trap depth provides a high-momentum cutoff kD, which realizes a synthetic dissipation scale. This gives us direct access to the particle flux across a momentum shell of radius kD, and the tunability of kD allows for a clear demonstration of the zeroth law of turbulence. Moreover, our time-resolved measurements give unique access to the pre–steady-state dynamics, when the cascade front propagates in momentum space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Navon
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Raphael Lopes
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander L. Gaunt
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Microsoft Research, Cambridge CB1 2FB, UK
| | - Kazuya Fujimoto
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubota
- Department of Physics and Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Robert P. Smith
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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32
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Johnstone SP, Groszek AJ, Starkey PT, Billington CJ, Simula TP, Helmerson K. Evolution of large-scale flow from turbulence in a two-dimensional superfluid. Science 2019; 364:1267-1271. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium interacting systems can evolve to exhibit large-scale structure and order. In two-dimensional turbulent flow, the seemingly random swirling motion of a fluid can evolve toward persistent large-scale vortices. To explain such behavior, Lars Onsager proposed a statistical hydrodynamic model based on quantized vortices. Here, we report on the experimental confirmation of Onsager’s model. We dragged a grid barrier through an oblate superfluid Bose–Einstein condensate to generate nonequilibrium distributions of vortices. We observed signatures of an inverse energy cascade driven by the evaporative heating of vortices, leading to steady-state configurations characterized by negative absolute temperatures. Our results open a pathway for quantitative studies of emergent structures in interacting quantum systems driven far from equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P. Johnstone
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Groszek
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip T. Starkey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Billington
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Tapio P. Simula
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristian Helmerson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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33
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Gauthier G, Reeves MT, Yu X, Bradley AS, Baker MA, Bell TA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Davis MJ, Neely TW. Giant vortex clusters in a two-dimensional quantum fluid. Science 2019; 364:1264-1267. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adding energy to a system through transient stirring usually leads to more disorder. In contrast, point-like vortices in a bounded two-dimensional fluid are predicted to reorder above a certain energy, forming persistent vortex clusters. In this study, we experimentally realize these vortex clusters in a planar superfluid: a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate confined to an elliptical geometry. We demonstrate that the clusters persist for long time periods, maintaining the superfluid system in a high-energy state far from global equilibrium. Our experiments explore a regime of vortex matter at negative absolute temperatures and have relevance for the dynamics of topological defects, two-dimensional turbulence, and systems such as helium films, nonlinear optical materials, fermion superfluids, and quark-gluon plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gauthier
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Reeves
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoquan Yu
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ashton S. Bradley
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mark A. Baker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Bell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Davis
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tyler W. Neely
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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