1
|
Branson JA, Smith PW, Sergentu DC, Russo DR, Gupta H, Booth CH, Arnold J, Schelter EJ, Autschbach J, Minasian SG. The Counterintuitive Relationship between Orbital Energy, Orbital Overlap, and Bond Covalency in CeF 62- and CeCl 62. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39241121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
The 4f orbitals of Ce(IV) have shown appreciably enhanced covalent mixing with ligand orbitals relative to those of Ce(III). Here, X-ray spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and theoretical methods are used to investigate 4f covalency in CeF62- and CeCl62-. These techniques show covalent mixing between Ce 4f and F 2p orbitals to be about 25% less than mixing between Ce 4f and Cl 3p orbitals, placing CeF62- among the most ionic Ce(IV) compounds to-date. However, ligand field analysis using the experimental data shows significantly higher 4f orbital overlap with the F 2p orbitals compared to the Cl 3p. This result is counterintuitive since the Ce-F bonds display less 4f covalency despite their higher orbital overlap, and greater overlap is traditionally associated with enhanced bond covalency. The weaker covalency is attributed to the large energy gap between Ce 4f and F 2p orbitals strongly counteracting the higher orbital overlap. These results highlight that only a concerted consideration of both atomic orbital overlap and energy matching in f-element systems leads to an accurate picture of their bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Branson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Patrick W Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- RA-03 (RECENT AIR) Laboratory, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi 700506, Romania
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi 700506, Romania
| | - Dominic R Russo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou P, Ding L, Liu Y, Song H, Wang Q. Iron-Catalyzed Electrophotochemical α-Functionalization of a Silylcyclobutanol. Org Lett 2024; 26:7094-7099. [PMID: 39150853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Four-membered ring structure is important in organic chemistry, and selective cleavage and functionalization of these strained rings are of great interest. However, direct α-functionalization of cyclobutanols is rarely reported because of the high O-H bond dissociation energy and the occurrence of β-scission of C-C bonds in these alcohols. Recently, transition-metal catalysis has facilitated alkoxy radical generation. Herein, we report a method for electrophotochemical α-functionalization of a silylcyclobutanol via visible-light-induced LMCT reactions of M-alkoxy complexes. Introduction of the silyl group into the cyclobutanol structure favored fast [1,2]-silyl transfer over ring opening, thus allowing the generation of α-functionalized products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng S, Su R. Synthetic Chemistry in Flow: From Photolysis & Homogeneous Photocatalysis to Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400064. [PMID: 38608169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals has gained increasing attention in recent years owing to its versatility in driving many important reactions under ambient conditions. Selective hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and halogenation with a high conversion of the reactants have been realized using designed photocatalysts in batch reactors with small volumes at a laboratory scale; however, scaling-up remains a critical challenge due to inefficient utilization of incident light and active sites of the photocatalysts, resulting in poor catalytic performance that hinders its practical applications. Flow systems are considered one of the solutions for practical applications of light-driven reactions and have experienced great success in photolytic and homogeneous photocatalysis, yet their applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis are still under development. In this perspective, we have summarized recent progress in photolytic and photocatalytic synthetic chemistry performed in flow systems from the view of reactor design with a special focus on heterogeneous photocatalysis. The advantages and limitations of different flow systems, as well as some practical considerations of design strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goodwin MJ, Deetz AM, Griffin PJ, Meyer GJ. Periodic Trends in Intra-ionic Excited State Quenching by Halide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15772-15783. [PMID: 39120873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The preassociation of reactants in a photoinitiated redox reaction through the use of noncovalent interactions can have a significant impact on excited state reactivity. As these noncovalent interactions render some stabilization to the associated species, they impact the kinetics and thermodynamics of photoinitiated electron transfer. Reported herein is a novel iridium(III) photocatalyst, equipped with an anion-sensitive, amide-substituted bipyridine ligand, and its reactivity with the halides (X = I-, Br-, Cl-) in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. A noteworthy periodic trend was observed, where the size and electron affinity dramatically altered the observed photoredox behavior. The binding affinity for the halides increased with decreasing ionic radius (Keq ∼103 to >106) in a polar medium but association was stoichiometric for each halide in a nonpolar medium. Evidence for the static quenching of iodide and bromide is presented while dynamic quenching was observed with all halides. These results highlight how the photophysics of halide adducts and the thermodynamics of intra-ionic photo-oxidation are impacted as a consequence of preassociation of a quencher through hydrogen bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul J Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen Q, Chen J, Jing X, Duan C. Modifying Parallel Excitations into One Framework for C(sp 3)─H Bond Activation with Energy Combined More Than Two Photons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404293. [PMID: 39052896 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis enzymes utilize energies of several photons for challenging oxidation of water, whereas artificial photo-catalysis typically involves only single-photon excitation. Herein, a multiphoton excitation strategy is reported that combines parallel photo-excitations with a photoinduced electron transfer process for the activation of C(sp3)─H bonds, including methane. The metal-organic framework Fe3-MOF is designed to consolidate 4,4',4″-nitrilotrisbenzoic units for the photoactivation of dioxygen and trinuclear iron clusters as the HAT precursor for photoactivating alkanes. Under visible light irradiation, the dyes and iron clusters absorbed parallel photons simultaneously to reach their excited states, respectively, generating 1O2 via energy transfer and chlorine radical via ligand-to-metal charge transfer. The further excitation of organic dyes leads to the reduction of 1O2 into O2 •- through a photoinduced electron transfer, guaranteeing an extra multiphoton oxygen activation manner. The chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from alkanes, generating the carbon radical for further oxidation transformation. Accordingly, the total oxidation conversion of alkane utilizing three photoexcitation processes combines the energies of more than two photons. This new platform synergistically combines a consecutive excited photoredox organic dye and a HAT catalyst to combine the energies of more than two photons, providing a promising multiphoton catalysis strategy under energy saving, and high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Shen
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xu Jing
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang XY, Lao HE, Zhang HY, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Wu JQ, Li YF, Zhu HJ, Mao JY, Pan Y. HOO • as the Chain Carrier for the Autocatalytic Photooxidation of Benzylic Alcohols. Molecules 2024; 29:3429. [PMID: 39065007 PMCID: PMC11279666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of benzylic alcohols is an important transformation in modern organic synthesis. A plethora of photoredox protocols have been developed to achieve the aerobic oxidation of alcohols into carbonyls. Recently, several groups described that ultraviolet (UV) or purple light can initiate the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols in the absence of an external catalyst, and depicted different mechanisms involving the photoinduction of •O2- as a critical reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, based on comprehensive mechanistic investigations, including control experiments, radical quenching experiments, EPR studies, UV-vis spectroscopy, kinetics studies, and density functional theory calculations (DFT), we elucidate here that HOO•, which is released via the H2O2 elimination of α-hydroxyl peroxyl radicals [ArCR(OH)OO•], serves as the real chain carrier for the autocatalytic photooxidation of benzylic alcohols. The mechanistic ambiguities depicted in the precedent literature are clarified, in terms of the crucial ROS and its evolution, the rate-limiting step, and the primary radical cascade. This work highlights the necessity of stricter mechanistic analyses on UV-driven oxidative reactions that involve aldehydes' (or ketones) generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Huan-E Lao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Hao-Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Jie-Qing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Hong-Jun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Jian-You Mao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.-Y.W.); (H.-E.L.); (H.-Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (J.-Q.W.)
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.W.); (Y.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qin J, Lei H, Gao C, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Xia W. Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Fe(III)-OR species in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39011956 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) has been utilized as a powerful strategy in various organic reactions. First-row transition metals, especially iron complexes, show good applications in this process. Fe(III)-Cl and Fe(III)-OR species are two key intermediates involved in the LMCT of iron complexes. This review highlights studies on LMCT of Fe(III)-OR species, including carboxylate-iron and alkoxy-iron species, in organic transformations. Reaction conditions, substrate scope and related mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan C, Chen H, Xu F, Fu Q, Zhou Y, Zhou R, Li R, Zheng M, Xie M, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Meng H, Cui M, Yang L, Zhou X, Chen B. New insights into the influences of firework combustion on molecular composition and formation of sulfur- and halogen-containing organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172929. [PMID: 38703852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Firework (FW) events occur during various festivals worldwide and substantially negatively influence both air quality and human health. However, the effects of FWs on the chemical properties and formation of organic aerosols are far from clear. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in a suburban area in Qingdao, China during the Chinese Spring Festival. The concentrations of chemical species (especially carbonaceous components) in PM2.5 were measured using a combination of several state-of-the-art techniques. Our results showed that mass concentrations of water-soluble sulfate, potassium and chloride ions, and organic carbon drastically increased and became the predominant components in PM2.5 during FW events. Correspondingly, both the number and fractional contributions of sulfur (S)-containing subgroups (e.g., CHOS and CHONS compounds) and some chlorine (Cl)-containing organic (e.g., CHOSCl and CHONSCl) compounds identified using ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) increased. The S- and Cl-containing compounds unique to the FW display period were identified, and their chemical characterization, sources, and formation mechanisms were elucidated by combining FT-ICR MS and quantum chemical calculations. Our results suggest that FW emissions play notable roles in both primary and secondary organic aerosol formation, especially for CHOS- and Cl-containing organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Treacy SM, Rovis T. Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Base-Metal Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:1967-1978. [PMID: 38962497 PMCID: PMC11218547 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The absorption of light by photosensitizers has been shown to offer novel reactive pathways through electronic excited state intermediates, complementing ground state mechanisms. Such strategies have been applied in both photocatalysis and photoredox catalysis, driven by generating reactive intermediates from their long-lived excited states. One developing area is photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis, in which coordination of a ligand to a metal center and subsequent excitation with light results in the formation of a reactive radical and a reduced metal center. This mini review concerns the foundations and recent developments in ligand-to-metal charge transfer in transition metal catalysis focusing on the organic transformations made possible through this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Treacy
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Rovis
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu ZR, Zhu XY, Guo JF, Ma C, Zuo Z, Mei TS. Synergistic use of photocatalysis and convergent paired electrolysis for nickel-catalyzed arylation of cyclic alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1866-1874. [PMID: 38670850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The merging of transition metal catalysis with electrochemistry has become a powerful tool for organic synthesis because catalysts can govern the reactivity and selectivity. However, coupling catalysts with alkyl radical species generated by anodic oxidation remains challenging because of electrode passivation, dimerization, and overoxidation. In this study, we developed convergent paired electrolysis for the coupling of nickel catalysts with alkyl radicals derived from photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge-transfer of cyclic alcohols and iron catalysts, providing a practical method for site-specific and remote arylation of ketones. The synergistic use of photocatalysis with convergent paired electrolysis can provide alternative avenues for metal-catalyzed radical coupling reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carré V, Godard P, Méreau R, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan N, Tassaing T, Vincent JM. Photogeneration of Chlorine Radical from a Self-Assembled Fluorous 4CzIPN•Chloride Complex: Application in C-H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402964. [PMID: 38634355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The chlorine radical is a strong HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer) agent that is very useful for the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds. Albeit highly attractive, its generation from the poorly oxidizable chloride ion mediated by an excited photoredox catalyst is a difficult task. We now report that 8Rf8-4CzIPN, an electron-deficient fluorous derivative of the benchmark 4CzIPN photoredox catalyst belonging to the donor-acceptor carbazole-cyanoarene family, is not only a better photooxidant than 4CzIPN, but also becomes an excellent host for the chloride ion. Combining these two properties ultimately makes the self-assembled 8Rf8-4CzIPN•Cl- dual catalyst highly reactive in redox-neutral Giese-type C(sp3)-H bond alkylation reactions promoted by the chlorine radical. Additionally, because of its fluorous character, the efficient separation/recovery of 8Rf8-4CzIPN could be envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carré
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Pascale Godard
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Raphaël Méreau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | | | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5798, Univ. Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Nathan McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Thierry Tassaing
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Vincent
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Xu S, Fang Wen C, Zhang H, Zhang T, Lv F, Yue Y, Bian Z. Unravelling the Role of Free Radicals in Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400001. [PMID: 38501217 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Free radicals are increasingly recognized as active intermediate reactive species that can participate in various redox processes, significantly influencing the mechanistic pathways of reactions. Numerous researchers have investigated the generation of one or more distinct photogenerated radicals, proposing various hypotheses to explain the reaction mechanisms. Notably, recent research has demonstrated the emergence of photogenerated radicals in innovative processes, including organic chemical reactions and the photocatalytic dissolution of precious metals. To harness the potential of these free radicals more effectively, it is imperative to consolidate and analyze the processes and action modes of these photogenerated radicals. This conceptual paper delves into the latest advancements in understanding the mechanics of photogenerated radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shuyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chun Fang Wen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | | | - Ting Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Fujian Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655400, China
| | - Yinghong Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhenfeng Bian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tricoire M, Hsueh FC, Keener M, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Zivkovic I, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Siloxide tripodal ligands as a scaffold for stabilizing lanthanides in the +4 oxidation state. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6874-6883. [PMID: 38725506 PMCID: PMC11077534 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to isolate molecular complexes of lanthanides, other than cerium, in the +4 oxidation state remain elusive, with only four complexes of Tb(iv) isolated so far. Herein, we present a new approach for the stabilization of Tb(iv) using a siloxide tripodal trianionic ligand, which allows the control of unwanted ligand rearrangements, while tuning the Ln(iii)/Ln(iv) redox-couple. The Ln(iii) complexes, [LnIII((OSiPh2Ar)3-arene)(THF)3] (1-LnPh) and [K(toluene){LnIII((OSiPh2Ar)3-arene)(OSiPh3)}] (2-LnPh) (Ln = Ce, Tb, Pr), of the (HOSiPh2Ar)3-arene ligand were prepared. The redox properties of these complexes were compared to those of the Ln(iii) analogue complexes, [LnIII((OSi(OtBu)2Ar)3-arene)(THF)] (1-LnOtBu) and [K(THF)6][LnIII((OSi(OtBu)2Ar)3-arene)(OSiPh3)] (2-LnOtBu) (Ln = Ce, Tb), of the less electron-donating siloxide trianionic ligand, (HOSi(OtBu)2Ar)3-arene. The cyclic voltammetry studies showed a cathodic shift in the oxidation potential for the cerium and terbium complexes of the more electron-donating phenyl substituted scaffold (1-LnPh) compared to those of the tert-butoxy (1-LnOtBu) ligand. Furthermore, the addition of the -OSiPh3 ligand further shifts the potential cathodically, making the Ln(iv) ion even more accessible. Notably, the Ce(iv) complexes, [CeIV((OSi(OtBu)2Ar)3-arene)(OSiPh3)] (3-CeOtBu) and [CeIV((OSiPh2Ar)3-arene)(OSiPh3)(THF)2] (3-CePh), were prepared by chemical oxidation of the Ce(iii) analogues. Chemical oxidation of the Tb(iii) and Pr(iii) complexes (2-LnPh) was also possible, in which the Tb(iv) complex, [TbIV((OSiPh2Ar)3-arene)(OSiPh3)(MeCN)2] (3-TbPh), was isolated and crystallographically characterized, yielding the first example of a Tb(iv) supported by a polydentate ligand. The versatility and robustness of these siloxide arene-anchored platforms will allow further development in the isolation of more oxidizing Ln(iv) ions, widening the breadth of high-valent Ln chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tricoire
- Group of Coordiantion Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordiantion Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Group of Coordiantion Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Cedex 4 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ivica Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Cedex 4 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordiantion Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
May AM, Dempsey JL. A new era of LMCT: leveraging ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states for photochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6661-6678. [PMID: 38725519 PMCID: PMC11079626 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excited states are capable of undergoing a wide array of photochemical reactions, yet receive minimal attention compared to other charge transfer excited states. This work provides general criteria for designing transition metal complexes that exhibit low energy LMCT excited states and routes to drive photochemistry from these excited states. General design principles regarding metal identity, oxidation state, geometry, and ligand sets are summarized. Fundamental photoreactions from these states including visible light-induced homolysis, excited state electron transfer, and other photoinduced chemical transformations are discussed and key design principles for enabling these photochemical reactions are further highlighted. Guided by these fundamentals, this review outlines critical considerations for the future design and application of coordination complexes with LMCT excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie May
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morris AO, Barriault L. Redox-Neutral Multicatalytic Cerium Photoredox-Enabled Cleavage of O-H Bearing Substrates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400642. [PMID: 38436591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The need for synthetic methodologies capable of rapidly altering molecular structure are in high demand. Most existing methods to modify scaffolds rely on net exothermicity to drive the desired transformation. We sought to develop a general strategy for the cleavage of C-C bonds β to hydroxyl groups independent of inherent substrate strain. To this end we have applied a multicatalytic cerium photoredox-based system capable of activating O-H bonds in lactols to deliver formate esters. The same system is also capable of effecting hydrodecarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation reactions. Initial mechanistic probes demonstrate atomic chlorine (Cl⋅) is generated under the reaction conditions, but substrate activation through cerium-alkoxides or -carboxylates cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery O Morris
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Canada, K1 N 6 N5
| | - Louis Barriault
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Canada, K1 N 6 N5
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
East NR, Naumann R, Förster C, Ramanan C, Diezemann G, Heinze K. Oxidative two-state photoreactivity of a manganese(IV) complex using near-infrared light. Nat Chem 2024; 16:827-834. [PMID: 38332331 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Highly reducing or oxidizing photocatalysts are a fundamental challenge in photochemistry. Only a few transition metal complexes with Earth-abundant metal ions have so far advanced to excited state oxidants. All these photocatalysts require high-energy light for excitation, and their oxidizing power has not been fully exploited due to energy dissipation before reaching the photoactive state. Here we demonstrate that the complex [Mn(dgpy)2]4+, based on Earth-abundant manganese and the tridentate 2,6-diguanidylpyridine ligand (dgpy), evolves to a luminescent doublet ligand-to-metal charge transfer (2LMCT) excited state (1,435 nm, 0.86 eV) with a lifetime of 1.6 ns after excitation with low-energy near-infrared light. This 2LMCT state oxidizes naphthalene to its radical cation. Substrates with extremely high oxidation potentials up to 2.4 V enable the [Mn(dgpy)2]4+ photoreduction via a high-energy quartet 4LMCT excited state with a lifetime of 0.78 ps, proceeding via static quenching by the solvent. This process minimizes free energy losses and harnesses the full photooxidizing power, and thus allows oxidation of nitriles and benzene using Earth-abundant elements and low-energy light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R East
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tateyama H, Boggiano AC, Liao C, Otte KS, Li X, La Pierre HS. Tetravalent Cerium Alkyl and Benzyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10268-10273. [PMID: 38564671 PMCID: PMC11027143 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
High-valent cerium complexes of alkyl and benzyl ligands are unprecedented due to the incompatibility of the typically highly oxidizing Ce4+ ion and the reducing alkyl or benzyl ligand. Herein we report the synthesis and isolation of the first tetravalent cerium alkyl and benzyl complexes supported by the tri-tert-butyl imidophosphorane ligand, [NP(tBu)3]1-. The Ce4+ monoiodide complex, [Ce4+I(NP(tert-butyl)3)3] (1-CeI), serves as a precursor to the alkyl and benzyl complexes, [Ce4+(Npt)(NP(tert-butyl)3)3] (2-CeNpt) (Npt = neopentyl, CH2C(CH3)3) and [Ce4+(Bn)(NP(tert-butyl)3)3] (2-CeBn) (Bn = benzyl, CH2Ph). The bonding and structure of these complexes are characterized by single-crystal XRD, NMR and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Tateyama
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Andrew C. Boggiano
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Can Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kaitlyn S. Otte
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Henry S. La Pierre
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Nuclear
and Radiological Engineering and Medical Physics Program, School of
Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cui J, Niu KK, Zhang RZ, Liu H, Yu S, Xing LB. Photocatalytic selective oxidation of toluene under encapsulated air conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4310-4313. [PMID: 38533635 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehydes are indispensable building blocks in chemistry. However, the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde remains an ongoing challenge due to the low oxidation potential of benzaldehyde compared to toluene. We report herein a mild protocol that combines hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with encapsulated air conditions and suitable catalyst loading for selective oxidation of toluene with high selectivity as well as good functional-group tolerance and a broad substrate scope for the synthesis of various high-value aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, the compatibility of this reaction with toluene derivatives of bioactive molecules further demonstrated the practicality of this approach. Mechanism studies have demonstrated that the collaboration between the oxygen quantity and the HAT catalytic system has a major impact on the high selectivity of the reaction. This study not only showcases the effectiveness of HAT strategies toward selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, but also provides an approach to controlling the selectivity of HAT reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang Y, Wang M, Liu W, Wu Q, Hu P. Unraveling the Prominent Existence of Trace Metals in Photocatalysis: Exploring Iron Impurity Effects. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4156-4164. [PMID: 38450620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Metal impurities can complicate the identification of active catalyst species in transition metal catalysis and electrocatalysis, potentially leading to misleading findings. This study investigates the influence of metal impurities on photocatalysis. Specifically, the photocatalytic reaction of inert alkanes using chlorides without the use of an external photocatalyst was studied, achieving successful C(sp3)-H functionalization. The observations reveal that Fe and Cu impurities are challenging to avoid in a typical laboratory environment and are prominently present in normal reaction systems, and iron impurities play a dominant role in the aforementioned apparent 'metal-free' reaction. Additionally, iron exhibits significantly higher catalytic activity compared to Cu, Ce, and Ni at low metal concentrations in the photocatalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization using chlorides. Considering the widespread presence of Fe and Cu impurities in typical laboratory environments, this study serves as a reminder of their involvement in reaction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Huang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niu KK, Cui J, Dong RZ, Yu S, Liu H, Xing LB. Visible-light-mediated direct C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones using alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2409-2412. [PMID: 38323602 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high C-H bond dissociation energy of alkanes, the utilization of alkanes as alkyl radical precursors for C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is synthetically captivating but practically challenging, especially under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. We report herein a mild and practical visible-light-mediated method for C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using trifluoroacetic acid as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent and air as an oxidant. This mild protocol was performed under metal- and photocatalyst-free circumstances and presented good functional-group tolerance as well as a broad substrate scope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Zhi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Z, Yan CX, Liu R, Li X, Dai J, Li X, Shi D. Photo-induced versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization via electron donor-acceptor complex. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:345-353. [PMID: 38044193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively introduce diverse functionality onto hydrocarbons is of substantial value in the synthesis of both small molecules and pharmaceuticals. In this endeavour, as a photocatalyst- and metal-free process, the electron donor-acceptor (EDA) strategy has not been well explored. Here we report an approach to aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond diversification through an EDA complex constituted by HCl and SIV=O groups. As an efficient hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, chlorine radical can be produced via a proton-coupled electron transfer process in this system. Based on this unusual path, a photo-promoted versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization is developed without photo- and metal-catalysts, including thiolation, arylation, alkynylation, and allylation. This conversion has concise and ambient reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and substrate diversity, and provides an alternative solution for the high value-added utilization of bulk light alkanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang M, Huang Y, Hu P. Terminal C(sp 3)-H borylation through intermolecular radical sampling. Science 2024; 383:537-544. [PMID: 38300993 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes can overcome the strong bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of inert C(sp3)-H bonds and thereby convert feedstock alkanes into value-added fine chemicals. Nevertheless, the high reactivity of HAT reagents, coupled with the small differences among various C(sp3)-H bond strengths, renders site-selective transformations of straight-chain alkanes a great challenge. Here, we present a photocatalytic intermolecular radical sampling process for the iron-catalyzed borylation of terminal C(sp3)-H bonds in substrates with small steric hindrance, including unbranched alkanes. Mechanistic investigations have revealed that the reaction proceeds through a reversible HAT process, followed by a selective borylation of carbon radicals. A boron-sulfoxide complex may contribute to the high terminal regioselectivity observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Su Y, Cao K, Lu Y, Meng Q, Dai Q, Luo X, Lu H, Wu Z, Weng X. Surface-Phosphorylated Ceria for Chlorine-Tolerance Catalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1369-1377. [PMID: 38048160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
An improved fundamental understanding of active site structures can unlock opportunities for catalysis from conceptual design to industrial practice. Herein, we present the computational discovery and experimental demonstration of a highly active surface-phosphorylated ceria catalyst that exhibits robust chlorine tolerance for catalysis. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations and in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (in situ NAP-XPS) identified a predominantly HPO4 active structure on CeO2(110) and CeO2(111) facets at room temperature. Importantly, further elevating the temperature led to a unique hydrogen (H) atom hopping between coordinatively unsaturated oxygen and the adjacent P═O group of HPO4. Such a mobile H on the catalyst surface can effectively quench the chlorine radicals (Cl•) via an orientated reaction analogous to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), enabling the surface-phosphorylated CeO2-supported monolithic catalyst to exhibit both expected activity and stability for over 68 days during a pilot test, catalyzing the destruction of a complex chlorinated volatile organic compound industrial off-gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetan Su
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Meng
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Qiguang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Luo
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, P. R. China
| | - Hanfeng Lu
- Institute of Catalytic Reaction Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Weng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cao J, Zhu JL, Scheidt KA. Photoinduced cerium-catalyzed C-H acylation of unactivated alkanes. Chem Sci 2023; 15:154-159. [PMID: 38131082 PMCID: PMC10732008 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketones are ubiquitous motifs in the realm of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Traditional approaches to accessing these species involve the addition of metal reagents to carboxyl compounds under harsh conditions. Herein, we report a cerium-catalyzed acylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds using bench-stable acyl azolium reagents under mild and operationally-friendly conditions. This reaction exhibits excellent generality, accommodating a wide range of feedstock chemicals such as cycloalkanes and acyclic compounds as well as facilitating the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. We demonstrate further applications of our strategy with a three-component radical relay reaction and an enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and cerium dual-catalyzed reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Joshua L Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Han T, Cao X, Chen HC, Ma J, Yu Y, Li Y, Xu W, Sun K, Huang A, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhang H, Ye B, Peng Q, Li Y. Photosynthesis of Benzonitriles on BiOBr Nanosheets Promoted by Vacancy Associates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313325. [PMID: 37818672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic functionalization reactions represent a green, cost-effective, and sustainable synthesis route for value-added chemicals. However, heterogeneous photocatalysis is inefficient in directly activating ammonia molecules for the production of high-value-added nitrogenous organic products when compared with oxygen activation in the formation of related oxygenated compounds. In this study, we report the heterogeneous photosynthesis of benzonitriles by the ammoxidation of benzyl alcohols (99 % conversion, 93 % selectivity) promoted using BiOBr nanosheets with surface vacancy associates. In contrast, the main reaction of catalysts with other types of vacancy sites is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde or benzoic acid. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations have demonstrated a specificity of vacancy type with respect to product selectivity, which arises from the adsorption and activation of NH3 and O2 that is required to promote subsequent C-N coupling and oxidation to nitrile. This study provides a better understanding of the role of vacancies as catalytic sites in heterogeneous photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Center for Reliability Science and Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Junguo Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kaian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Aijian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bangjiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu M, Cai J, Huang L, Duan C. Photocatalytic C(sp 3)-H bond functionalization by Cu(I) halide cluster-mediated O 2 activation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17109-17113. [PMID: 37987084 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02862c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic C-H bond activation is a challenging approach to selectively functionalize C(sp3)-H bonds with dioxygen under mild conditions. Herein, by merging transition metal- and photo-catalysis, photoactive Cu(I)-halide(X) (X = Cl, Br, I) clusters are employed to effectively catalyse the selective monooxygenation and C-C oxidative cross-coupling of C(sp3)-H bonds with unreactive O2 upon light irradiation. This modern protocol promises a photoinduced SET process between Cu(I)-clusters and O2, and possibly forms Cu(II)-O2˙- species for abstracting the H-atom from the C(sp3)-H bond. This process produces alkyl radicals to react with -OOH or nucleophiles for oxidation or cross-coupling products, advancing the Cu(I)-cluster mediated photoredox catalysis toward functional fine chemicals with pursued selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Junkai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
He X, Wang Z, He X, Liu H, Chen J, Li H, Wang C. A Plant Dye for Photocatalytic Methane Conversion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301796. [PMID: 37503795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free natural dye has been developed to selectively convert methane to methyl trifluoroacetate (CH3 TFA) using visible light, probably due to the formation of a chloride-bridged dimer undergoing fast intra-complex charge transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xinru He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huichong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChem, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhanja R, Bera SK, Mal P. Photocatalyst- and Transition Metal-Free Light-Induced Borylation Reactions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300691. [PMID: 37747303 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global warming concerns have propelled a surge in the demand for sustainable energy sources within the domain of synthetic organic chemistry. A particularly prominent area of research has been the development of mild synthetic strategies for generating heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds containing boron have notably risen to prominence as pivotal reagents in a myriad of organic transformations, showcasing their wide-ranging applicability. This comprehensive review is aimed at collecting the literature pertaining to borylation reactions induced by light, specifically focusing on photocatalyst-free and transition metal-free methodologies. The central emphasis is on delving into selective mechanistic investigations. The amalgamation and analysis of these research insights elucidate the substantial potential inherent in eco-friendly approaches for synthesizing heterocyclic compounds, thus propelling the landscape of sustainable organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalin Bhanja
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
| | - Shyamal Kanti Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bani-Yaseen AD, Al-Zoubi RM, Shkoor M. Spectrofluorometric investigations on the solvent effects on the photocyclization reaction of diclofenac. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20767. [PMID: 37920513 PMCID: PMC10618426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The solvent effects on the photochemical conversion rate of the photosensitizing drug diclofenac (DCF) were investigated using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral information obtained for the photochemical reaction of DCF in a set of neat solvents demonstrates that the photoconversion reaction rate of DCF is not only medium polarity dependent but also hydrogen-bonding dependent. The solvent effects were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed employing various solvatochromic models, including multi-parameter linear regression analysis (MLRA). Interestingly, the MLRA results (R = 0.99) revealed that the photoconversion rate increases with increasing solvent polarizability (π*) and H-bond donor capability (α), whereas the rate decreases with increasing hydrogen-bond acceptor capability (β). However, predominant effect of the solvent acidity compared to basicity and polarizability was observed. A hypothesis rationalizing the effects of H-bonding and medium polarity on DCF photoconversion reaction is presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulilah Dawoud Bani-Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohanad Shkoor
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee Y, Ki H, Im D, Eom S, Gu J, Lee S, Kim J, Cha Y, Lee KW, Zerdane S, Levantino M, Ihee H. Cerium Photocatalyst in Action: Structural Dynamics in the Presence of Substrate Visualized via Time-Resolved X-ray Liquidography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23715-23726. [PMID: 37856865 PMCID: PMC10623567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
[Ce(III)Cl6]3-, with its earth-abundant metal element, is a promising photocatalyst facilitating carbon-halogen bond activation. Still, the structure of the reaction intermediate has yet to be explored. Here, we applied time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL), which allows for direct observation of the structural details of reaction intermediates, to investigate the photocatalytic reaction of [Ce(III)Cl6]3-. Structural analysis of the TRXL data revealed that the excited state of [Ce(III)Cl6]3- has Ce-Cl bonds that are shorter than those of the ground state and that the Ce-Cl bond further contracts upon oxidation. In addition, this study represents the first application of TRXL to both photocatalyst-only and photocatalyst-and-substrate samples, providing insights into the substrate's influence on the photocatalyst's reaction dynamics. This study demonstrates the capability of TRXL in elucidating the reaction dynamics of photocatalysts under various conditions and highlights the importance of experimental determination of the structures of reaction intermediates to advance our understanding of photocatalytic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbeom Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Im
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Eom
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Gu
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Serhane Zerdane
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matteo Levantino
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhong PF, Tu JL, Zhao Y, Zhong N, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Photoelectrochemical oxidative C(sp 3)-H borylation of unactivated hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6530. [PMID: 37845202 PMCID: PMC10579347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are of high significance in organic synthesis due to the unique versatility of boryl substituents to access further modifications. The high demand for the incorporation of boryl moieties into molecular structures has witnessed significant progress, particularly in the C(sp3)-H borylation of hydrocarbons. Taking advantage of special characteristics of photo/electrochemistry, we herein describe the development of an oxidative C(sp3)-H borylation reaction under metal- and oxidant-free conditions, enabled by photoelectrochemical strategy. The reaction exhibits broad substrate scope (>57 examples), and includes the use of simple alkanes, halides, silanes, ketones, esters and nitriles as viable substrates. Notably, unconventional regioselectivity of C(sp3)-H borylation is achieved, with the coupling site of C(sp3)-H borylation selectively located in the distal methyl group. Our method is operationally simple and easily scalable, and offers a feasible approach for the one-step synthesis of high-value organoboron building blocks from simple hydrocarbons, which would provide ample opportunities for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fu Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Nan Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kynman AE, Christodoulou S, Ouellette ET, Peterson A, Kelly SN, Maron L, Arnold P. Photocatalytic dechlorination of unactivated chlorocarbons including PVC using organolanthanide complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10924-10927. [PMID: 37614167 PMCID: PMC10528292 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple lanthanide cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes can photochemically cleave the sp3 carbon-chlorine bond of unactivated chlorinated hydrocarbons including polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The excited state lifetimes of these simple complexes are among the longest observed for cerium complexes (175 ns for [(CpMe4)2Ce(μ-Cl)]2) and the light absorption by the Cp ligand is efficient, so photocatalytic reactivity is enhanced for cerium and now also made possible for neighboring, normally photoinactive, lanthanide congeners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Erik T Ouellette
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheridon N Kelly
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Polly Arnold
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Q, An B, Lei Y, Gao Z, Zhang H, Xue S, Jin X, Xu W, Wu Z, Wu M, Yang X, Wu W. Cl 2 ⋅ - Mediates Direct and Selective Conversion of Inert C(sp 3 )-H Bonds into Aldehydes/Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304699. [PMID: 37409373 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing new reactive pathway to activate inert C(sp3 )-H bonds for valuable oxygenated products remains a challenge. We prepared a series of triazine conjugated organic polymers to photoactivate C-H into aldehyde/ketone via O2 →H2 O2 →⋅OH→Cl⋅→Cl2 ⋅- . Experiment results showed Cl2 ⋅- could successively activate C(sp3 )-H more effectively than Cl⋅ to generate unstable dichlorinated intermediates, increasing the kinetic rate ratio of dichlorination to monochlorination by a factor of 2,000 and thus breaking traditional dichlorination kinetic constraints. These active intermediates were hydrolyzed into aldehydes or ketones easily, when compared with typical stable dichlorinated complexes, avoiding chlorinated by-product generation. Moreover, an integrated two-phase system in an acid solution strengthened the Cl2 ⋅- mediated process and inhibited product overoxidation, where the conversion rate of toluene reached 16.94 mmol/g/h and the selectivity of benzaldehyde was 99.5 %. This work presents a facile and efficient approach for selective conversion of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds using Cl2 ⋅- .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Bo An
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xue
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang Y, Yu X, He N, Huang X, Song X, Chen J, Lin J, Jin Y. FeCl 3-catalyzed oxidative amidation of benzylic C-H bonds enabled by a photogenerated chlorine-radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10299-10302. [PMID: 37551442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of iron-catalyzed benzylic C-H oxidative amidation reactions via photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). These reactions exhibit a broad substrate scope (60 examples) and offer operationally simple, scalable procedures for accessing valuable products from methylarenes in a single step. Mechanistic studies and control experiments confirm the participation of a photogenerated chlorine radical in facilitating the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the benzylic C-H bond to initiate the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xianglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xizhong Song
- Jianxi Zhiheng Hall Chinese Herbal Medicine Co. Ltd., Jianxi, 331200, P. R. China.
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deetz AM, Goodwin MJ, Kober EA, Meyer GJ. Nanosecond Intra-Ionic Chloride Photo-Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11414-11425. [PMID: 37428627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal photocatalysts capable of oxidizing chloride are rare yet serve as an attractive means to controllably generate chlorine atoms, which have continued to garner the interest of researchers for notable applications in photoredox catalysis and solar energy storage. Herein, a new series of four Ir-photocatalysts with different dicationic chloride-sequestering ligands were synthesized and characterized to probe the relationship between chloride binding affinities, ion pair solution structures, and rate constants for chloride photo-oxidation in acetonitrile at room temperature. The substituents on the quaternary amines of dicationic bipyridine ligands had negligible effects on the photocatalyst excited-state reduction potential, yet dramatically influenced the affinity for chloride binding, indicating that synthetic design can be utilized to independently tune these important properties. An inverse correlation was observed between the equilibrium constant for chloride ion pairing and the rate constant for intra-ionic chloride oxidation. Exceptions to this trend suggest structural differences in the ion-paired solution structures, which were probed by 1H NMR binding experiments. This study provides new insights into light-induced oxidation of ion-paired substrates, a burgeoning approach that offers to circumvent diffusional constraints of photocatalysts with short excited-state lifetimes. Ground-state association of chloride with these photocatalysts enables intra-ionic chloride oxidation on a rapid nanosecond timescale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erin A Kober
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barth AT, Fajardo J, Sattler W, Winkler JR, Gray HB. Electronic Structures and Photoredox Chemistry of Tungsten(0) Arylisocyanides. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37384787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe high energy barriers associated with the reaction chemistry of inert substrates can be overcome by employing redox-active photocatalysts. Research in this area has grown exponentially over the past decade, as transition metal photosensitizers have been shown to mediate challenging organic transformations. Critical for the advancement of photoredox catalysis is the discovery, development, and study of complexes based on earth-abundant metals that can replace and/or complement established noble-metal-based photosensitizers.Recent work has focused on redox-active complexes of 3d metals, as photosensitizers containing these metals most likely would be scalable. Although low lying spin doublet ("spin flip") excited states of chromium(III) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of copper(I) have relatively long lifetimes, the electronic excited states of many other 3d metal complexes fall on dissociative potential energy surfaces, owing to the population of highly energetic σ-antibonding orbitals. Indeed, we and other investigators have shown that low lying spin singlet and triplet excited states of robust closed-shell metal complexes are too short-lived at room temperature to engage in bimolecular reactions in solutions. In principle, this problem could be overcome by designing and constructing 3d metal complexes containing strong field π-acceptor ligands, where thermally equilibrated MLCT or intraligand charge transfer excited states might fall well below the upper surfaces of dissociative 3d-3d states. Notably, such design elements have been exploited by investigators in very recent work on redox-active iron(II) systems. Another approach, one we have actively pursued, is to design and construct closed-shell complexes of earth-abundant 5d metals containing very strong π-acceptor ligands, where vertical excitation of 5d-5d excited states at the ground state geometry would require energies far above minima in the potential surfaces of MLCT excited states. As this requirement is met by tungsten(0) arylisocyanides, these complexes have been the focus of our work aimed at the development of robust redox-active photosensitizers.In the following Account, we review recent work on homoleptic tungsten(0) arylisocyanides. Originally reported by our group 45 years ago, W(CNAr)6 complexes have exceptionally large one- and two-photon absorption cross-sections. One- or two-photon excitation produces relatively long-lived (hundreds of nanoseconds to microsecond) MLCT excited states in high yields. These MLCT excited states, which are very strong reductants with E°(W+/*W0) = -2.2 to -3.0 V vs Fc[+/0], mediate photocatalysis of organic reactions with both visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. Here, we highlight design principles that led to the development of three generations of W(CNAr)6 photosensitizers; and we discuss likely steps in the mechanism of a prototypal W(CNAr)6-catalyzed base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitution reaction. Among the many potential applications of these very bright luminophores, two-photon imaging and two-photon-initiated polymerization are ones we plan to pursue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Barth
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Javier Fajardo
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li W, Wang J, Fang W, Wu L, Chen X. Co-function Mechanisms of Chlorine and Alkoxy Radicals in Cerium-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Alkane Mediated by Visible Light. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6187-6192. [PMID: 37379529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Identification of radical intermediates for the catalytic functionalization of alkanes offers a number of unique challenges and has recently raised a controversial issue concerning the subtle role of chlorine versus alkoxy radicals in cerium photocatalysis. This study is an attempt to settle the controversy within the theoretical frameworks of Marcus electron transfer and transition state theory. Co-function mechanisms were proposed together with a scheme of kinetic evaluations to account for ternary dynamic competition among photolysis, back electron transfer, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Cl•-based HAT has been proven to initially control the early dynamics of the photocatalytic transformation on the picosecond to nanosecond time scale, which is subsequently taken over by a postnanosecond event of alkoxy radical-mediated HAT. The theoretical models developed herein provide a uniform understanding of the continuous time dynamics of photogenerated radicals to address some paradoxical arguments in lanthanide photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Laboratory of Beam Technology and Energy Materials, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Laboratory of Beam Technology and Energy Materials, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lutovsky GA, Gockel SN, Bundesmann MW, Bagley SW, Yoon TP. Iron-mediated modular decarboxylative cross-nucleophile coupling. Chem 2023; 9:1610-1621. [PMID: 37637494 PMCID: PMC10449378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are valuable building blocks for pharmaceutical discovery because of their chemical stability, commercial availability, and structural diversity. Decarboxylative coupling reactions enable versatile functionalization of these feedstock chemicals, but many of the most general methods require prefunctionalization of carboxylic acids with redox-active moieties. These internal oxidants can be costly, their installation impedes rapid library synthesis, and their use results in environmentally problematic organic byproducts. We report herein a method for the direct decarboxylative cross-coupling of native carboxylic acids with nucleophilic coupling partners mediated by inexpensive, terrestrially abundant, and nontoxic Fe(III) salts. This method involves an initial photochemical decarboxylation followed by radical-polar crossover, which enables the construction of diverse carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, and carbon-nitrogen bonds with remarkable generality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Samuel N. Gockel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA
| | | | - Scott W. Bagley
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hsueh FC, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Mazzanti M. Isolation and redox reactivity of cerium complexes in four redox states. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6011-6021. [PMID: 37293643 PMCID: PMC10246686 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of lanthanides is limited to one electron transfer reactions due to the difficulty of accessing multiple oxidation states. Here we report that a redox-active ligand combining three siloxides with an arene ring in a tripodal ligand can stabilize cerium complexes in four different redox states and can promote multielectron redox reactivity in cerium complexes. Ce(iii) and Ce(iv) complexes [(LO3)Ce(THF)] (1) and [(LO3)CeCl] (2) (LO3 = 1,3,5-(2-OSi(OtBu)2C6H4)3C6H3) were synthesized and fully characterized. Remarkably the one-electron reduction and the unprecedented two-electron reduction of the tripodal Ce(iii) complex are easily achieved to yield reduced complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][(LO3)Ce(THF)] (3) and [K2{(LO3)Ce(Et2O)3}] (5) that are formally "Ce(ii)" and "Ce(i)" analogues. Structural analysis, UV and EPR spectroscopy and computational studies indicate that in 3 the cerium oxidation state is in between +II and +III with a partially reduced arene. In 5 the arene is doubly reduced, but the removal of potassium results in a redistribution of electrons on the metal. The electrons in both 3 and 5 are stored onto δ-bonds allowing the reduced complexes to be described as masked "Ce(ii)" and "Ce(i)". Preliminary reactivity studies show that these complexes act as masked Ce(ii) and Ce(i) in redox reactions with oxidizing substrates such as Ag+, CO2, I2 and S8 effecting both one- and two-electron transfers that are not accessible in classical cerium chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- ADSresonances Sàrl 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Y, Zhao L, Liu S, Ji G, He C, Tang Y, Duan C. Mixed-Component Metal-Organic Framework for Boosting Synergistic Photoactivation of C(sp 3)-H and Oxygen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16744-16754. [PMID: 36943723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic catalysis is an efficient and powerful strategy for simultaneously activating reactants by multiple active sites to promote the efficiency of difficult and challenging catalytic reactions. Meanwhile, enzymes with multi-active-site synergistic catalytic properties possessing high efficiency and high selectivity have become the goal pursued in the field of catalytic chemistry in recent years. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as an effective heterogeneous catalytic platform, that can integrate multiple active sites for synergistic catalysis like enzymatic systems have recently attracted interest. Herein, we report a doubly interpenetrated metal-organic framework with dual active sites, MnIII-porphyrin sites to directly activate molecular oxygen and fluoren-9-one sites to produce a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent by the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process to simultaneously activate inert C(sp3)-H bonds for efficient inert C(sp3)-H bond oxidation under mild conditions. The bifunctional mixed-component MOF structure forced the two catalytic sites closer together to a more suitable distance, exhibiting high photocatalytic activity for inert C(sp3)-H bond oxidation with almost unique selectivity under mild conditions. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation of free energy during the whole catalytic process demonstrated that it is likely that the synergistic catalytic process occurred in the interframework to accelerate the catalytic reaction. The assembling mixed-component MOF for synergistic catalysis would be a prospective approach for the inert C(sp3)-H photoactivation and functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Songtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Guanfeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tu JL, Hu AM, Guo L, Xia W. Iron-Catalyzed C(Sp 3)-H Borylation, Thiolation, and Sulfinylation Enabled by Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7600-7611. [PMID: 36958308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization has provided enormous opportunities to construct organic molecules, facilitating the derivatization of complex pharmaceutical compounds. Within this framework, direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalysis becomes an appealing approach to this goal. However, the viable substrates utilized in these protocols are limited, and the site selectivity shows preference to activated and thermodynamically favored C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein, we describe the development of undirected iron-catalyzed C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation reactions enabled by the photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. These reactions exhibit remarkably broad substrate scope (>150 examples in total), and most importantly, all of these three reactions show unconventional regioselectivity, with the occurrence of C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation preferentially at the distal methyl position. The procedures are operationally simple and readily scalable and provide access to high-value products from simple hydrocarbons in one step. Mechanistic studies and control experiments indicate that the afforded site selectivity is not only relevant to the HAT species but also largely affected by the use of boron- and sulfone-based radical acceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao-Men Hu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ji G, Zhao L, Tang Y, Liu S, Wang Y, He C, Duan C. Ultrathin 2D Cerium-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheet That Boosts Selective Oxidation of Inert C(sp 3 )H Bond through Multiphoton Excitation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300597. [PMID: 36938902 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of methodologies for inducing and tailoring activities of catalysts is an important issue in various catalysis. The ultrathin 2D monolayer metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets with more accessible active sites and faster diffusion obtained by exfoliating 3D layered MOFs are of great potential as heterogeneous catalysts, but the rational design and preparation of 3D layered MOFs remains a grand challenge. Herein, a novel weak electrostatic interaction strategy to construct a 3D layered cerium-bearing MOF by coordinating chlorine-capped cerium nodes and linear photoactive methyl viologen (MV+ ) organic linkers is used. Under multiphoton excitation, the MV+ ligands and CeCl chromophores are triggered consecutively to form the high activity chlorine radical (Cl• ) for activation of inert C(sp3 )H bond through a hydrogen atom transfer. Benefiting from framework confinement effects, synergistic effects of two active sites and/or flexibility of the ultrathin framework nanosheets with high surface utilization, the observed activities increase in the order CeCl3 /MV+ < bulk 3D MOF crystals < 2D MOF nanosheets in photocatalysis. This work not only contributes a new strategy to construct 3D layered MOFs and their ultrathin nanosheets but also paves the way to use nanostructured MOFs to handle synergy of multiple molecular catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanfeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Songtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Han S, Cheng C, He M, Li R, Gao Y, Yu Y, Zhang B, Liu C. Preferential Adsorption of Ethylene Oxide on Fe and Chlorine on Ni Enabled Scalable Electrosynthesis of Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216581. [PMID: 36734467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial manufacturing of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) critically requires excess corrosive hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid with dealing with massive by-products and wastes. Here we report a green and efficient electrosynthesis of ECH from ethylene oxide (EO) with NaCl over a NiFe2 O4 nanosheet anode. Theoretical results suggest that EO and Cl preferentially adsorb on Fe and Ni sites, respectively, collaboratively promoting the ECH synthesis. A Cl radical-mediated ring-opening process is proposed and confirmed, and the key Cl and carbon radical species are identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This strategy can enable scalable electrosynthesis of 185.1 mmol of ECH in 1 h with 92.5 % yield at a 55 mA cm-2 current density. Furthermore, a series of other chloro- and bromoethanols with good to high yields and paired synthesis of ECH and 4-amino-3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylicacid via respectively loading and unloading Cl are achieved, showing the promising potential of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chuanqi Cheng
- Institute of New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Meng He
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang H, Jing X, Deng J, Meng C, Duan C. Enzyme-Inspired Coordination Polymers for Selective Oxidization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Multiphoton Excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2170-2182. [PMID: 36657380 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nature's blueprint provides the fundamental principles for expanding the use of abundant metals in catalysis; however, mimicking both the structure and function of copper enzymes simultaneously in one artificial system for selective C-H bond oxidation faces marked challenges. Herein, we report a new approach to the assembly of artificial monooxygenases utilizing a binuclear Cu2S2Cl2 cluster to duplicate the identical structure and catalysis of the CuA enzyme. The designed monooxygenase Cu-Cl-bpyc facilitates well-defined redox potential that initially activated O2via photoinduced electron transfer, and generated an active chlorine radical via a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process from the consecutive excitation of the in situ formed copper(II) center. The chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom selectively from C(sp3)-H bonds to generate the radical intermediate; meanwhile, the O2•- species interacted with the mimic to form mixed-valence species, giving the desired oxidization products with inherent product selectivity of copper monooxygenases and recovering the catalyst directly. This enzymatic protocol exhibits excellent recyclability, good functional group tolerance, and broad substrate scope, including some biological and pharmacologically relevant targets. Mechanistic studies indicate that the C-H bond cleavage was the rate-determining step and the cuprous interactions were essential to stabilize the active oxygen species. The well-defined structural characters and the fine-modified catalytic properties open a new avenue to develop robust artificial enzymes with uniform and precise active sites and high catalytic performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Jiangtao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Changgong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang K, Wang Y, Luo S, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Cyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203962. [PMID: 36638008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the rapid growth of electrophotocatalysis in recent years, enantioselective catalytic reactions powered by this unique methodology remain rare. In this work, we report an electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for direct asymmetric decarboxylative cyanation of aliphatic carboxylic acids. The synergistic merging of electrophotochemical cerium catalysis and asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis permits mild reaction conditions for the formation and utilization of the key carbon centered radicals by combining the power of light and electrical energy. Electrophotochemical cerium catalysis enables radical decarboxylation to produce alkyl radicals, which could be effectively intercepted by asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis for the construction of C-CN bonds in a highly stereoselective fashion. This environmentally benign method smoothly converts a diverse array of arylacetic acids into the corresponding alkyl nitriles in good yields and enantioselectivities without using chemical oxidants or pre-functionalization of the acid substrates and can be readily scaled up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
An Q, Xing YY, Pu R, Jia M, Chen Y, Hu A, Zhang SQ, Yu N, Du J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu W, Hong X, Zuo Z. Identification of Alkoxy Radicals as Hydrogen Atom Transfer Agents in Ce-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:359-376. [PMID: 36538367 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermediacy of alkoxy radicals in cerium-catalyzed C-H functionalization via H-atom abstraction has been unambiguously confirmed. Catalytically relevant Ce(IV)-alkoxide complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Operando electron paramagnetic resonance and transient absorption spectroscopy experiments on isolated pentachloro Ce(IV) alkoxides identified alkoxy radicals as the sole heteroatom-centered radical species generated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation. Alkoxy-radical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has been verified via kinetic analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and reactions under strictly chloride-free conditions. These experimental findings unambiguously establish the critical role of alkoxy radicals in Ce-LMCT catalysis and definitively preclude the involvement of chlorine radical. This study has also reinforced the necessity of a high relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce for the selective alkoxy-radical-mediated HAT, as seemingly trivial changes in the relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce can lead to drastically different mechanistic pathways. Importantly, the previously proposed chlorine radical-alcohol complex, postulated to explain alkoxy-radical-enabled selectivities in this system, has been examined under scrutiny and ruled out by regioselectivity studies, transient absorption experiments, and high-level calculations. Moreover, the peculiar selectivity of alkoxy radical generation in the LMCT homolysis of Ce(IV) heteroleptic complexes has been analyzed and back-electron transfer (BET) may have regulated the efficiency and selectivity for the formation of ligand-centered radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang-Yang Xing
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruihua Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuegang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anhua Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianbo Du
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tan Z, Jiang Y, Xu K, Zeng C. Electrophotoredox/Cerium-Catalyzed Unactivated Alkanes Activation for the Sustainable Synthesis of Alkylated Benzimidazo-Fused Isoquinolinones. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|