1
|
Librado P, Tressières G, Chauvey L, Fages A, Khan N, Schiavinato S, Calvière-Tonasso L, Kusliy MA, Gaunitz C, Liu X, Wagner S, Der Sarkissian C, Seguin-Orlando A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Southon J, Shapiro B, Bouchez O, Donnadieu C, Collin YRH, Gregersen KM, Jessen MD, Christensen K, Claudi-Hansen L, Pruvost M, Pucher E, Vulic H, Novak M, Rimpf A, Turk P, Reiter S, Brem G, Schwall C, Barrey É, Robert C, Degueurce C, Horwitz LK, Klassen L, Rasmussen U, Kveiborg J, Johannsen NN, Makowiecki D, Makarowicz P, Szeliga M, Ilchyshyn V, Rud V, Romaniszyn J, Mullin VE, Verdugo M, Bradley DG, Cardoso JL, Valente MJ, Telles Antunes M, Ameen C, Thomas R, Ludwig A, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Granado J, Schlumbaum A, Deschler-Erb S, Mráz MS, Boulbes N, Gardeisen A, Mayer C, Döhle HJ, Vicze M, Kosintsev PA, Kyselý R, Peške L, O'Connor T, Ananyevskaya E, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Kovalev AA, Iderkhangai TO, Sablin MV, Dashkovskiy PK, Graphodatsky AS, Merts I, Merts V, Kasparov AK, Pitulko VV, Onar V, Öztan A, Arbuckle BS, McColl H, Renaud G, Khaskhanov R, Demidenko S, Kadieva A, Atabiev B, Sundqvist M, Lindgren G, López-Cachero FJ, Albizuri S, Trbojević Vukičević T, Rapan Papeša A, Burić M, Rajić Šikanjić P, Weinstock J, Asensio Vilaró D, Codina F, García Dalmau C, Morer de Llorens J, Pou J, de Prado G, Sanmartí J, Kallala N, Torres JR, Maraoui-Telmini B, Belarte Franco MC, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Zazzo A, Lepetz S, Duchesne S, Alexeev A, Bayarsaikhan J, Houle JL, Bayarkhuu N, Turbat T, Crubézy É, Shingiray I, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Korobov DS, Belinskiy A, Kalmykov A, Demoule JP, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Wallner B, Roslyakova N, Kuznetsov PF, Tishkin AA, Wincker P, Kanne K, Outram A, Orlando L. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5. [PMID: 38843826 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Librado
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gaetan Tressières
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorelei Chauvey
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Fages
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Zoological institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Naveed Khan
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Stéphanie Schiavinato
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Calvière-Tonasso
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariya A Kusliy
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Charleen Gaunitz
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xuexue Liu
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Stefanie Wagner
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- INRAE Division Ecology and Biodiversity (ECODIV), Plant Genomic Resources Center (CNRGV), Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Perdereau
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - John Southon
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yvette Running Horse Collin
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Taku Skan Skan Wasakliyapi: Global Institute for Traditional Sciences, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | | | - Mads Dengsø Jessen
- Department for Prehistory Middle Ages and Renaissance, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mélanie Pruvost
- UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cédex, France
| | | | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Peter Turk
- Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simone Reiter
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwall
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Prehistory & Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
| | - Éric Barrey
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Liora Kolska Horwitz
- National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Uffe Rasmussen
- Department of Archaeology, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kveiborg
- Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Daniel Makowiecki
- Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Szeliga
- Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Vasyl Ilchyshyn
- Kremenetsko-Pochaivskii Derzhavnyi Istoriko-arkhitekturnyi Zapovidnik, Kremenets, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Rud
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan Romaniszyn
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Victoria E Mullin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta Verdugo
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - João L Cardoso
- ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J Valente
- Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Telles Antunes
- Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carly Ameen
- Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard Thomas
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matilde Marzullo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Prato
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Tecchiati
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - José Granado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela Schlumbaum
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Deschler-Erb
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Schernig Mráz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Boulbes
- Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Fondation Albert Ier, Paris/UMR 7194 HNHP, MNHN-CNRS-UPVD/EPCC Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique, Tautavel, France
| | - Armelle Gardeisen
- Archéologie des Sociétés Méditeranéennes, Archimède IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01, CNRS UMR 5140, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department for Digitalization and Knowledge Transfer, Federal Monuments Authority Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Döhle
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Magdolna Vicze
- National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel A Kosintsev
- Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - René Kyselý
- Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Elina Ananyevskaya
- Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey A Kovalev
- Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai
- Department of Innovation and Technology, Ulaanbaatar Science and Technology Park, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mikhail V Sablin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Petr K Dashkovskiy
- Department of Russian Regional Studies, National and State-confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alexander S Graphodatsky
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilia Merts
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Viktor Merts
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleksei K Kasparov
- Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Pitulko
- Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vedat Onar
- Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aliye Öztan
- Archaeology Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Benjamin S Arbuckle
- Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruslan Khaskhanov
- Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CI RAS), Grozny, Russia
| | - Sergey Demidenko
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kadieva
- Department of Archaeological Monuments, State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Javier López-Cachero
- Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Albizuri
- Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tajana Trbojević Vukičević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marcel Burić
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jaco Weinstock
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Asensio Vilaró
- Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, IAUB Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Codina
- C/Major, 20, Norfeu, Arqueologia Art i Patrimoni S.C., La Tallada d'Empordà, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Pou
- Ajuntament de Calafell, Calafell (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Gabriel de Prado
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya (MAC-Ullastret), Ullastret, Spain
| | - Joan Sanmartí
- IEC-Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nabil Kallala
- Ecole Tunisienne d'Histoire et d'Anthropologie, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis, Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Maria-Carme Belarte Franco
- IEC-Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- ICAC (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas
- Archaeology of Social Dynamics (ASD), Institució Milà i Fontanals, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- UNIARQ - Unidade de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antoine Zazzo
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lepetz
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Duchesne
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Anatoly Alexeev
- Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (IHRISN), Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Jean-Luc Houle
- Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Noost Bayarkhuu
- Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsagaan Turbat
- Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Éric Crubézy
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marjan Mashkour
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
- Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology section, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalia Ya Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy S Korobov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul Demoule
- UMR du CNRS 8215 Trajectoires, Institut d'Art et Archéologie, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Wallner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Roslyakova
- Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Pavel F Kuznetsov
- Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Katherine Kanne
- Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Outram
- Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Anthony D, Vyazov L, Fournier R, Ringbauer H, Olalde I, Khokhlov AA, Kitov EP, Shishlina NI, Ailincăi SC, Agapov DS, Agapov SA, Batieva E, Bauyrzhan B, Bereczki Z, Buzhilova A, Changmai P, Chizhevsky AA, Ciobanu I, Constantinescu M, Csányi M, Dani J, Dashkovskiy PK, Évinger S, Faifert A, Flegontov PN, Frînculeasa A, Frînculeasa MN, Hajdu T, Higham T, Jarosz P, Jelínek P, Khartanovich VI, Kirginekov EN, Kiss V, Kitova A, Kiyashko AV, Koledin J, Korolev A, Kosintsev P, Kulcsár G, Kuznetsov P, Magomedov R, Malikovich MA, Melis E, Moiseyev V, Molnár E, Monge J, Negrea O, Nikolaeva NA, Novak M, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Pálfi G, Popovici S, Rykun MP, Savenkova TM, Semibratov VP, Seregin NN, Šefčáková A, Serikovna MR, Shingiray I, Shirokov VN, Simalcsik A, Sirak K, Solodovnikov KN, Tárnoki J, Tishkin AA, Trifonov V, Vasilyev S, Akbari A, Brielle ES, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Curtis E, Flegontova O, Iliev L, Kearns A, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Micco A, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Qiu L, Noah Workman J, Zalzala F, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Palamara PF, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.17.589597. [PMID: 38659893 PMCID: PMC11042377 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Anthony
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hartwick College, Dept. of Anthropology, USA
| | - Leonid Vyazov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | | | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Egor P. Kitov
- Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Danila S. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Sergey A. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov, Russia
| | | | - Zsolt Bereczki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Piya Changmai
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Andrey A. Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ion Ciobanu
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Mihai Constantinescu
- Fr. I Rainer Institute of Anthropology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - János Dani
- Department of Archaeology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Déri Museum, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter K. Dashkovskiy
- Department of Regional Studies of Russia, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anatoly Faifert
- Research Institute GAUK RO “Don Heritage”, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel N. Flegontov
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alin Frînculeasa
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Mădălina N. Frînculeasa
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University Valahia of Târgoviște, Târgovişte, Romania
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Eötvös Loránd University (Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tom Higham
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paweł Jarosz
- Department of Mountain and Highland Archaeology, Institute Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pavol Jelínek
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Valeri I. Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eduard N. Kirginekov
- State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Republic of Khakassia “Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L.R. Kyzlasova”, Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Russia
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandera Kitova
- Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexeiy V. Kiyashko
- Department of Archaeology and History of the Ancient World of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Arkady Korolev
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Pavel Kosintsev
- Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gabriella Kulcsár
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Kuznetsov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Rabadan Magomedov
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Makhachkala. Dagestan, Russia
| | | | - Eszter Melis
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janet Monge
- Independent Researcher, 106 Federal Street, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Octav Negrea
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Nadezhda A. Nikolaeva
- Department of General History, Historical and Literary Institute of the State University of Education, Ministry of Education Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Maria Ochir-Goryaeva
- Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sergiu Popovici
- National Agency for Archaeology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | - Vladimir P. Semibratov
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Nikolai N. Seregin
- Laboratory of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eurasia, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Irina Shingiray
- University of Oxford, Faculty of History, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir N. Shirokov
- Center for Stone Age Archeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Angela Simalcsik
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
- Olga Necrasov Centre for Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, Iași, Romania
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin N. Solodovnikov
- Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A. Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Viktov Trifonov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther S. Brielle
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Curtis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Flegontova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aisling Kearns
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise Keating
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|