2
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Masunaga K, Terada N, Yoshida N, Nakamura Y, Kuroda T, Yoshioka K, Suzuki Y, Nakagawa H, Kimura T, Tsuchiya F, Murakami G, Yamazaki A, Usui T, Yoshikawa I. Alternate oscillations of Martian hydrogen and oxygen upper atmospheres during a major dust storm. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6609. [PMID: 36329013 PMCID: PMC9633821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust storms on Mars play a role in transporting water from its lower to upper atmosphere, seasonally enhancing hydrogen escape. However, it remains unclear how water is diurnally transported during a dust storm and how its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, are subsequently influenced in the upper atmosphere. Here, we use multi-spacecraft and space telescope observations obtained during a major dust storm in Mars Year 33 to show that hydrogen abundance in the upper atmosphere gradually increases because of water supply above an altitude of 60 km, while oxygen abundance temporarily decreases via water ice absorption, catalytic loss, or downward transportation. Additionally, atmospheric waves modulate dust and water transportations, causing alternate oscillations of hydrogen and oxygen abundances in the upper atmosphere. If dust- and wave-driven couplings of the Martian lower and upper atmospheres are common in dust storms, with increasing escape of hydrogen, oxygen will less efficiently escape from the upper atmosphere, leading to a more oxidized atmosphere. These findings provide insights regarding Mars' water loss history and its redox state, which are crucial for understanding the Martian habitable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Masunaga
- grid.450279.d0000 0000 9989 8906Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nao Yoshida
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657LATMOS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Takeshi Kuroda
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshioka
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Suzuki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Nakagawa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- grid.143643.70000 0001 0660 6861Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tsuchiya
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Go Murakami
- grid.450279.d0000 0000 9989 8906Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamazaki
- grid.450279.d0000 0000 9989 8906Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- grid.450279.d0000 0000 9989 8906Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yoshikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Amiri HES, Brain D, Sharaf O, Withnell P, McGrath M, Alloghani M, Al Awadhi M, Al Dhafri S, Al Hamadi O, Al Matroushi H, Al Shamsi Z, Al Shehhi O, Chaffin M, Deighan J, Edwards C, Ferrington N, Harter B, Holsclaw G, Kelly M, Kubitschek D, Landin B, Lillis R, Packard M, Parker J, Pilinski E, Pramman B, Reed H, Ryan S, Sanders C, Smith M, Tomso C, Wrigley R, Al Mazmi H, Al Mheiri N, Al Shamsi M, Al Tunaiji E, Badri K, Christensen P, England S, Fillingim M, Forget F, Jain S, Jakosky BM, Jones A, Lootah F, Luhmann JG, Osterloo M, Wolff M, Yousuf M. The Emirates Mars Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2022; 218:4. [PMID: 35194256 PMCID: PMC8830993 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) was launched to Mars in the summer of 2020, and is the first interplanetary spacecraft mission undertaken by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The mission has multiple programmatic and scientific objectives, including the return of scientifically useful information about Mars. Three science instruments on the mission's Hope Probe will make global remote sensing measurements of the Martian atmosphere from a large low-inclination orbit that will advance our understanding of atmospheric variability on daily and seasonal timescales, as well as vertical atmospheric transport and escape. The mission was conceived and developed rapidly starting in 2014, and had aggressive schedule and cost constraints that drove the design and implementation of a new spacecraft bus. A team of Emirati and American engineers worked across two continents to complete a fully functional and tested spacecraft and bring it to the launchpad in the middle of a global pandemic. EMM is being operated from the UAE and the United States (U.S.), and will make its data freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. E. S. Amiri
- UAE Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - D. Brain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - O. Sharaf
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - P. Withnell
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. McGrath
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Alloghani
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Al Awadhi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Al Dhafri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - O. Al Hamadi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - H. Al Matroushi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Z. Al Shamsi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - O. Al Shehhi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Chaffin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - J. Deighan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - C. Edwards
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - N. Ferrington
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Harter
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - G. Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Kelly
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - D. Kubitschek
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Landin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - R. Lillis
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Packard
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | | | - E. Pilinski
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Pramman
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - H. Reed
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - S. Ryan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - C. Sanders
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - C. Tomso
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - R. Wrigley
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - H. Al Mazmi
- UAE Space Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - N. Al Mheiri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Al Shamsi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - E. Al Tunaiji
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - K. Badri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - S. England
- Virgina Tech University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - M. Fillingim
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France
| | - S. Jain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. M. Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - A. Jones
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - F. Lootah
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J. G. Luhmann
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Osterloo
- Space Science International, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Space Science International, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M. Yousuf
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Scheller EL, Ehlmann BL, Hu R, Adams DJ, Yung YL. Long-term drying of Mars by sequestration of ocean-scale volumes of water in the crust. Science 2021; 372:56-62. [PMID: 33727251 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc7717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Geological evidence shows that ancient Mars had large volumes of liquid water. Models of past hydrogen escape to space, calibrated with observations of the current escape rate, cannot explain the present-day deuterium-to-hydrogen isotope ratio (D/H). We simulated volcanic degassing, atmospheric escape, and crustal hydration on Mars, incorporating observational constraints from spacecraft, rovers, and meteorites. We found that ancient water volumes equivalent to a 100 to 1500 meter global layer are simultaneously compatible with the geological evidence, loss rate estimates, and D/H measurements. In our model, the volume of water participating in the hydrological cycle decreased by 40 to 95% over the Noachian period (~3.7 billion to 4.1 billion years ago), reaching present-day values by ~3.0 billion years ago. Between 30 and 99% of martian water was sequestered through crustal hydration, demonstrating that irreversible chemical weathering can increase the aridity of terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Scheller
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - B L Ehlmann
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Renyu Hu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D J Adams
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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6
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Stone SW, Yelle RV, Benna M, Lo DY, Elrod MK, Mahaffy PR. Hydrogen escape from Mars is driven by seasonal and dust storm transport of water. Science 2020; 370:824-831. [PMID: 33184209 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mars has lost most of its once-abundant water to space, leaving the planet cold and dry. In standard models, molecular hydrogen produced from water in the lower atmosphere diffuses into the upper atmosphere where it is dissociated, producing atomic hydrogen, which is lost. Using observations from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft, we demonstrate that water is instead transported directly to the upper atmosphere, then dissociated by ions to produce atomic hydrogen. The water abundance in the upper atmosphere varied seasonally, peaking in southern summer, and surged during dust storms, including the 2018 global dust storm. We calculate that this transport of water dominates the present-day loss of atomic hydrogen to space and influenced the evolution of Mars' climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Stone
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA.
| | - Roger V Yelle
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| | - Mehdi Benna
- Planetary Environments Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Daniel Y Lo
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| | - Meredith K Elrod
- Planetary Environments Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Paul R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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