1
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, He C, Duan C. Modifying Proton Relay into Bioinspired Dye-Based Coordination Polymer for Photocatalytic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406161. [PMID: 38864758 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) imparts an energetic advantage over single electron transfer in activating inert substances. Natural PCET enzyme catalysis generally requires tripartite preorganization of proton relay, substrate-bound active center, and redox mediator, making the processes efficient and precluding side reactions. Inspired by this, a heterogeneous photocatalytic PCET system was established to achieve higher PCET driving forces by modifying proton relays into anthraquinone-based anionic coordination polymers. The proximally separated proton relays and photoredox-mediating anthraquinone moiety allowed pre-assembly of inert substrate between them, merging proton and electron into unsaturated bonds by photoreductive PCET, which enhanced reaction kinetics compared with the counter catalyst without proton relay. This photocatalytic PCET method was applied to a broad-scoped reduction of aryl ketones, unsaturated carbonyls, and aromatic compounds. The distinctive regioselectivities for the reduction of isoquinoline derivatives were found to occur on the carbon-ring sides. PCET-generated radical intermediate of quinoline could be trapped by alkene for proton relay-assisted Minisci addition, forming the pharmaceutical aza-acenaphthene scaffold within one step. When using heteroatom(X)-H/C-H compounds as proton-electron donors, this protocol could activate these inert bonds through photooxidative PCET to afford radicals and trap them by electron-deficient unsaturated compounds, furnishing the direct X-H/C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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2
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation Using Well-Defined Molecular Catalysts under Ambient or Mild Reaction Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406404. [PMID: 38781115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is industrially produced from dinitrogen (N2) and dihydrogen (H2) by the Haber-Bosch process, although H2 is prepared from fossil fuels, and the reaction requires harsh conditions. On the other hand, microorganisms have fixed nitrogen under ambient reaction conditions. Recently, well-defined molecular transition metal complexes have been found to work as catalyst to convert N2 into NH3 by reactions with chemical reductants and proton sources under ambient reaction conditions. Among them, involvement of both N2-splitting pathway and proton-coupled electron transfer is found to be very effective for high catalytic activity. Furthermore, direct electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversions of N2 into NH3 have been recently achieved. In addition to catalytic formation of NH3, selective catalytic conversion of N2 into hydrazine (NH2NH2) and catalytic silylation of N2 into silylamines have been reported. Catalytic C-N bond formation has been more recently established to afford cyanate anion (NCO-) under ambient reaction conditions. Further development of direct conversion of N2 into nitrogen-containing compounds as well as green ammonia synthesis leading to the use of ammonia as an energy carrier is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Mollik P, Drees M, Frantz AM, Halter DP. Electrocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of 1-Octene with [( tBuPCP)Ir(H)(Cl)] and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317844. [PMID: 38757787 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of 1-octene as non-activated model substrate with neutral water as H-donor is reported, using [(tBuPCP)Ir(H)(Cl)] (1) as the catalyst, to form octane with high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 96 % and a kobs of 87 s-1. Cyclic voltammetry with 1 revealed that two subsequent reductions trigger the elimination of Cl- and afford the highly reactive anionic Ir(I) hydride complex [(tBuPCP)Ir(H)]- (2), a previously merely proposed intermediate for which we now report first experimental data by mass spectrometry. In absence of alkene, the stoichiometric electrolysis of 1 in THF with water selectively affords the Ir(III) dihydride complex [(tBuPCP)Ir(H)2] (3) in 88 % FE from the reaction of 2 with H2O. Complex 3 then hydrogenates the alkene in classical fashion. The presented electro-hydrogenation works with extremely high FE, because the iridium hydrides are water stable, which prevents H2 formation. Even in strongly alkaline conditions (Bu4NOH added), the electro-hydrogenation of 1-octene with 1 also proceeds cleanly (89 % FE), suggesting a highly robust process that may rely on H2O activation, reminiscent to transfer hydrogenation pathways, instead of classical H+ reduction. DFT calculations confirmed oxidative addition of H2O as a key step in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mollik
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Drees
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander M Frantz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik P Halter
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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4
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Marron DP, Galvin CM, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Cobaltocene-Mediated Catalytic Hydride Transfer: Strategies for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17075-17083. [PMID: 38864712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The selective electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organics with transition metal hydrides is a promising strategy for electrosynthesis and energy storage. We report the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetone with a cyclopentadienone-iridium complex in a tandem electrocatalytic cycle with a cobaltocene mediator. The reductive protonation of cobaltocenium with mild acids generates (C5H5)CoI(C5H6) (CpCoI(CpH)), which functions as an electrocatalytic hydride mediator to deliver a hydride to cationic Ir(III) without generating hydrogen. Electrocatalytic hydride transfer by CpCoI(CpH) to a cationic Ir species leads to the efficient (Faradaic efficiency > 90%) electrohydrogenation of acetone, a valuable hydrogenation target as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). Hydride-transfer mediation presents a powerful strategy to generate metal hydrides that are inaccessible by stepwise electron/proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
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5
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Wang Z, Wang QN, Ma W, Liu T, Zhang W, Zhou P, Li M, Liu X, Chang Q, Zheng H, Chang B, Li C. Hydrogen Sulfide Splitting into Hydrogen and Sulfur through Off-Field Electrocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10515-10523. [PMID: 38622088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic gas abundant in natural gas fields and refineries, is currently being removed mainly via the Claus process. However, the emission of sulfur-containing pollutants is hard to be prevented and the hydrogen element is combined to water. Herein, we report an electron-mediated off-field electrocatalysis approach (OFEC) for complete splitting of H2S into H2 and S under ambient conditions. Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III) redox mediators are used to fulfill the cycles for H2S oxidation and H2 production, respectively. Fe(III) effectively removes H2S with almost 100% conversion during its oxidation process. The H+ ions are reduced by V(II) on a nonprecious metal catalyst, tungsten carbide. The mediators are regenerated in an electrolyzer at a cell voltage of 1.05 V, close to the theoretical potential difference (1.02 V) between Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III). In a laboratory bench-scale plant, the energy consumption for the production of H2 from H2S is estimated to be 2.8 kWh Nm-3 H2 using Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III) mediators and further reduced to about 0.5 kWh Nm-3 H2 when employing well-designed heteropolyacid/quinone mediators. OFEC presents a cost-effective approach for the simultaneous production of H2 and elemental sulfur from H2S, along with the complete removal of H2S from industrial processes. It also provides a practical platform for electrochemical reactions involving solid precipitation and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qing-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiguang Ma
- Marine Engineering College, Clean Energy Center for Ship, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qingbo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haibing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ben Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Ostermann N, Rotthowe N, Stückl AC, Siewert I. (Electro)chemical N 2 Splitting by a Molybdenum Complex with an Anionic PNP Pincer-Type Ligand. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:329-337. [PMID: 38855335 PMCID: PMC11157508 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum(III) complexes bearing pincer-type ligands are well-known catalysts for N2-to-NH3 reduction. We investigated herein the impact of an anionic PNP pincer-type ligand in a Mo(III) complex on the (electro)chemical N2 splitting ([LMoCl3]-, 1 -, LH = 2,6-bis((di-tert-butylphosphaneyl)methyl)-pyridin-4-one). The increased electron-donating properties of the anionic ligand should lead to a stronger degree of N2 activation. The catalyst is indeed active in N2-to-NH3 conversion utilizing the proton-coupled electron transfer reagent SmI2/ethylene glycol. The corresponding Mo(V) nitrido complex 2H exhibits similar catalytic activity as 1H and thus could represent a viable intermediate. The Mo(IV) nitrido complex 3 - is also accessible by electrochemical reduction of 1 - under a N2 atmosphere. IR- and UV/vis-SEC measurements suggest that N2 splitting occurs via formation of an "overreduced" but more stable [(L(N2)2Mo0)2μ-N2]2- dimer. In line with this, the yield in the nitrido complex increases with lower applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ostermann
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - A. Claudia Stückl
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, International Center
for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Tammannstr. 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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7
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Zhang J, Chen M, Xiao J, Han H, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wang F, Liu ZQ. A Recyclable Electrochemical Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones to Alcohols Using Water as the Hydrogen Source and Solvent. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7065-7075. [PMID: 38666304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
There are several challenging problems such as the usage of combustible and hazardous hydrogen sources and severe environmental pollution in the conventional reduction of aldehydes/ketones to alcohols. We report here a practical, safe, and green electrochemical reduction, which solves these problems to a large extent. Through an undivided cell, Zn(+) and Sn(-) as the electrode, tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as the electrolyte, water as the solvent and hydrogen source, a wide range of aldehydes and ketones are converted into the corresponding alcohols in mild conditions. Furthermore, the electrolytes and water can be recycled, and reductive deuteration can be achieved by simply using D2O as the solvent. Finally, the reduction can be smoothly scaled up to a kilogram level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatai Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongliang Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianyou Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Garrido-Barros P, Romero CG, Winkler JR, Peters JC. Intermolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactivity from a Persistent Charge-Transfer State for Reductive Photoelectrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12750-12757. [PMID: 38669102 PMCID: PMC11082884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Interest in applying proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagents in reductive electro- and photocatalysis requires strategies that mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Photoexcitation of a PCET donor to a charge-separated state (CSS) can produce a powerful H-atom donor capable of being electrochemically recycled at a comparatively anodic potential corresponding to its ground state. However, the challenge is designing a mediator with a sufficiently long-lived excited state for bimolecular reactivity. Here, we describe a powerful ferrocene-derived photoelectrochemical PCET mediator exhibiting an unusually long-lived CSS (τ ∼ 0.9 μs). In addition to detailed photophysical studies, proof-of-concept stoichiometric and catalytic proton-coupled reductive transformations are presented, which illustrate the promise of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay R. Winkler
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Jiang N, Darù A, Kunstelj Š, Vitillo JG, Czaikowski ME, Filatov AS, Wuttig A, Gagliardi L, Anderson JS. Catalytic, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Studies of Fe 4S 4-Based Coordination Polymers as Heterogenous Coupled Proton-Electron Transfer Mediators for Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12243-12252. [PMID: 38651361 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters play essential roles in biological systems, and thus synthetic [Fe4S4] clusters have been an area of active research. Recent studies have demonstrated that soluble [Fe4S4] clusters can serve as net H atom transfer mediators, improving the activity and selectivity of a homogeneous Mn CO2 reduction catalyst. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating these [Fe4S4] clusters into a coordination polymer enables heterogeneous H atom transfer from an electrode surface to a Mn complex dissolved in solution. A previously reported solution-processable Fe4S4-based coordination polymer was successfully deposited on the surfaces of different electrodes. The coated electrodes serve as H atom transfer mediators to a soluble Mn CO2 reduction catalyst displaying good product selectivity for formic acid. Furthermore, these electrodes are recyclable with a minimal decrease in activity after multiple catalytic cycles. The heterogenization of the mediator also enables the characterization of solution-phase and electrode surface species separately. Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) reveals spectroscopic signatures for an in situ generated active Mn-H species, providing a more complete mechanistic picture for this system. The active species, reaction mechanism, and the protonation sites on the [Fe4S4] clusters were further confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The observed H atom transfer reactivity of these coordination polymer-coated electrodes motivates additional applications of this composite material in reductive H atom transfer electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrea Darù
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Špela Kunstelj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jenny G Vitillo
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Maia E Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Kwak D, Jung S, Ha H, Han T, Ryu DH, Kim H, Kwak J. Electroreductive Access to 1,2-Aminoalcohols via Cross Aza-Pinacol Coupling of N-Acyl Diarylketimines and Aldehydes. Org Lett 2024; 26:2733-2738. [PMID: 37417822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
We present highly efficient and operationally simple synthetic methods for 1,2-aminoalcohols via electroreductive cross aza-pinacol coupling between N-acyl diarylketimines and aldehydes. Preliminary mechanistic studies including cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the reaction is instigated by selective electrochemical single electron transfer (SET) of N-acylketimines. The developed electrochemical protocol is compatible to biorelevant functional groups, enabling late-stage functionalization of pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Kwak
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonbin Ha
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Taedong Han
- Discovery Chemistry, Dong-A ST Research Institute, Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kwak
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang T, He F, Jiang W, Liu J. Electrohydrogenation of Nitriles with Amines by Cobalt Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316140. [PMID: 38124405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles represents an efficient and sustainable one-step synthesis of valuable bulk and fine chemicals. We report herein a molecular cobalt electrocatalyst for selective hydrogenative coupling of nitriles with amines using protons as the hydrogen source. The key to success for this reductive reaction is the use of an electrocatalytic approach for efficient cobalt-hydride generation through a sequence of cathodic reduction and protonation. As only electrons (e- ) and protons (H+ ) as the redox equivalent and hydrogen source, this general electrohydrogenation protocol is showcased by highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse amines, as well as deuterium isotope labeling applications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electrogenerated cobalt-hydride transfer to nitrile process is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Fangfang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Oloyede UN, Flowers RA. Coordination-induced bond weakening and small molecule activation by low-valent titanium complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2413-2441. [PMID: 38224159 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Bond activation of small molecules through coordination to low valent metal complexes in M⋯X-H type interactions (where X = O, N, B, Si, etc.) leads to the formation of unusually weak X-H bonds and provides a powerful approach for the synthesis of target compounds under very mild conditions. Coordination of small molecules like water, amides, silanes, boranes, and dinitrogen to Ti(III) or Ti(II) complexes results in the synergetic redistribution of electrons between the metal orbitals and the ligand orbitals which weakens and enables the facile cleavage of the X-H or N-N bonds of the ligands. This review presents an overview of coordination-induced bond activation of small molecules by low valent titanium complexes. In particular, the applications of low valent titanium-induced bond weakening in nitrogen fixation are presented. The review concludes with potential future directions for work in this area including low-valent Ti-based PCET systems, photocatalytic nitrogen reduction, and approaches to tailoring complexes for optimal bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
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13
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May AM, Deegbey M, Edme K, Lee KJ, Perutz RN, Jakubikova E, Dempsey JL. Electronic Structure and Photophysics of Low Spin d 5 Metallocenes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1858-1866. [PMID: 38226604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The electronic structure and photophysics of two low spin metallocenes, decamethylmanganocene (MnCp*2) and decamethylrhenocene (ReCp*2), were investigated to probe their promise as photoredox reagents. Computational studies support the assignment of 2E2 ground state configurations and low energy ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions for both complexes. Weak emission is observed at room temperature for ReCp*2 with τ = 1.8 ns in pentane, whereas MnCp*2 is not emissive. Calculation of the excited state reduction potentials for both metallocenes reveal their potential potency as excited state reductants (E°'([MnCp*2]+/0*) = -3.38 V and E°'([ReCp*2]+/0*) = -2.61 V vs Fc+/0). Comparatively, both complexes exhibit mild potentials for photo-oxidative processes (E°'([MnCp*2]0*/-) = -0.18 V and E°'([ReCp*2]0*/-) = -0.20 V vs Fc+/0). These results showcase the rich electronic structure of low spin d5 metallocenes and their promise as excited state reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie May
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Mawuli Deegbey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kedy Edme
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Katherine J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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14
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Galvin CM, Marron DP, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Coordination-Induced Bond Weakening and Electrocatalytic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of a Ruthenium Verdazyl Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:954-960. [PMID: 38153690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of the leucoverdazyl ligand 2,4-diisopropyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3(2H)-one VdH to Ru significantly weakens the ligand's N-H bond. Electrochemical measurements show that the metalated leucoverdazyl Ru(VdH)(acetylacetonate)2 RuVdH has a lower pKa (-5 units), BDFE (-7 kcal/mol), and hydricity (-22 kcal/mol) than the free ligand. DFT calculations suggest that the increased acidity is in part attributable to stabilization of the conjugate base Vd-. When free, Vd- distorts to avoid an 8πe- antiaromatic state, but it remains planar when bound to Ru. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) behavior is observed for both the free and metalated leucoverdazyls. PCET equilibrium between the Vd radical and TEMPOH affords a VdH BDFE that is in good agreement with that obtained from electrochemical methods. RuVd exhibits electrocatalytic PCET donor behavior. Under acidic conditions, it reduces the persistent trityl radical ·CAr3 (Ar = p-tert-butylphenyl) to the corresponding triarylmethane HCAr3 via net 1e-/1H+ transfer from RuVdH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Liu Y, Xu L, Su J, Ali A, Huang T, Wang Y, Zhang P. Microbially driven Fe-N cycle: Intrinsic mechanisms, enhancement, and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168084. [PMID: 37924885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The iron‑nitrogen (FeN) cycle driven by microbes has great potential for treating wastewater. Fe is a metal that is frequently present in the environment and one of the crucial trace elements needed by microbes. Due to its synergistic role in the microbial N removal process, Fe goes much beyond the essential nutritional needs of microorganisms. Investigating the mechanisms behind the linked Fe-N cycle driven by microbes is crucial. The Fe-N cycle is frequently connected with anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), Feammox, and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND), etc. Although the main mechanisms of Fe-mediated biological N removal may vary depending on the valence state of the Fe, their similar transformation pathways may provide information on the study of certain element-microbial interactions. This review offers a thorough analysis of the facilitation effect and influence of Fe on the removal of nitrogenous pollutants in various biological N removal processes and summarizes the ideal Fe dosing. Additionally, the synergistic mechanisms of Fe and microbial synergistic N removal process are elaborated, covering four aspects: enzyme activity, electron transfer, microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion, and microbial community interactions. The methods to improve biological N removal based on the intrinsic mechanism were also discussed, with the aim of thoroughly understanding the biological mechanisms of Fe in the microbial N removal process and providing a reference and thinking for employing Fe to promote microbial N removal in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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16
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Ketkov SY, Tzeng SY, Rychagova EA, Lukoyanov AN, Tzeng WB. Effect of a single methyl substituent on the electronic structure of cobaltocene studied by computationally assisted MATI spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1046-1056. [PMID: 38095021 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Metallocenes represent archetypical organometallic compounds playing key roles in various fields of fundamental and applied chemistry. Many of their unique properties arise from low ionization energies (IE) which can be tuned by introducing substituents into the rings. Here we report the first mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of a methylmetallocene, (Cp')(Cp)Co (Cp' = η5-C5H4Me, Cp = η5-C5H5). The presence of a single Me group allows us to study the "pure" effect of methylation without the mutual influence of substituents. The MATI technique provides an extremely high accuracy in determining the adiabatic IE of (Cp')(Cp)Co which equals 5.2097(6) eV. The effect of a Me group on the IE of cobaltocene appears to be 36% stronger than that in bis(η6-benzene)chromium. The MATI spectrum of (Cp')(Cp)Co shows a rich vibronic structure from which vibrational frequencies of the free ion are determined. This information provides a solid basis for testing the quality of quantum chemical calculations. Various levels of the DFT and coupled cluster computations are used to describe the structural and electronic transformations accompanying the detachment of an elctron from (Cp')(Cp)Co. New aspects of the methyl substituent influence on the potential energy surfaces, as well as on the inhomogeneous changes in charge density and electrostatic potential caused by ionization, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yu Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Sheng-Yuan Tzeng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Elena A Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Anton N Lukoyanov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Wen-Bih Tzeng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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17
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Alvarez-Hernandez JL, Salamatian AA, Sopchak AE, Bren KL. Hydrogen evolution catalysis by a cobalt porphyrin peptide: A proposed role for porphyrin propionic acid groups. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112390. [PMID: 37801884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac) is a cobalt porphyrin-peptide catalyst for hydrogen (H2) evolution from water. Herein, we assess electrocatalytic activity of CoMP11-Ac from pH 1.0-10.0. This catalyst remains intact and active under highly acidic conditions (pH 1.0) that are desirable for maximizing H2 evolution activity. Analysis of electrochemical data indicate that H2 evolution takes place by two pH-dependent mechanisms. At pH < 4.3, a proton transfer mechanism involving the propionic acid groups of the porphyrin is proposed, decreasing the catalytic overpotential by 280 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison A Salamatian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester. Rochester, NY 14627-0216, United States.
| | - Andrew E Sopchak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester. Rochester, NY 14627-0216, United States.
| | - Kara L Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester. Rochester, NY 14627-0216, United States.
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18
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Peng F, Xiang J, Qin H, Chen B, Duan R, Zhao W, Liu S, Wu T, Yuan W, Li Q, Li J, Kang X, Han B. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzylic C-H to Benzylic Alcohols with the Aid of Imidazolium Radical Mediators. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23905-23909. [PMID: 37890007 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols is a well-known challenge in the chemical community since benzylic C-H is more prone to be overoxidized to benzylic ketones. In this work, we report the highly selective electro-oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols in an undivided cell in ionic liquid-based solution. As an example, the selectivity toward xanthydrol could be as high as 95.7% at complete conversion of xanthene, a typical benzylic C-H compound, on gram-scale in imidazolium bromide/H2O/DMF. Mechanism investigation reveals that the imidazolium radical generated in situ participants in a proton-coupled electron transfer process and low-barrier hydrogen bonds stabilize the reaction intermediates, together steering the redox equilibrium, favoring benzylic alcohols over benzylic ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Huisheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bingfeng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Ran Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenling Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Tianbin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jikun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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19
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Kleinhaus JT, Wolf J, Pellumbi K, Wickert L, Viswanathan SC, Junge Puring K, Siegmund D, Apfel UP. Developing electrochemical hydrogenation towards industrial application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7305-7332. [PMID: 37814786 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogenation reactions gained significant attention as a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional thermocatalytic hydrogenations. This tutorial review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles, the practical application, and recent advances of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions, with a particular emphasis on the translation of these reactions from lab-scale to industrial applications. Giving an overview on the vast amount of conceivable organic substrates and tested catalysts, we highlight the challenges associated with upscaling electrochemical hydrogenations, such as mass transfer limitations and reactor design. Strategies and techniques for addressing these challenges are discussed, including the development of novel catalysts and the implementation of scalable and innovative cell concepts. We furthermore present an outlook on current challenges, future prospects, and research directions for achieving widespread industrial implementation of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions. This work aims to provide beginners as well as experienced electrochemists with a starting point into the potential future transformation of electrochemical hydrogenations from a laboratory curiosity to a viable technology for sustainable chemical synthesis on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Kleinhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jonas Wolf
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Sangita C Viswanathan
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
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20
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Lin X, Wang Z, Cao S, Hu Y, Liu S, Chen X, Chen H, Zhang X, Wei S, Xu H, Cheng Z, Hou Q, Sun D, Lu X. Bioinspired trimesic acid anchored electrocatalysts with unique static and dynamic compatibility for enhanced water oxidation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6714. [PMID: 37872171 PMCID: PMC10593801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides are promising candidates for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Unfortunately, their catalytic kinetics and long-term stabilities are far from satisfactory compared to those of rare metals. Here, we investigate the durability of nickel-iron layered double hydroxides and show that ablation of the lamellar structure due to metal dissolution is the cause of the decreased stability. Inspired by the amino acid residues in photosystem II, we report a strategy using trimesic acid anchors to prepare the subsize nickel-iron layered double hydroxides with kinetics, activity and stability superior to those of commercial catalysts. Fundamental investigations through operando spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that the superaerophobic surface facilitates prompt release of the generated O2 bubbles, and protects the structure of the catalyst. Coupling between the metals and coordinated carboxylates via C‒O‒Fe bonding prevents dissolution of the metal species, which stabilizes the electronic structure by static coordination. In addition, the uncoordinated carboxylates formed by dynamic evolution during oxygen evolution reaction serve as proton ferries to accelerate the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work offers a promising way to achieve breakthroughs in oxygen evolution reaction stability and dynamic performance by introducing functional ligands with static and dynamic compatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Shoufu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xingheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qi Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
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21
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Boucher DG, Pendergast AD, Wu X, Nguyen ZA, Jadhav RG, Lin S, White HS, Minteer SD. Unraveling Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mechanisms with Voltammetry: Oxidative Formation and Reactivity of Cobalt Hydride. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17665-17677. [PMID: 37530748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The utility of transition metal hydride catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) has been widely demonstrated in organic transformations such as alkene isomerization and hydrofunctionalization reactions. However, the highly reactive nature of the hydride and radical intermediates has hindered mechanistic insight into this pivotal reaction. Recent advances in electrochemical MHAT have opened up the possibility for new analytical approaches for mechanistic diagnosis. Here, we report a voltammetric interrogation of Co-based MHAT reactivity, describing in detail the oxidative formation and reactivity of the key Co-H intermediate and its reaction with aryl alkenes. Insights from cyclic voltammetry and finite element simulations help elucidate the rate-limiting step as metal hydride formation, which we show to be widely tunable based on ligand design. Voltammetry is also suggestive of the formation of Co-alkyl intermediates and a dynamic equilibrium with the reactive neutral radical. These mechanistic studies provide information for the design of future hydrofunctionalization reactions, such as catalyst and silane choice, the relative stability of metal-alkyl species, and how hydrofunctionalization reactions utilize Co-alkyl intermediates. In summary, these studies establish an important template for studying MHAT reactions from the perspective of electrochemical kinetic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Andrew D Pendergast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zachary A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rohit G Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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22
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Peters JC. Advancing electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation: insights from molecular systems. Faraday Discuss 2023; 243:450-472. [PMID: 37021388 PMCID: PMC10524484 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation has a rich history within the inorganic chemistry community. In recent years attention has (re)focused on developing electrocatalytic systems capable of mediating the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR). Well-defined molecular catalyst systems have much to offer in this context. This personal perspective summarizes recent progress from our laboratory at Caltech, pulling together lessons learned from a number of studies we have conducted, placing them within the broader context of thermodynamic efficiency and selectivity for the N2RR. In particular, proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) provides an attractive strategy to achieve enhanced efficiency for the multi-electron/proton reduction of N2 to produce NH3 (or NH4+), and electrocatalytic PCET (ePCET) via an ePCET mediator affords a promising means of mitigating HER such that the N2RR can be achieved in a catalytic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Peters
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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23
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Zhang S, Findlater M. Electrochemically Driven Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis: A Tool for C(sp 3)/Si-H Functionalization and Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8731-8751. [PMID: 37441236 PMCID: PMC10334887 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically driven hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis provides a complementary approach for the transformation of redox-inactive substrates that would be inaccessible to conventional electron transfer (ET) catalysis. Moreover, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis could promote organic transformations with either hydrogen atom abstraction or donation as the key step. It provides a versatile and effective tool for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H/Si-H bonds and the hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. Despite these attractive properties, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis has been largely overlooked due to the lack of understanding of both the catalytic mechanism and how catalyst selection should occur. In this Review, we give an overview of the HAT catalysis applications in the direct C(sp3)-H/Si-H functionalization and hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. The mechanistic pathways, physical properties of the HAT mediators, and state-of-the-art examples are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institutes
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of
Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry
of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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24
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Zhu Q, Costentin C, Stubbe J, Nocera DG. Disulfide radical anion as a super-reductant in biology and photoredox chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6876-6881. [PMID: 37389245 PMCID: PMC10306091 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfides are involved in a broad range of radical-based synthetic organic and biochemical transformations. In particular, the reduction of a disulfide to the corresponding radical anion, followed by S-S bond cleavage to yield a thiyl radical and a thiolate anion plays critical roles in radical-based photoredox transformations and the disulfide radical anion in conjunction with a proton donor, mediates the enzymatic synthesis of deoxynucleotides from nucleotides within the active site of the enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). To gain fundamental thermodynamic insight into these reactions, we have performed experimental measurements to furnish the transfer coefficient from which the standard E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) reduction potential has been determined for a homologous series of disulfides. The electrochemical potentials are found to be strongly dependent on the structures and electronic properties of the substituents of the disulfides. In the case of cysteine, a standard potential of E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) = -1.38 V vs. NHE is determined, making the disulfide radical anion of cysteine one of the most reducing cofactors in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | | | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
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25
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Boyd EA, Peters JC. Highly Selective Fe-Catalyzed Nitrogen Fixation to Hydrazine Enabled by Sm(II) Reagents with Tailored Redox Potential and p Ka. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37376713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling product selectivity in multiproton, multielectron reductions of unsaturated small molecules is of fundamental interest in catalysis. For the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR) in particular, parameters that dictate selectivity for either the 6H+/6e- product ammonia (NH3) or the 4H+/4e- product hydrazine (N2H4) are poorly understood. To probe this issue, we have developed conditions to invert the selectivity of a tris(phosphino)borane iron catalyst (Fe), with which NH3 is typically the major product of N2R, to instead favor N2H4 as the sole observed fixed-N product (>99:1). This dramatic shift is achieved by replacing moderate reductants and strong acids with a very strongly reducing but weakly acidic SmII-(2-pyrrolidone) core supported by a hexadentate dianionic macrocyclic ligand (SmII-PH) as the net hydrogen-atom donor. The activity and efficiency of the catalyst with this reagent remain high (up to 69 equiv of N2H4 per Fe and 67% fixed-N yield per H+). However, by generating N2H4 as the kinetic product, the overpotential of this Sm-driven reaction is 700 mV lower than that of the mildest reported set of NH3-selective conditions with Fe. Mechanistic data support assignment of iron hydrazido(2-) species FeNNH2 as selectivity-determining: we infer that protonation of FeNNH2 at Nβ, favored by strong acids, releases NH3, whereas one-electron reduction to FeNNH2-, favored by strong reductants such as SmII-PH, produces N2H4 via reactivity initiated at Nα. Spectroscopic data also implicate a role for SmIII-binding to anionic FeN2- (via an Fe-N2- -SmIII species) with respect to catalytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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26
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VanderWeide A, Prokopchuk DE. Cyclopentadienyl ring activation in organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1. [PMID: 37258685 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand is a cornerstone of modern organometallic chemistry. Since the discovery of ferrocene, the Cp ligand and its various derivatives have become foundational motifs in catalysis, medicine and materials science. Although largely considered an ancillary ligand for altering the stereoelectronic properties of transition metal centres, there is mounting evidence that the core Cp ring structure also serves as a reservoir for reactive protons (H+), hydrides (H-) or radical hydrogen (H•) atoms. This Review chronicles the field of Cp ring activation, highlighting the pivotal role that Cp ligands can have in electrocatalytic H2 production, N2 reduction, hydride transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer.
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27
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Nikovskiy IA, Dorovatovskii PV, Novikov VV, Nelyubina YV. Bis(2,6-pyrazolyl)pyridines as a New Scaffold for Coordination Polymers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114275. [PMID: 37298750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two coordination polymers, Fe(LOBF3)(CH3COO)(CH3CN)2]n•nCH3CN and [Fe(LO-)2AgNO3BF4•CH3OH]n•1.75nCH3OH•nH2O (LO- = 3,3'-(4-(4-cyanophenyl)pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-olate)), were obtained via a PCET-assisted process that uses the hydroxy-pyrazolyl moiety of the ligand and the iron(II) ion as sources of proton and electron, respectively. Our attempts to produce heterometallic compounds under mild conditions of reactant diffusion resulted in the first coordination polymer of 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines to retain the core N3(L)MN3(L). Under harsh solvothermal conditions, a hydrogen atom transfer to the tetrafluoroborate anion caused the transformation of the hydroxyl groups into OBF3 in the third coordination polymer of 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines. This PCET-assisted approach may be applicable to produce coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks with the SCO-active core N3(L)MN3(L) formed by pyrazolone- and other hydroxy-pyridine-based ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Nikovskiy
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin V Novikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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28
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Fu K, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Wang N, Kong W, Yu Y, Xie H, Li T. Mn-catalyzed electrooxidative radical phosphorylation of 2-isocyanobiaryls. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1662-1666. [PMID: 36734361 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient and green synthesis method, the electrocatalysis hydrogen evolution coupling reaction has been widely used by chemists to realize the combining of two nucleophiles. In this work, an alternative method to synthesize 6-phosphorylated phenanthridines has been developed by synergistically utilizing electrocatalysis and Mn catalysis, with moderate to relatively good yields achieved. Mild and oxidant-free conditions make this synthetic method applicable in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Juncai Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Weiguang Kong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Yongqi Yu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Huanping Xie
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China, 473061
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29
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Falaise C, Mpacko Priso G, Leclerc N, Haouas M, Cadot E. Making Heterometallic Metal-Metal Bonds in Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates by a Six-Electron Reduction Process. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2494-2502. [PMID: 36716738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) represent a promising class of molecular electron reservoirs. However, their multielectron reduction gives rise to intricate physical-chemical phenomena that must be fully understood for their future use in energy-storage devices. Herein, we show that bulk electrolysis of the archetypal Keggin-type POM [Si(WVI2MoVIO10)(WVI3O10)3]4- in aqueous solution leads to the six-electron-reduced derivative [Si(WIV2MoIVO7(H2O)3)(WVI3O10)3]4- (notated SiW11Mo-VI') in which the mixed-metal triad acts as a storage unit for six electrons and six protons. X-ray diffraction analysis and multinuclear NMR (183W and 95Mo) studies reveal that this electron-rich species represents the first example of POMs containing heterometallic metal-metal bonds between addenda centers. This electron-rich POM can be further reduced through multielectronic events, while its full oxidation restores the structure of the oxidized parent ion. Remarkably, the formation of SiW11Mo-VI' results from a fast clustering process compared to that observed for the entirely W-based analogue, revealing that the formation of metal-metal bonds in the mixed-metal Mo/W POM is facilitated because the reaction rate is not limited by a slow disproportionation step. Last, we evaluate the supramolecular properties of SiW11Mo-VI' using a method based on the cloud-point measurement of a nonionic surfactant. This investigation demonstrates that the clustering process has dramatic consequences on the solution behavior of the POM, canceling its superchaotropic character due to a local structuring effect of the hydration shell. These fundamental results pave the way for applications using the massive electron-storage properties of mixed-metal POMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Falaise
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035Versailles, France
| | - Gabrielle Mpacko Priso
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Leclerc
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035Versailles, France
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035Versailles, France
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30
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Aðalsteinsson HM, Bjornsson R. Ionization energies of metallocenes: a coupled cluster study of cobaltocene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4570-4587. [PMID: 36723003 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04715b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Open-shell transition metal chemistry presents challenges to contemporary electronic structure methods, based on either density functional or wavefunction theory. While CCSD(T) is the well-trusted gold standard for maingroup thermochemistry, the accuracy and robustness of the method is less clear for open-shell transition metal chemistry, requiring benchmarking of CCSD(T)-based protocols against either higher-level theory or experiment. Ionization energies (IEs) of metallocenes provide an interesting test case with metallocenes being common redox reagents as well as playing roles as redox mediators and cocatalysts in redox catalysis. Using highly accurate ZEKE-MATI experimental measurements of gas phase adiabatic (5.3275 ± 0.0006 eV) and vertical (5.4424 ± 0.0006 eV) ionization energies of cobaltocene, we systematically assessed the accuracy of the local coupled-cluster method DLPNO-CCSD(T) with respect to geometry, reference determinant, basis set size and extrapolation schemes, PNO cut-off and extrapolation, local triples approximation, relativistic effects and core-valence correlation. We show that PNO errors are controllable via the recently introduced PNO extrapolation schemes and that the expensive iterative triples (T1) contribution can be made more manageable by calculating it as a smaller-basis/smaller PNO-cutoff correction. The reference determinant turns out to be a critical aspect in these calculations with the HF determinant resulting in large DLPNO-CCSD(T) errors, likely due to the qualitatively flawed molecular orbital spectrum. The BP86 functional on the other hand was found to provide reference orbitals giving small DLPNO-CCSD(T) errors, likely due to more realistic orbitals as suggested by the more consistent MO spectrum compared to HF. A protocol including complete basis set extrapolations with correlation-consistent basis sets, complete PNO space extrapolations, iterative triples- and core-valence correlation corrections was found to give errors of -0.07 eV and -0.03 eV for adiabatic- and vertical-IE of cobaltocene, respectively, giving close to chemical accuracy for both properties. A computationally efficient DLPNO-CCSD(T) protocol was devised and tested against adiabatic ionization energies of 6 different metallocenes (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni). For the other metallocenes, the iterative triples (T1) and PNO extrapolation contributions turn out to be even more important. The results give errors close to the experimental uncertainty, similar to recent auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo results. The quality of the reference determinant orbitals is identified as the main source of uncertainty in CCSD(T) calculations of metallocenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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31
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Ibrahim AF, Garrido-Barros P, Peters JC. Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction on a Molybdenum Complex Bearing a PNP Pincer Ligand. ACS Catal 2023; 13:72-78. [PMID: 38487038 PMCID: PMC10939127 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction (N2R) mediated by well-defined molecular catalysts is poorly developed by comparison with other reductive electrocatalytic transformations. Herein, we explore the viability of electrocatalytic N2R mediated by a molecular Mo-PNP complex. A careful choice of acid, electrode material, and electrolyte mitigates electrode-mediated HER under direct electrolysis and affords up to 11.7 equiv of NH3 (Faradaic efficiency < 43%) at -1.89 V versus Fc+/Fc. The addition of a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mediator has no effect. The data presented are rationalized by an initial electron transfer (ET) that sets the applied bias needed and further reveal an important impact of [Mo] concentration, thereby pointing to potential bimolecular steps (e.g., N2 splitting) as previously proposed during chemically driven N2R catalysis. Finally, facile reductive protonation of [Mo(N)Br(HPNP)] with pyridinium acids is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar F Ibrahim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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32
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Electroreductive coupling of benzaldehyde by balancing the formation and dimerization of the ketyl intermediate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7909. [PMID: 36564379 PMCID: PMC9789095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroreductive coupling of biomass-derived benzaldehyde offers a sustainable approach to producing value-added hydrobenzoin. The low efficiency of the reaction mainly ascribes to the mismatch of initial formation and subsequent dimerization of ketyl intermediates (Ph-CH = O → Ph-C·-OH → Ph-C(OH)-C(OH)-Ph). This paper describes a strategy to balance the active sites for the generation and dimerization of ketyl intermediates by constructing bimetallic Pd/Cu electrocatalysts with tunable surface coverage of Pd. A Faradaic efficiency of 63.2% and a hydrobenzoin production rate of up to 1.27 mmol mg-1 h-1 (0.43 mmol cm-2 h-1) are achieved at -0.40 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that Pd promotes the generation of the ketyl intermediate, and Cu enhances their dimerization. Moreover, the balance between these two sites facilitates the coupling of benzaldehyde towards hydrobenzoin. This work offers a rational strategy to design efficient electrocatalysts for complex reactions through the optimization of specified active sites for different reaction steps.
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33
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He T, Liang C, Huang S. Cobalt-electrocatalytic C-H hydroxyalkylation of N-heteroarenes with trifluoromethyl ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 14:143-148. [PMID: 36605737 PMCID: PMC9769098 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl carbinols and N-heteroarenes are both prevalent in bioactive molecules. However, access to high-value pharmacophores combining these two functional groups still remains a challenge. Herein, we report an electro-chemical redox-neutral coupling for the synthesis of N-heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols from readily available N-heteroarenes and trifluoromethyl ketones. The reaction starts with reversing the polarity of ketones to nucleophilic ketyl radicals through an electrocatalytic proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), followed by radical addition to heteroarenes and rearomatization to afford tertiary alcohol products. Importantly, the merging of paired electrolysis and cobalt catalysis is crucial to this regioselective C-H hydroxyalkylation of heteroarenes, and thus avoids several known competing pathways including the spin-center shift (SCS) process. Collectively, this protocol provides straightforward access to heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols, featuring ideal atom economy, excellent regioselectivity, and paired redox-neutral electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Chaoqiang Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
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34
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Ruan P, Chen B, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu K, Zhou W, Qin R, Liu Z, Fu G, Zheng N. Upgrading heterogeneous Ni catalysts with thiol modification. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 4:100362. [PMID: 36636490 PMCID: PMC9830375 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Precious metal catalysts are the cornerstone of many industrial processes. Replacing precious metal catalysts with earth-abundant metals is one of key challenges for the green and sustainable development of chemical industry. We report in this work a surprisingly effective strategy toward the development of cost-effective, air-stable, and efficient Ni catalysts by simple surface modification with thiols. The as-prepared catalysts exhibit unprecedentedly high activity and selectivity in the reductive amination of aldehydes/ketones. The thiol modification can not only prevent the deep oxidation of Ni surface to endow the catalyst with long shelf life in air but can also allow the reductive amination to proceed via a non-contact mechanism to selectively produce primary amines. The catalytic performance is far superior to that of precious and non-precious metal catalysts reported in the literature. The wide application scope and high catalytic performance of the developed Ni catalysts make them highly promising for the low-cost, green production of high-value amines in chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China,Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China,Corresponding author
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China,Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China,Corresponding author
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35
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Recent advances in catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal–dinitrogen complexes under mild reaction conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Bruch QJ, Tanushi A, Müller P, Radosevich AT. Metal-Ligand Role Reversal: Hydride-Transfer Catalysis by a Functional Phosphorus Ligand with a Spectator Metal. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21443-21447. [PMID: 36378626 PMCID: PMC9712262 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydride transfer catalysis is shown to be enabled by the nonspectator reactivity of a transition metal-bound low-symmetry tricoordinate phosphorus ligand. Complex 1·[Ru]+, comprising a nontrigonal phosphorus chelate (1, P(N(o-N(2-pyridyl)C6H4)2) and an inert metal fragment ([Ru] = (Me5C5)Ru), reacts with NaBH4 to give a metallohydridophosphorane (1H·[Ru]) by P-H bond formation. Complex 1H·[Ru] is revealed to be a potent hydride donor (ΔG°H-,exp < 41 kcal/mol, ΔG°H-,calc = 38 ± 2 kcal/mol in MeCN). Taken together, the reactivity of the 1·[Ru]+/1H·[Ru] pair comprises a catalytic couple, enabling catalytic hydrodechlorination in which phosphorus is the sole reactive site of hydride transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Akira Tanushi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Boyd EA, Peters JC. Sm(II)-Mediated Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer: Quantifying Very Weak N-H and O-H Homolytic Bond Strengths and Factors Controlling Them. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21337-21346. [PMID: 36346706 PMCID: PMC10281198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of alcohols to the single-electron reductant samarium diiodide (SmI2) results in substantial O-H bond weakening, affording potent proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagents. However, poorly defined speciation of SmI2 in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/alcohol mixtures limits reliable thermodynamic analyses of such systems. Rigorous determination of bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) values in such Sm systems, important to evaluating their reactivity profiles, motivates studies of model Sm systems where contributing factors can be teased apart. Here, a bulky and strongly chelating macrocyclic ligand ((tBu2ArOH)2Me2cyclam) maintains solubility, eliminates dimerization pathways, and facilitates clean electrochemical behavior in a well-defined functional model for the PCET reactivity of SmII with coordinating proton sources. Direct measurement of thermodynamic parameters enables reliable experimental estimation of the BDFEs in 2-pyrrolidone and MeOH complexes of ((tBu2ArO)2Me2cyclam)SmII, thereby revealing exceptionally weak N-H and O-H BDFEs of 27.2 and <24.1 kcal mol-1, respectively. Expanded thermochemical cycles reveal that this bond weakening stems from the very strongly reducing SmII center and the formation of strong SmIII-alkoxide (and -pyrrolidonate) interactions in the PCET products. We provide a detailed analysis comparing these BDFE values with those that have been put forward for SmI2 in THF in the presence of related proton donors. We suggest that BDFE values for the latter systems may in fact be appreciably higher than the system described herein. Finally, protonation and electrochemical reduction steps necessary for the regeneration of the PCET donors from SmIII-alkoxides are demonstrated, pointing to future strategies aimed at achieving (electro)catalytic turnover using SmII-based PCET reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Ali T, Wang H, Iqbal W, Bashir T, Shah R, Hu Y. Electro-Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Heterogeneous Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205077. [PMID: 36398622 PMCID: PMC9811472 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electro-organic synthesis has attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical science, medicinal chemistry, and future industrial applications in energy storage and conversion. To date, there has not been a detailed review on electro-organic synthesis with the strategy of heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the most recent advances in synthesizing value-added chemicals by heterogeneous catalysis are summarized. An overview of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes as well as paired electrocatalysis is provided, and the anodic oxidation of alcohols (monohydric and polyhydric), aldehydes, and amines are discussed. This review also provides in-depth insight into the cathodic reduction of carboxylates, carbon dioxide, CC, C≡C, and reductive coupling reactions. Moreover, the electrocatalytic paired electro-synthesis methods, including parallel paired, sequential divergent paired, and convergent paired electrolysis, are summarized. Additionally, the strategies developed to achieve high electrosynthesis efficiency and the associated challenges are also addressed. It is believed that electro-organic synthesis is a promising direction of organic electrochemistry, offering numerous opportunities to develop new organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ali
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Waseem Iqbal
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della CalabriaRendeCS87036Italy
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Rahim Shah
- Institute of Chemical SciencesUniversity of SwatSwatKhyber Pakhtunkhwa19130Pakistan
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced StudiesZhejiang Normal UniversityHangzhou311231China
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Derosa J, Garrido-Barros P, Li M, Peters JC. Use of a PCET Mediator Enables a Ni-HER Electrocatalyst to Act as a Hydride Delivery Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20118-20125. [PMID: 36264765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of metal hydride intermediates during reductive electrocatalysis in the presence of acid most commonly leads to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Redirecting the reactivity profile of such hydride intermediates toward the reduction of unsaturated substrates is an exciting opportunity in catalysis but presents a challenge in terms of catalyst selectivity. In this study, we demonstrate that a prototypical phosphine-supported Ni-HER catalyst can be repurposed toward the electrocatalytic reduction of a model substrate, methyl phenylpropiolate, via hydride transfer from a NiII-H when interfaced with a metallocene-derived proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mediator. Key to success is generation of the NiII-H at a potential pinned to that of the PCET mediator which is appreciably anodic of the onset of HER. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and theoretical data point to a working mechanism where a PCET step from the metallocene-derived mediator to NiII generates NiIII-H and is rate-determining; the latter NiIII-H is then readily reduced to a NiII-H, which is competent for substrate reduction. Additional studies show that this tandem PCET-mediated hydride generation can afford high stereoselectivity (e.g., >20:1 Z/E using a phosphine-cobalt precatalyst with ethyl 2-heptynoate) and can also be used for the reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Derosa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mengdi Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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40
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Neyrizi S, Kiewiet J, Hempenius MA, Mul G. What It Takes for Imidazolium Cations to Promote Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3439-3446. [PMID: 36277133 PMCID: PMC9578038 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium cations enhance the performance of several electrodes in converting CO2 to CO in non-aqueous media. In this publication, we elucidate the origin of the function of imidazolium cations when exposed to Au electrodes in anhydrous acetonitrile in CO2 atmosphere. We demonstrate that imidazolium cations lead to unprecedentedly low overpotentials for CO2 reduction to CO on Au, with ∼100% Faradaic efficiency. By modification of the N1 and N3 functionality of the imidazolium cation, we show a direct correlation between the performance in CO2 reduction and the C2-H acidity of the cation. Based on NMR analyses, DFT calculations, and isotopic labeling, showing an inverse kinetic isotope effect, we demonstrate that the mechanism involves a concerted proton-electron transfer to the electrode-adsorbed CO2 intermediate. The demonstrated mechanism provides guidelines for improvement in the energy efficiency of non-aqueous electrochemical CO2 reduction, by a tailored design of electrolyte cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Neyrizi
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Kiewiet
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
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Garrido-Barros P, Derosa J, Chalkley MJ, Peters JC. Tandem electrocatalytic N 2 fixation via proton-coupled electron transfer. Nature 2022; 609:71-76. [PMID: 36045240 PMCID: PMC10281199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New electrochemical ammonia (NH3) synthesis technologies are of interest as a complementary route to the Haber-Bosch process for distributed fertilizer generation, and towards exploiting ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel produced via renewably sourced electricity1. Apropos of these goals is a surge of fundamental research targeting heterogeneous materials as electrocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR)2. These systems generally suffer from poor stability and NH3 selectivity; the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) outcompetes N2RR3. Molecular catalyst systems can be exquisitely tuned and offer an alternative strategy4, but progress has been thwarted by the same selectivity issue; HER dominates. Here we describe a tandem catalysis strategy that offers a solution to this puzzle. A molecular complex that can mediate an N2 reduction cycle is partnered with a co-catalyst that interfaces the electrode and an acid to mediate proton-coupled electron transfer steps, facilitating N-H bond formation at a favourable applied potential (-1.2 V versus Fc+/0) and overall thermodynamic efficiency. Certain intermediates of the N2RR cycle would be otherwise unreactive via uncoupled electron transfer or proton transfer steps. Structurally diverse complexes of several metals (W, Mo, Os, Fe) also mediate N2RR electrocatalysis at the same potential in the presence of the mediator, pointing to the generality of this tandem approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Derosa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Yao D, Tang C, Wang P, Cheng H, Jin H, Ding LX, Qiao SZ. Electrocatalytic green ammonia production beyond ambient aqueous nitrogen reduction. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Coordination-induced bond weakening is a phenomenon wherein ligand X-H bond homolysis occurs in concert with the energetically favorable oxidation of a coordinating metal complex. The coupling of these two processes enables thermodynamically favorable proton-coupled electron transfer reductions to form weak bonds upon formal hydrogen atom transfer to substrates. Moreover, systems utilizing coordination-induced bond weakening have been shown to facilitate the dehydrogenation of feedstock molecules including water, ammonia, and primary alcohols under mild conditions. The formation of exceptionally weak substrate X-H bonds via small molecule homolysis is a powerful strategy in synthesis and has been shown to enable nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. Coordination-induced bond weakening has also been identified as an integral process in biophotosynthesis and has promising applications in renewable chemical fuel storage systems. This review presents a discussion of the advances made in the study of coordination-induced bond weakening to date. Because of the broad range of metal and ligand species implicated in coordination-induced bond weakening, each literature report is discussed individually and ordered by the identity of the low-valent metal. We then offer mechanistic insights into the basis of coordination-induced bond weakening and conclude with a discussion of opportunities for further research into the development and applications of coordination-induced bond weakening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Boekell
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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44
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Fokin I, Kuessner KT, Siewert I. Electroreduction of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by a Manganese Complex. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Fokin
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Thorben Kuessner
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Universität Göttingen, International Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Waniek SD, Heine C, Zorn D, Lieberth T, Lauck M, Förster C, Heinze K. Dicobaltocenium Amine–Proton, Electron, and H Atom Transfer. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven D. Waniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Heine
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimitri Zorn
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Taro Lieberth
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lauck
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Dey S, Masero F, Brack E, Fontecave M, Mougel V. Electrocatalytic metal hydride generation using CPET mediators. Nature 2022; 607:499-506. [PMID: 35859199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal hydrides (M-H) are ubiquitous intermediates in a wide range of enzymatic processes and catalytic reactions, playing a central role in H+/H2 interconversion1, the reduction of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH)2 and in hydrogenation reactions. The facile formation of M-H is a critical challenge to address to further improve the energy efficiency of these reactions. Specifically, the easy electrochemical generation of M-H using mild proton sources is key to enable high selectivity versus competitive CO and H2 formation in the CO2 electroreduction to HCOOH, the highest value-added CO2 reduction product3. Here we introduce a strategy for electrocatalytic M-H generation using concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) mediators. As a proof of principle, the combination of a series of CPET mediators with the CO2 electroreduction catalyst [MnI(bpy)(CO)3Br] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) was investigated, probing the reversal of the product selectivity from CO to HCOOH to evaluate the efficiency of the manganese hydride (Mn-H) generation step. We demonstrate the formation of the Mn-H species by in situ spectroscopic techniques and determine the thermodynamic boundary conditions for this mechanism to occur. A synthetic iron-sulfur cluster is identified as the best CPET mediator for the system, enabling the preparation of a benchmark catalytic system for HCOOH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Brack
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Derosa J, Garrido-Barros P, Peters JC. Electrocatalytic Ketyl-Olefin Cyclization at a Favorable Applied Bias Enabled by a Concerted Proton-Electron Transfer Mediator. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6672-6678. [PMID: 35436099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showcase reductive concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) as a powerful strategy for transferring a net hydrogen atom to organic substrates; however, direct application of CPET in the context of C-C bond formation beyond homocoupling is underexplored. We report herein the expansion of electrocatalytic CPET (eCPET) using a Brønsted base-appended cobaltocene mediator ([CpCoCpNMe2][OTf]) with keto-olefin substrates that undergo cyclization subsequent to ketyl radical generation via eCPET. Using acetophenone-derived substrates with tethered acrylates as radical acceptors, in the presence of tosylic acid, we demonstrate that ketyl-olefin cyclization is achieved by characterization of cis-lactone and alkene products. Mechanistic analysis of this 2 H+/2 e- process reveals a mixed order in substrate and acid and a Hammett plot with a modest negative slope, highlighting the contribution of sequential CPET and ET/PT steps involved in the overall rate of the reaction and providing support for initial O-H bond formation. The ability to access ketyl radicals at comparatively mild reduction potentials via controlled potential electrolysis enables functional group tolerance across a range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Derosa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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48
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Claraz A, Masson G. Recent Advances in C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) and C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bond Formation through Cathodic Reactions: Reductive and Convergent Paired Electrolyses. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:126-147. [PMID: 36855458 PMCID: PMC9954344 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds is one of the major research goals of synthetic chemists. Electrochemistry is commonly considered to be an appealing means to drive redox reactions in a safe and sustainable fashion and has been utilized for C-C bond-forming reactions. Compared to anodic oxidative methods, which have been extensively explored, cathodic processes are much less investigated, whereas it can pave the way to alternative retrosynthetic disconnections of target molecules and to the discovery of new transformations. This review provides an overview on the recent achievements in the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds via cathodic reactions since 2017. It includes electrochemical reductions and convergent paired electrolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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49
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Gao Y, Xue Q, Li J, Zhang M, Ma Y, Qu Y. Phytate Coordination-Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Copper for Nitroarene Hydrogenation through Concerted Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14202-14209. [PMID: 35289590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coupling acid-electrolyte proton exchange membrane fuel cells for electricity generation and cathodic hydrogenation for valuable chemical production shows great potential in energy and chemical industry. The key for this promising approach is the identification of cathode electrocatalysts with acid resistance, high activity, and low fabrication cost for practical applications. Among various promising cathodic candidates for this integrative approach, the easily available and cheap Cu suffers from low acidic hydrogenation activity due to kinetically arduous proton adsorption/activation. Inspired by the kinetic advantages of the concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (CPET) over the sequential proton-electron transfer process, herein, we use phytate coordination on Cu surface to overcome the kinetic bottleneck for proton adsorption/activation through the CPET pathway in an acidic half-cell setup; this leads to 1 order of magnitude activity enhancement (36.94-fold) for nitrobenzene hydrogenation. Mechanistic analysis confirms that phytate, as proton acceptor, induces the CPET process and overcomes the above kinetic limitations by tuning the d-band center and concentrating protons on the Cu surface. Consequently, the CPET process facilitates the formation of active hydrogen intermediates for efficient cathodic hydrogenation. This work provides a promising approach to integrate electricity generation and chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qingyu Xue
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yongquan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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50
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Zhou W, Li L, Qin R, Zhu J, Liu S, Mo S, Shi Z, Fang H, Ruan P, Cheng J, Fu G, Zheng N. Non-contact biomimetic mechanism for selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics on heterogeneous metal nanocatalysts. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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