1
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Takayama K, Mori K, Sasaki Y, Taguchi A, Taniguchi A, Miyazato M, Hayashi Y. Discovery of a Pentapeptide Antagonist to Human Neuromedin U Receptor 1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:885-891. [PMID: 38894927 PMCID: PMC11181499 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) activates two types of receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2), and the former is mainly expressed in the peripheral tissues, including the intestinal tract and lung tissues. Since NMUR1 contributes to the promotion of type 2 inflammation in these tissues, it is a potential target to suppress inflammatory responses. However, promising antagonist candidates for human NMUR1 have not yet been developed. Here we successfully identified pentapeptide antagonist 9a through a structure-activity relationship study based on hexapeptide lead 1. Its antagonistic activity against human NMUR1 was 10 times greater than that against NMUR2. This is a breakthrough in the development of NMUR1-selective antagonists. Although 9a was relatively stable in the plasma, the C-terminal amide was rapidly degraded to the carboxylic acid by the serum endopeptidase thrombin, which acted as an amidase. This basic information would aid in sample handling in future biological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Laboratory
of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical
University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Department of Cardiac
Physiology and Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center Research
Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Cardiac
Physiology and Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center Research
Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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2
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Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Hu L, Zhao L, Wang H, Yuan Y, Niu H, Wang D, Zhang H, Liu J, Feng X, Su X, Qiu J, Sun J, Xu H, Zhang C, Wang K, Bi Y, Engleman EG, Shen L. Metabolic regulator LKB1 controls adipose tissue ILC2 PD-1 expression and mitochondrial homeostasis to prevent insulin resistance. Immunity 2024; 57:1289-1305.e9. [PMID: 38772366 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) help maintain metabolic homeostasis by sustaining type 2 immunity and promoting adipose beiging. Although impairment of the ILC2 compartment contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we found that ILC2s in obese mice and humans exhibited impaired liver kinase B1 (LKB1) activation. Genetic ablation of LKB1 disrupted ILC2 mitochondrial metabolism and suppressed ILC2 responses, resulting in exacerbated insulin resistance. Mechanistically, LKB1 deficiency induced aberrant PD-1 expression through activation of NFAT, which in turn enhanced mitophagy by suppressing Bcl-xL expression. Blockade of PD-1 restored the normal functions of ILC2s and reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. Collectively, these data present the LKB1-PD-1 axis as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Sun
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingbing Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Linfeng Zhao
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongshen Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongdi Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianyue Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xujiao Feng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Catherine Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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3
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Day KS, Rempel L, Rossi FMV, Theret M. Origins and functions of eosinophils in two non-mucosal tissues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368142. [PMID: 38585275 PMCID: PMC10995313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte named after the presence of their eosin-stained granules. Traditionally, eosinophils have been best known to play prominent roles in anti-parasitic responses and mediating allergic reactions. Knowledge of their behaviour has expanded with time, and they are now recognized to play integral parts in the homeostasis of gastrointestinal, respiratory, skeletal muscle, adipose, and connective tissue systems. As such, they are implicated in a myriad of pathologies, and have been the target of several medical therapies. This review focuses on the lifespan of eosinophils, from their origins in the bone marrow, to their tissue-resident role. In particular, we wish to highlight the functions of eosinophils in non-mucosal tissues with skeletal muscle and the adipose tissues as examples, and to discuss the current understanding of their participation in diseased states in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Day
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Rempel
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio M. V. Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Lan Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Guo C, Jin Y, Li H, Wang L, Zhao J, Hao Y, Li Z, Liu Z, Ginhoux F, Xie Q, Xu H, Jia JM, He D. Fate mapping of Spp1 expression reveals age-dependent plasticity of disease-associated microglia-like cells after brain injury. Immunity 2024; 57:349-363.e9. [PMID: 38309272 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglial reactivity to injury and disease is emerging as a heterogeneous, dynamic, and crucial determinant in neurological disorders. However, the plasticity and fate of disease-associated microglia (DAM) remain largely unknown. We established a lineage tracing system, leveraging the expression dynamics of secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1) to label and track DAM-like microglia during brain injury and recovery. Fate mapping of Spp1+ microglia during stroke in juvenile mice revealed an irreversible state of DAM-like microglia that were ultimately eliminated from the injured brain. By contrast, DAM-like microglia in the neonatal stroke models exhibited high plasticity, regaining a homeostatic signature and integrating into the microglial network after recovery. Furthermore, neonatal injury had a lasting impact on microglia, rendering them intrinsically sensitized to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, our findings highlight the plasticity and innate immune memory of neonatal microglia, shedding light on the fate of DAM-like microglia in various neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangning Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyixiao Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilin Hao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhicheng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Danyang He
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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I Kutyavin V, Korn LL, Medzhitov R. Nutrient-derived signals regulate eosinophil adaptation to the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316446121. [PMID: 38271336 PMCID: PMC10835075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316446121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are well recognized as effector cells of type 2 immunity, yet they also accumulate in many tissues under homeostatic conditions. However, the processes that govern homeostatic eosinophil accumulation and tissue-specific adaptation, and their functional significance, remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated how eosinophils adapt to the small intestine (SI) microenvironment and the local signals that regulate this process. We observed that eosinophils gradually migrate along the crypt-villus axis, giving rise to a villus-resident subpopulation with a distinct transcriptional signature. Retinoic acid signaling was specifically required for maintenance of this subpopulation, while IL-5 was largely dispensable outside of its canonical role in eosinophil production. Surprisingly, we found that a high-protein diet suppressed the accumulation of villus-resident eosinophils. Purified amino acids were sufficient for this effect, which was a consequence of accelerated eosinophil turnover within the tissue microenvironment and was not due to altered development in the bone marrow. Our study provides insight into the process of eosinophil adaptation to the SI, highlighting its reliance on nutrient-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily I Kutyavin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Lisa L Korn
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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6
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Liu R, Shao W, Xu J, Chu C. To be or not to be direct: The role of neuromedin U in neuro-eosinophil crosstalk. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:148-150. [PMID: 38071108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Liu
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Taiyuan 030001, China; Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Shao
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Taiyuan 030001, China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Jun Xu
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Digestive Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Coco Chu
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Taiyuan 030001, China; Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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7
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Hu Y, Chakarov S. Eosinophils in obesity and obesity-associated disorders. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad022. [PMID: 38567054 PMCID: PMC10917198 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the rising prevalence and costs for the society, obesity etiology, and its precise cellular and molecular mechanisms are still insufficiently understood. The excessive accumulation of fat by adipocytes plays a key role in obesity progression and has many repercussions on total body physiology. In recent years the immune system as a gatekeeper of adipose tissue homeostasis has been evidenced and has become a focal point of research. Herein we focus on eosinophils, an important component of type 2 immunity, assuming fundamental, yet ill-defined, roles in the genesis, and progression of obesity and related metabolic disorders. We summarize eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophils recruitment into adipose tissue and discuss how the adipose tissue environments shape their function and vice versa. Finally, we also detail how obesity transforms the local eosinophil niche. Understanding eosinophil crosstalk with the diverse cell types within the adipose tissue environment will allow us to framework the therapeutic potential of eosinophils in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
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