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Chen A, Zhao X, Zhao X, Wang G, Zhang X, Ren X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Yu X, Wang H, Guo M, Jiang X, Mei X, Wei G, Wang X, Jiang R, Guo X, Ning Z, Qu L. Genetic Foundation of Male Spur Length and Its Correlation with Female Egg Production in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1780. [PMID: 38929399 PMCID: PMC11200594 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spurs, which mainly appear in roosters, are protrusions near the tarsometatarsus on both sides of the calves of chickens, and are connected to the tarsometatarsus by a bony core. As a male-biased morphological characteristic, the diameter and length of spurs vary significantly between different individuals, mainly related to genetics and age. As a specific behavior of hens, egg-laying also varies greatly between individuals in terms of traits such as age at first egg (AFE), egg weight (EW), and so on. At present, there are few studies on chicken spurs. In this study, we investigated the inheritance pattern of the spur trait in roosters with different phenotypes and the correlations between spur length, body weight at 18 weeks of age (BW18), shank length at 18 weeks of age (SL18), and the egg-laying trait in hens (both hens and roosters were from the same population and were grouped according to their family). These traits related to egg production included AFE, body weight at first egg (BWA), and first egg weight (FEW). We estimated genetic parameters based on pedigree and phenotype data, and used variance analysis to calculate broad-sense heritability for correcting the parameter estimation results. The results showed that the heritability of male left and right spurs ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. There were significant positive correlations between left and right spur length, BW18, SL18, and BWA, as well as between left and right spur length and AFE. We selected 35 males with the longest spurs and 35 males with the shortest spurs in the population, and pooled them into two sets to obtain the pooled genome sequencing data. After genome-wide association and genome divergency analysis by FST, allele frequency differences (AFDs), and XPEHH methods, we identified 7 overlapping genes (CENPE, FAT1, FAM149A, MANBA, NFKB1, SORBS2, UBE2D3) and 14 peak genes (SAMD12, TSPAN5, ENSGALG00000050071, ENSGALG00000053133, ENSGALG00000050348, CNTN5, TRPC6, ENSGALG00000047655,TMSB4X, LIX1, CKB, NEBL, PRTFDC1, MLLT10) related to left and right spur length through genome-wide selection signature analysis and a genome-wide association approach. Our results identified candidate genes associated with chicken spurs, which helps to understand the genetic mechanism of this trait and carry out subsequent research around it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Xingrui Agricultural Stock Breeding, Baoding 072550, China;
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xinye Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xufang Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yalan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xiaofan Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Huie Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
| | - Menghan Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xiaohan Mei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Guozhen Wei
- Qingliu Animal Husbandry, Veterinary and Aquatic Products Center, Sanming 365501, China;
| | - Xue Wang
- VVBK Animal Medical Diagnostic Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100199, China;
| | - Runshen Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (R.J.); (X.G.)
| | - Xing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (R.J.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Lujiang Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.C.); (X.Z.); (G.W.); (X.Z.); (X.R.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Y.); (M.G.); (X.J.); (X.M.); (Z.N.)
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
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Zhang QW, Kong CL, Tao YS. Fate of carotenoids in yeasts: synthesis and cleavage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7638-7652. [PMID: 35275506 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids and their cleavage products (norisoprenoids) have excellent functional properties with diverse applications in foods, medicaments, cosmetics, etc. Carotenoids can be oxidatively cleaved through nonspecific reactions or by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), the product of which could further modify food flavor. This review provides comprehensive information on both carotenoid synthesis and cleavage processes with emphasis on enzyme characterization and biosynthetic pathway optimization. The use of interdisciplinary approaches of bioengineering and computer-aided experimental technology for key enzyme modification and systematic pathway design is beneficial to monitor metabolic pathways and assess pathway bottlenecks, which could efficiently lead to accumulation of carotenoids in microorganisms. The identification of CCOs spatial structures isolated from different species has made a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge. Current trends in carotenoid-related flavor modification are also discussed. In particular, we propose the carotenoid-synthesizing yeast Rhodotorula spp. for the production of food bioactive compounds. Understanding the behavior underlying the formation of norisoprenoids from carotenoids using interdisciplinary approaches may point toward other areas of investigation that could lead to better exploiting the potential use of autochthonous yeast in flavor enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wei Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cai-Lin Kong
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia, China
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Price-Waldman R, Stoddard MC. Avian Coloration Genetics: Recent Advances and Emerging Questions. J Hered 2021; 112:395-416. [PMID: 34002228 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs-which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic and conspicuous forms-inspired early work on adaptive coloration. More recently, avian color has fueled discoveries on the physiological, developmental, and-increasingly-genetic mechanisms responsible for phenotypic variation. The relative ease with which avian color traits can be quantified has made birds an attractive system for uncovering links between phenotype and genotype. Accordingly, the field of avian coloration genetics is burgeoning. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging questions associated with the genetic underpinnings of bird color. We start by describing breakthroughs related to 2 pigment classes: carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in most birds and psittacofulvins that produce similar colors in parrots. We then discuss structural colors, which are produced by the interaction of light with nanoscale materials and greatly extend the plumage palette. Structural color genetics remain understudied-but this paradigm is changing. We next explore how colors that arise from interactions among pigmentary and structural mechanisms may be controlled by genes that are co-expressed or co-regulated. We also identify opportunities to investigate genes mediating within-feather micropatterning and the coloration of bare parts and eggs. We conclude by spotlighting 2 research areas-mechanistic links between color vision and color production, and speciation-that have been invigorated by genetic insights, a trend likely to continue as new genomic approaches are applied to non-model species.
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Thomas LD, Bandara S, Parmar VM, Srinivasagan R, Khadka N, Golczak M, Kiser PD, von Lintig J. The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15553-15565. [PMID: 32873706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) converts carotenoids into more polar metabolites. Studies in mammals, fish, and birds revealed that BCO2 controls carotenoid homeostasis and is involved in the pathway for vitamin A production. However, it is controversial whether BCO2 function is conserved in humans, because of a 4-amino acid long insertion caused by a splice acceptor site polymorphism. We here show that human BCO2 splice variants, BCO2a and BCO2b, are expressed as pre-proteins with mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The MTS of BCO2a directed a green fluorescent reporter protein to the mitochondria when expressed in ARPE-19 cells. Removal of the MTS increased solubility of BCO2a when expressed in Escherichia coli and rendered the recombinant protein enzymatically active. The expression of the enzymatically active recombinant human BCO2a was further improved by codon optimization and its fusion with maltose-binding protein. Introduction of the 4-amino acid insertion into mouse Bco2 did not impede the chimeric enzyme's catalytic proficiency. We further showed that the chimeric BCO2 displayed broad substrate specificity and converted carotenoids into two ionones and a central C14-apocarotendial by oxidative cleavage reactions at C9,C10 and C9',C10'. Thus, our study demonstrates that human BCO2 is a catalytically competent enzyme. Consequently, information on BCO2 becomes broadly applicable in human biology with important implications for the physiology of the eyes and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vipulkumar M Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramkumar Srinivasagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nimesh Khadka
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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