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Hassan WU, Nayak MA, Azam MF. Intensifying spatially compound heatwaves: Global implications to crop production and human population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172914. [PMID: 38697525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has provided crucial insights on regional heatwaves, including their causal mechanisms and changes under global warming. However, detailed research on global-scale spatially compound heatwaves (SCHs) (concurrent heatwaves over multiple regions) is lacking. Here, we find statistically significant teleconnections in heatwaves and show that the frequency of global-scale SCHs and their areal extent have increased significantly, which has led to 50 % increase in the population exposed to extreme heat stresses in the two most recent decades. Crop yields were reduced in most of the years of anomalous heatwaves, which often happen during El-Niños. The internal climate variability appears to significantly influence the inter-annual variability of regional and global heatwave extents. Insights gained here are critical in better quantifying heat stress risks inflicted on socioecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ul Hassan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India.
| | - Munir Ahmad Nayak
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Mohd Farooq Azam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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Xu N, Zhang J, Daccache A, Liu C, Ahmadi A, Zhou T, Gou P. Assessing size shifts amidst a warming climate in lakes recharged by the Asian Water Tower through satellite imagery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168770. [PMID: 38007131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the Asian Water Tower (AWT) is at risk due to climate change, which can negatively impact water and food security in Asia. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information on lakes' spatial and temporal changes in this region. This information is crucial for understanding the risk magnitude and designing strategies. To fill this research gap, we analyzed 89,480 Landsat images from 1977 ± 2 to 2020 ± 2 to investigate the changes in the size of lakes recharged by the AWT. Our findings showed that out of the 209 lakes larger than 50 km2, 176 (84 %) grew during the wet season and 167 (81 %) during the dry season. 74 % of expanded lakes are located in the Inner Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Tarim basins. The lakes that shrank are found mainly in the Helmand, Indus, and Yangtze basins. Over the entire period, the area of shrinkage (55,077.028 km2 in wet season, 53,986.796 km2 in dry) markedly exceeded expansion (13,000.267 km2 in wet, 11,038.805 km2 in dry), with the drastic decline of the Aral Sea being a major contributor to shrinkage, accounting for 90 % of the total loss. From 1990 ± 2 to 2020 ± 2, alpine lakes mostly expanded, plain lakes mostly shrank, with the opposite trend from 1977 ± 2 to 1990 ± 2. Glacial loss and permafrost thawing under global warming in the Inner TP, Tarim Interior, Syr Darya, and Mekong basins were strongly correlated with lake expansion. However, permafrost discontinuities may prevent significant growth of lakes in the Indus and Ganges basins despite increased recharge. Our findings point to the prominence of the risk the lakes recharged by AWT face. Taking immediate action to manage these risks and adaptation is crucial as the AWT retreats and lake recharges are slowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, USA; Big Data Technology Research Center, Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing 314002, China; Beijing Big Data Advanced Technology Institute, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China.
| | - Andre Daccache
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100195, China; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Arman Ahmadi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Big Data Technology Research Center, Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing 314002, China; Beijing Big Data Advanced Technology Institute, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Gou
- Big Data Technology Research Center, Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing 314002, China; Beijing Big Data Advanced Technology Institute, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Tang S, Piao S, Holland DM, Kan F, Wang T, Yao T, Li X. Resonance between projected Tibetan Plateau surface darkening and Arctic climate change. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:367-374. [PMID: 38105165 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts a profound influence on global climate over million-year timescales due to its past uplift. However, whether the ongoing climate changes over the TP, particularly the persistent reduction in its local albedo (referred to as "TP surface darkening"), can exert global impacts remains elusive. In this study, a state-of-the-art coupled land-atmosphere global climate model has been employed to scrutinize the impact of TP darkening on polar climate changes. Results indicate that the projected TP darkening has the potential to generate a stationary Rossby wave train, thereby modulating the atmospheric circulation in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and instigating a dipole-like surface air temperature anomaly pattern around the Arctic region. An additional experiment suggests that the projected Arctic warming may in return warm the TP, thus forming a bi-directional linkage between these two climate systems. Given their association with vast ice reservoirs, the elucidation of this mechanism in our study is crucial in advancing our comprehension of Earth system climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Tang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - David M Holland
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 0711, USA
| | - Fei Kan
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xichen Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Sahu R, Gupta RD, Ramanathan A, Kumar P, Eidhammer T. Long-term annual and seasonal mass balance reconstruction and sensitivity analysis of Chhota Shigri Glacier in Western Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4910-4924. [PMID: 38110678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Glaciers, in general, are sensitive to changes in the climate but Himalayan glaciers, in particular, are highly affected by climate change. Mass balance (MB) of glaciers is one of the important parameters to examine the response of glaciers to climate variability and change. The study of mass balance sensitivity (MBS) due to climate perturbations for glaciers is also important to understand future behavior of the glaciers. For Chhota Shigri Glacier, research on the estimation of long-term annual and seasonal MB and MBS as well as equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) and accumulation area ration (AAR) sensitivity analysis is not reported in detail. Accordingly, the present study carries out a detailed analysis of annual and seasonal MBS from 1953 to 2014 using annual and monthly climate perturbations as well as ELA and AAR sensitivities for the Chhota Shigri Glacier. The long-term annual and seasonal MB of Chhota Shigri Glacier from 1953 to 2014 is reconstructed using distributed temperature-index model by simulating minimal model parameters, namely melt factor, snow, and ice radiations using Monte-Carlo simulation. The mean annual MB of Chhota Shigri was -0.28 ± 0.41 m w.e./year during 1953-2014. The annual MB decreased from - 0.09 ± 0.41 m w.e./year (1953-1968) to - 0.57 ± 0.41 m w.e./year (2000-2014). The estimated MBS of Chhota Shigri Glacier is 0.57 m w.e./°C due to temperature change which is high and can be attributed to the presence of significantly less debris-covered ice in Chhota Shigri Glacier. It is analyzed that ELA and AAR of Chhota Shigri Glacier will change to + 107.7 m a.s.l. and - 15.03% respectively due to increase in temperature by + 1 °C. Further, ~ 38% more precipitation is required to compensate for the change in MB, ELA and AAR which will occur due to + 1 °C temperature rise. The findings of the present study will also support the estimation of future MB of Chhota Shigri Glacier using minimal simulated model parameters for distributed temperature-index model which have been found to produce good results using long term high resolution climate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
| | - Rajan Dev Gupta
- Civil Engineering Department, & Member, GIS Cell, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, India
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Jiang J, Zhou T, Qian Y, Li C, Song F, Li H, Chen X, Zhang W, Chen Z. Precipitation regime changes in High Mountain Asia driven by cleaner air. Nature 2023; 623:544-549. [PMID: 37821703 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
High Mountain Asia (HMA) has experienced a spatial imbalance in water resources in recent decades, partly because of a dipolar pattern of precipitation changes known as South Drying-North Wetting1. These changes can be influenced by both human activities and internal climate variability2,3. Although climate projections indicate a future widespread wetting trend over HMA1,4, the timing and mechanism of the transition from a dipolar to a monopolar pattern remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that the observed dipolar precipitation change in HMA during summer is primarily driven by westerly- and monsoon-associated precipitation patterns. The weakening of the Asian westerly jet, caused by the uneven emission of anthropogenic aerosols, favoured a dipolar precipitation trend from 1951 to 2020. Moreover, the phase transition of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation induces an out-of-phase precipitation change between the core region of the South Asian monsoon and southeastern HMA. Under medium- or high-emission scenarios, corresponding to a global warming of 0.6-1.1 °C compared with the present, the dipolar pattern is projected to shift to a monopolar wetting trend in the 2040s. This shift in precipitation patterns is mainly attributed to the intensified jet stream resulting from reduced emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. These findings underscore the importance of considering the impact of aerosol emission reduction in future social planning by policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fengfei Song
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziming Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Kundu S, Mukherjee T, Kamalakannan M, Barhadiya G, Ghosh C, Kim HW. Matrilineal phylogeny and habitat suitability of the endangered spotted pond turtle ( Geoclemys hamiltonii; Testudines: Geoemydidae): a two-dimensional approach to forecasting future conservation consequences. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15975. [PMID: 37692114 PMCID: PMC10492536 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The spotted pond turtle (Geoclemys hamiltonii) is a threatened and less explored species endemic to Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. To infer structural variation and matrilineal phylogenetic interpretation, the present research decoded the mitogenome of G. hamiltonii (16,509 bp) using next-generation sequencing technology. The mitogenome comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one AT-rich control region (CR) with similar strand symmetry in vertebrates. The ATG was identified as a start codon in most of the PCGs except Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), which started with the GTG codon. The non-coding CR of G. hamiltonii was determined to have a unique structure and variation in different domains and stem-loop secondary structure as compared with other Batagurinae species. The PCGs-based Bayesian phylogeny inferred strong monophyletic support for all Batagurinae species and confirmed the sister relationship of G. hamiltonii with Pangshura and Batagur taxa. We recommend generating more mitogenomic data for other Batagurinae species to confirm their population structure and evolutionary relationships. In addition, the present study aims to infer the habitat suitability and habitat quality of G. hamiltonii in its global distribution, both in the present and future climatic scenarios. We identify that only 58,542 km2 (7.16%) of the total range extent (817,341 km2) is suitable for this species, along with the fragmented habitats in both the eastern and western ranges. Comparative habitat quality assessment suggests the level of patch shape in the western range is higher (71.3%) compared to the eastern range. Our results suggest a massive decline of approximately 65.73% to 70.31% and 70.53% to 75.30% under ssp245 and ssp585 future scenarios, respectively, for the years between 2021-2040 and 2061-2080 compared with the current distribution. The present study indicates that proper conservation management requires greater attention to the causes and solutions to the fragmented distribution and safeguarding of this endangered species in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra (IGB) river basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kundu
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Tanoy Mukherjee
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Gaurav Barhadiya
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirashree Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Rashid I, Abdullah T, Romshoo SA. Explaining the natural and anthropogenic factors driving glacier recession in Kashmir Himalaya, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29942-29960. [PMID: 36418815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glaciers across the Kashmir Himalayan region are melting at an accelerated pace compared to other regions across the Himalayan arc. This study analyzed the recession patterns of nine glaciers in the Kashmir Himalaya region over 28 years between 1992 and 2020 using satellite images and field measurements. The recession patterns were correlated with debris cover, topographic factors, and ambient black carbon (BC) concentration at glacier sites. HYSPLIT model was used to track the air mass sources at a 7-day time-step from September 1, 2014, to September 28, 2014, over the selected region. All nine glaciers revealed high recession as indicated by changes in the area (average recession: 20.8%) and snout position (~ 14 m a-1). The relative percentage of debris on each glacier varied between ~ 0% (clean glacier) and 43%. Although the investigated glaciers lie in the same climatological regime, their topographical behavior is dissimilar with mean altitude ranging between 4000 and ~ 4700 m asl and the average slope varying from 17 to 24°. All the investigated glaciers are north-facing except G3 (southerly aspect). Our results indicate anomalously high ambient BC concentrations, ranging from 500 to 1364 ng m-3, at the glacier sites, higher than previously studied for glaciers in the Himalayas and neighboring Tibetan Plateau. The backward air-mass trajectory modeling indicated both local and global sources of particulate matter in the study area. A comparative analysis of BC measurements and glacier recession with the studies conducted across high Asia indicated the influence of BC in accelerating the melting of glaciers in the Kashmir region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rashid
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Tariq Abdullah
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
- Islamic University of Science and Technology, 1-University Avenue Awantipora, Pulwama, 192122, India
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Kaushik H, Soheb M, Biswal K, Ramanathan AL, Kumar O, Patel AK. Understanding the hydrochemical functioning of glacierized catchments of the Upper Indus Basin in Ladakh, Indian Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20631-20649. [PMID: 36255575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have endorsed that surface water chemical composition in the Himalayas is impacted by climate change-induced accelerated melting of glaciers. Chemical weathering dynamics in the Ladakh region is poorly understood, due to unavailability of in situ dataset. The aim of the present study is to investigate how the two distinct catchments (Lato and Stok) drive the meltwater chemistry of the Indus River and its tributary, in the Western Himalayas. Water samples were collected from two glaciated catchments (Lato and Stok), Chabe Nama (tributary) and the Indus River in Ladakh. The mildly alkaline pH (range 7.3-8.5) and fluctuating ionic trend of the meltwater samples reflected the distinct geology and weathering patterns of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Gibbs plot and mixing diagram revealed rock weathering outweighed evaporation and precipitation. The strong associations between Ca2+-HCO3-, Mg2+-HCO3-, Ca2+-Mg2+, Na+-HCO3-, and Mg2+-Na+ demonstrated carbonate rock weathering contributed to the major ion influx. Principal component analysis (PCA) marked carbonate and silicates as the most abundant minerals respectively. Chemical weathering patterns were predominantly controlled by percentage of glacierized area and basin runoff. Thus, Lato with the larger glacierized area (~ 25%) and higher runoff contributed low TDS, HCO3-, Ca2+, and Na+ and exhibited higher chemical weathering, whereas lower chemical weathering was evinced at Stok with the smaller glacierized area (~ 5%). In contrast, the carbonate weathering rate (CWR) of larger glacierized catchments (Lato) exhibits higher average value of 15.7 t/km2/year as compared to smaller glacierized catchment (Stok) with lower average value 6.69 t/km2/year. However, CWR is high in both the catchments compared to silicate weathering rate (SWR). For the first time, in situ datasets for stream water chemical characteristics have been generated for Lato and Stok glaciated catchments in Ladakh, to facilitate healthy ecosystems and livelihoods in the UIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kaushik
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Mohd Soheb
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kalyan Biswal
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A L Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Om Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Lakshmibai College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Shakoor A, Farooq TH, Arif MS, Shahzad SM. Floods wreak havoc in Pakistan: A deadly reality of climate change exposing frailty of global response efforts. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Uereyen S, Bachofer F, Klein I, Kuenzer C. Multi-faceted analyses of seasonal trends and drivers of land surface variables in Indo-Gangetic river basins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157515. [PMID: 35872191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic river basins feature a wide range of climatic, topographic, and land cover characteristics providing a suitable setting for the exploration of multivariate time series. Here, we collocated a comprehensive feature space for these river basins including Earth observation time series on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface water area (SWA), and snow cover area (SCA) in combination with driving variables between December 2002 and November 2020. First, we evaluated changes using multi-faceted trend analyses. Second, we employed the causal discovery algorithm Peter and Clark Momentary Conditional Independence (PCMCI) to disentangle interactions within the feature space. PCMCI quantifies direct and indirect relationships between variables and has been rarely applied to remote sensing applications. The results showed that vegetation greening continues significantly. Irrigated croplands in the Indus basin indicated the highest trend magnitude (0.042 NDVI/decade-1). At annual and basin scale, positive trends were also identified for SWA in the Indus (837 km2/decade-1) and Ganges basin (677 km2/decade-1). Annual trends in SCA were insignificant at basin scale. Considering elevation zones, negative SCA trends were found in high altitudes of the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins. Similarly, NDVI and SWA showed positive trends in high elevations. Furthermore, the causal analysis revealed that NDVI was controlled by water availability. SWA was directly influenced by river discharge and indirectly by precipitation. In high altitudes, SWA was controlled by SCA and temperature. Precipitation and temperature were identified as important drivers of SCA with spatio-temporal variations. With amplified climate change, the joint exploitation of time series will be of increasing importance to further enhance the understanding of land surface change and complex interplays across the spheres of the Earth system. The insights of this study and used methods could greatly support the development of climate change adaptation strategies for the investigated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Uereyen
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany.
| | - Felix Bachofer
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany
| | - Igor Klein
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany
| | - Claudia Kuenzer
- German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany; Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Guevara VE, Smye AJ, Caddick MJ, Searle MP, Olsen T, Whalen L, Kylander-Clark ARC, Jercinovic MJ, Waters DJ. A modern pulse of ultrafast exhumation and diachronous crustal melting in the Nanga Parbat Massif. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2689. [PMID: 35930636 PMCID: PMC9355356 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We combine monazite petrochronology with thermal modeling to evaluate the relative roles of crustal melting, surface denudation, and tectonics in facilitating ultrafast exhumation of the Nanga Parbat Massif in the western Himalayan syntaxis. Our results reveal diachronous melting histories between samples and a pulse of ultrafast exhumation (9 to 13 mm/year) that began ~1 Ma and was preceded by several million years of slower, but still rapid, exhumation (2 to 5 mm/year). Recent studies show that an exhumation pulse of similar timing and magnitude occurred in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. A synchronous exhumation pulse in both Himalayan syntaxes suggests that neither erosion by rivers and/or glaciers nor a pulse of crustal melting was a primary trigger for accelerated exhumation. Rather, our results, combined with those of recent studies in the eastern syntaxis, imply that larger-scale tectonic processes impose the dominant control on the current tempo of rapid exhumation in the Himalayan syntaxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E. Guevara
- Geology Department, Amherst College, 220 South Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Andrew J. Smye
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, 332 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark J. Caddick
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, 926 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael P. Searle
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Telemak Olsen
- Geology Department, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Lisa Whalen
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, 926 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrew R. C. Kylander-Clark
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1006 Webb Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael J. Jercinovic
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, 627 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David J. Waters
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
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Niu H, Lu X, Zhang G, Sarangi C. Investigation of water-soluble organic constituents and their spatio-temporal heterogeneity over the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119093. [PMID: 35245621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the migration and transformation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter in the cryosphere areas is crucial for understanding global biogeochemical cycle and earth's climate system. However, water-soluble organic constituents and their transformation in multiple water bodies are barely investigated. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic nitrogen (WSON), and particulate black carbon (PBC) in multiple types of water bodies in eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) cryosphere for the first time have been systematically investigated. Statistical results exhibited that from south to north and from east to west of this region, WSOC concentrations in alpine river runoff were gradually elevated. WSOC and nitrogenous matter in the alpine river runoff and precipitation in the glacier region presented distinct seasonal variations. WSON was the dominant component (63.4%) of water-soluble total nitrogen in precipitation over high-altitude southeastern TP cryosphere. Water-soluble carbonaceous matter dominated the carbon cycle in the TP cryosphere, but particulate carbonaceous matter in the alpine river runoff had a small fraction of the cryospheric carbon cycle. Analysis of optical properties illustrated that PBC had a much stronger light absorption ability (MAC-PBC: 2.28 ± 0.37 m2 g-1) than WSOC in the alpine river runoff (0.41 ± 0.26 m2 g-1). Ionic composition was dominated by SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ (average: 45.13 ± 3.75%) in the snow of glaciers, implying important contribution of (fossil fuel) combustion sources over this region. The results of this study have essential implications for understanding the carbon and nitrogen cycles in high altitude cryosphere regions of the world. Future work should be performed based on more robust in-situ observations and measurements from multiple environmental medium over the cryosphere areas, to ensure ecological protection and high-quality development of the high mountain Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xixi Lu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - Guotao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chandan Sarangi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Adaptability of MODIS Daily Cloud-Free Snow Cover 500 m Dataset over China in Hutubi River Basin Based on Snowmelt Runoff Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Global warming affects the hydrological characteristics of the cryosphere. In arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation is scarce, glaciers and snowmelt water assume important recharge sources for downstream rivers. Therefore, the simulation of snowmelt water runoff in mountainous areas is of great significance in hydrological research. In this paper, taking the Hutubi River Basin in the Tianshan Mountains as the study area, we used the “MODIS Daily Cloud-free Snow Cover 500 m Dataset over China” (MODIS_CGF_SCE) to carry out the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) simulation and evaluated the simulation accuracy. The results showed that: (1) The SRM preferably simulated the characteristics of the average daily flow variation of the Hutubi River from May to October, from 2003–2009. The monthly total runoff was maximum in July and minimum in October. Extreme precipitation events influenced the formation of flood peaks, and the interannual variation trend of total runoff from May to October was increased. (2) The mean value of the volume difference (DV) during the model validation period was 8.85%, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.73. In general, the SRM underestimates the runoff of the Hutubi River, and the simulation accuracy is more accurate in the normal water period than in the high-water period. (3) By analyzing MODIS_CGF_SCE from 2003 to 2009, areas above 3200 m elevation in the Hutubi River Basin were classified as permanent snow areas, and areas below 3200 m were classified as seasonal snow areas. In October, the snow area in the Hutubi River Basin gradually increased, and the increase in snow cover in the permanent snow area was greater than that in the seasonal snow area. The snowmelt period was from March to May in the seasonal snow area and from May to early July in the permanent snow area, and the minimum snow cover was 0.7%.
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Processing of VENµS Images of High Mountains: A Case Study for Cryospheric and Hydro-Climatic Applications in the Everest Region (Nepal). REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Central Himalayas, glaciers and snowmelt play an important hydrological role, as they ensure the availability of surface water outside the monsoon period. To compensate for the lack of field measurements in glaciology and hydrology, high temporal and spatial resolution optical remotely sensed data are necessary. The French–Israeli VENµS Earth observation mission has been able to complement field measurements since 2017. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of different reflectance products over the Everest region for constraining the energy balance of glaciers and for cloud and snow cover mapping applied to hydrology. Firstly, the results indicate that a complete radiometric correction of slope effects such as the Gamma one (direct and diffuse illumination) provides better temporal and statistical metrics (R2 = 0.73 and RMSE = 0.11) versus ground albedo datasets than a single cosine correction, even processed under a fine-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). Secondly, a mixed spectral-textural approach on the VENµS images strongly improves the cloud mapping by 15% compared with a spectral mask thresholding process. These findings will improve the accuracy of snow cover mapping over the watershed areas downstream of the Everest region.
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Garg PK, Shukla A, Yousuf B, Garg S. Temperature and precipitation changes over the glaciated parts of Indian Himalayan Region during 1901-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:84. [PMID: 35015159 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The existing knowledge on long-term climate trends over glaciated parts of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is limited. The present study aims at assessing the long-term (1901-2016) as well as the recent (1990-2016) temperature and precipitation trends over the glaciated parts of western (WH), central (CH) and eastern Himalaya (EH) within the IHR using Climate Research Unit Time Series version 4.01 (CRU TS4.01) data. Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimator tests were employed to determine the monotonic trend direction and magnitude of change over time on annual and seasonal basis. The temperature and precipitation trends were quantitatively assessed here in terms of percent change over mean as well as in absolute terms. Results show that annual average temperature remains > 0 °C in WH (2.26 °C) and CH (3.24 °C) but < 0 °C in EH (-0.97 °C). Long-term analysis (1901-2016) reveals the maximum warming in EH (74.67% or 0.93 °C) followed by WH (52.56% or 0.64 °C) and minimum in CH (44.31% or 0.73 °C). The winter warming is notably higher (WH: 1.11 °C, CH: 1.19 °C and EH: 1.41 °C) than the summer (WH: 0.31 °C, CH: 0.26 °C and EH: 0.54 °C). Annual precipitation gradually increases from WH (535.57 mm) to CH (749.91 mm) to EH (1249.49 mm), of which 68%, 76%, and 90% respectively, are summer-induced. Nevertheless, precipitation showed no clear trend in WH (slight increase of 4.53%) and EH (slight decrease of -5.30%), but a clear reduction in CH (-19.25%). Seasonally, precipitation decreased in winter (-4.53%) but increased in summer (10.65%) in WH, clearly decreased in both winter (-24.69%) and summer (-17.01%) in CH, and slightly increased in winter (2.21%) but decreased in summer (-6.80%) in EH. In recent decades (1990-2016), warming trend further accelerated in WH (0.95 °C) and CH (1.01 °C) but decreased in EH (0.60 °C). The overall precipitation trends also changed during 1990-2016 as WH experienced an overall reduction (-5%), CH maintained a declining trend (-13.10%), and EH showed slight increase (1.01%). The study concludes that the climate of glaciated parts has changed significantly, but the trend and magnitude is highly heterogeneous over different regions which likely influenced the glaciated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam Kumar Garg
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001, India.
| | - Aparna Shukla
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001, India
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Bisma Yousuf
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Siddhi Garg
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001, India
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Garg S, Shukla A, Garg PK, Yousuf B, Shukla UK, Lotus S. Revisiting the 24 year (1994-2018) record of glacier mass budget in the Suru sub-basin, western Himalaya: Overall response and controlling factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149533. [PMID: 34426355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glacier mass balance time-series measurements have immense importance in comprehending the overall regional hydrology and meteorology of the mountain systems. Such assessments are critical in the Indus River basin (compared to the Ganga and Brahmaputra), which besides having a significant contribution from the glaciers, also exhibits considerable heterogeneity in glacier response. Thus, to quantify this variability in glacier behavior and thereby develop a comprehensive understanding of the past as well as the future evolution of the glaciers, we reconstruct the annual surface mass balance records of 75 glaciers (size >1 km2) in the Suru sub-basin, western Himalaya for the period 1994-2018. We apply a remote sensing-based equilibrium line altitude-mass balance approach, supported by geodetic mass balance estimates (for 18 major glaciers) and limited field measurements. Our findings suggest a persistent negative mass balance of the glaciers (average: -0.69 ± 0.28 m w.e.a-1, cumulative: -16.56 m w.e), varying from -0.46 ± 0.27 (1997) to -0.79 ± 0.28 (2018) m w.e.a-1 during the study period. This overall mass loss coincides with an increased temperature (Tavg increased 0.5 °C; Tmin increased 0.27 °C; Tmax increased 0.06 °C) and reduced precipitation (by 4%) in the valley during 1994-2018, which shows the sensitivity of these glaciers to climate change. Within the Suru sub-basin, smaller, cleaner and high-altitude mountain glaciers of the Ladakh range have experienced greater mass loss (cumulative: -20.88 m w.e) compared to the Greater Himalayan range (cumulative: -13.44 m w.e). We observe latitudinal variability in mass loss in the Western Himalaya, with the highest mass loss rates in the Greater Himalayan Range (>-0.9 m w.e.a-1) and lowest in the Karakoram Range (<-0.1 m w.e.a-1), suggesting a transitional response of the Suru sub-basin glaciers (-0.69 m w.e.a-1). The overall regional picture suggests synchronicity in the mass loss pattern of western Himalayan glaciers, predominantly controlled by the climatic conditions. Meanwhile, the variability in their mass loss rates is attributed to the unique glacier characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Garg
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, GMS Road, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Aparna Shukla
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, GMS Road, Dehradun 248001, India; Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi 110003, India.
| | | | - Bisma Yousuf
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, GMS Road, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Uma Kant Shukla
- Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sonam Lotus
- Indian Meteorological Department, Leh 194101, India
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Li D, Lu X, Overeem I, Walling DE, Syvitski J, Kettner AJ, Bookhagen B, Zhou Y, Zhang T. Exceptional increases in fluvial sediment fluxes in a warmer and wetter High Mountain Asia. Science 2021; 374:599-603. [PMID: 34709922 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Li
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117570, Singapore
| | - Xixi Lu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117570, Singapore
| | - Irina Overeem
- CSDMS, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Desmond E Walling
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Jaia Syvitski
- CSDMS, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Albert J Kettner
- CSDMS, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bodo Bookhagen
- Institute of Geosciences, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yinjun Zhou
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117570, Singapore
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