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Zengeler KE, Lukens JR. Microglia pack a toolbox for life. Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00068-1. [PMID: 38616144 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
After decades of being overlooked, a recent wave of studies have explored the roles of microglia in brain health and disease. Microglia perform important physiological functions to set up and maintain proper neural network functions, as well as orchestrate responses to toxic stimuli to limit harm. Many microglial transcriptional programs, extracellular sensing molecules, and functional outputs are seen throughout life. A stark example is the similarity of microglial responses to stressors during neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. The same themes often match that of other tissue-resident macrophages, presenting an opportunity to apply known concepts as therapeutics develop. We argue that microglial signaling during development and neurologic disease overlap with one another and with other tissue-resident macrophage pathways, in part due to similar sensed stimuli and a conserved sensome of receptors and signaling molecules, akin to a toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Zengeler
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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2
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Lan Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Guo C, Jin Y, Li H, Wang L, Zhao J, Hao Y, Li Z, Liu Z, Ginhoux F, Xie Q, Xu H, Jia JM, He D. Fate mapping of Spp1 expression reveals age-dependent plasticity of disease-associated microglia-like cells after brain injury. Immunity 2024; 57:349-363.e9. [PMID: 38309272 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglial reactivity to injury and disease is emerging as a heterogeneous, dynamic, and crucial determinant in neurological disorders. However, the plasticity and fate of disease-associated microglia (DAM) remain largely unknown. We established a lineage tracing system, leveraging the expression dynamics of secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1) to label and track DAM-like microglia during brain injury and recovery. Fate mapping of Spp1+ microglia during stroke in juvenile mice revealed an irreversible state of DAM-like microglia that were ultimately eliminated from the injured brain. By contrast, DAM-like microglia in the neonatal stroke models exhibited high plasticity, regaining a homeostatic signature and integrating into the microglial network after recovery. Furthermore, neonatal injury had a lasting impact on microglia, rendering them intrinsically sensitized to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, our findings highlight the plasticity and innate immune memory of neonatal microglia, shedding light on the fate of DAM-like microglia in various neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangning Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyixiao Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilin Hao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhicheng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Danyang He
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen KS, Noureldein MH, McGinley LM, Hayes JM, Rigan DM, Kwentus JF, Mason SN, Mendelson FE, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL. Human neural stem cells restore spatial memory in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model by an immunomodulating mechanism. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1306004. [PMID: 38155736 PMCID: PMC10753006 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1306004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stem cells are a promising therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) given the complex pathophysiologic pathways involved. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells remain unclear. Here, we used spatial transcriptomics to elucidate therapeutic mechanisms of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in an animal model of AD. Methods hNSCs were transplanted into the fimbria fornix of the hippocampus using the 5XFAD mouse model. Spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze. Amyloid plaque burden was quantified. Spatial transcriptomics was performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified both globally and within the hippocampus. Subsequent pathway enrichment and ligand-receptor network analysis was performed. Results hNSC transplantation restored learning curves of 5XFAD mice. However, there were no changes in amyloid plaque burden. Spatial transcriptomics showed 1,061 DEGs normalized in hippocampal subregions. Plaque induced genes in microglia, along with populations of stage 1 and stage 2 disease associated microglia (DAM), were normalized upon hNSC transplantation. Pathologic signaling between hippocampus and DAM was also restored. Discussion hNSCs normalized many dysregulated genes, although this was not mediated by a change in amyloid plaque levels. Rather, hNSCs appear to exert beneficial effects in part by modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and signaling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Noureldein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lisa M. McGinley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diana M. Rigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacquelin F. Kwentus
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shayna N. Mason
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Faye E. Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Wang G, Jin S, Liu J, Li X, Dai P, Wang Y, Hou SX. A neuron-immune circuit regulates neurodegeneration in the hindbrain and spinal cord of Arf1-ablated mice. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad222. [PMID: 38239560 PMCID: PMC10794899 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune connections have been revealed to play a central role in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the mechanisms that link the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune cells are still mostly unknown. We recently found that specific ablation of the Arf1 gene in hindbrain and spinal cord neurons promoted NDs through activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia via peroxided lipids and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) releasing. Here, we demonstrate that IL-1β with elevated chemokines in the neuronal Arf1-ablated mouse hindbrain and spinal cord recruited and activated γδ T cells in meninges. The activated γδ T cells then secreted IFN-γ that entered into parenchyma to activate the microglia-A1 astrocyte-C3-neuronal C3aR neurotoxic pathway. Remarkably, the neurodegenerative phenotypes of the neuronal Arf1-ablated mice were strongly ameliorated by IFN-γ or C3 knockout. Finally, we show that the Arf1-reduction-induced neuroimmune-IFN-γ-gliosis pathway exists in human NDs, particularly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Together, our results uncover a previously unknown mechanism that links the CNS and peripheral immune cells to promote neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Wang
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shuhan Jin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Steven X Hou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Jauregui C, Blanco-Luquin I, Macías M, Roldan M, Caballero C, Pagola I, Mendioroz M, Jericó I. Exploring the Disease-Associated Microglia State in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2994. [PMID: 38001994 PMCID: PMC10669775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation, and specifically microglia, plays an important but not-yet well-understood role in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), constituting a potential therapeutic target for the disease. Recent studies have described the involvement of different microglial transcriptional patterns throughout neurodegenerative processes, identifying a new state of microglia: disease-associated microglia (DAM). The aim of this study is to investigate expression patterns of microglial-related genes in ALS spinal cord. METHODS We analyzed mRNA expression levels via RT-qPCR of several microglia-related genes in their homeostatic and DAM state in postmortem tissue (anterior horn of the spinal cord) from 20 subjects with ALS-TDP43 and 19 controls donors from the Navarrabiomed Biobank. RESULTS The expression levels of TREM2, MS4A, CD33, APOE and TYROBP were found to be elevated in the spinal cord from ALS subjects versus controls (p-value < 0.05). However, no statistically significant gene expression differences were observed for TMEM119, SPP1 and LPL. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a DAM-mediated inflammatory response is present in ALS, and TREM2 plays a significant role in immune function of microglia. It also supports the role of C33 and MS4A in the physiopathology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Jauregui
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mónica Macías
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Roldan
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Caballero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inma Pagola
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuromuscular and Neuron Motor Diseases Research Group, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivonne Jericó
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuromuscular and Neuron Motor Diseases Research Group, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Samuels JD, Moore KA, Ennerfelt HE, Johnson AM, Walsh AE, Price RJ, Lukens JR. The Alzheimer's disease risk factor INPP5D restricts neuroprotective microglial responses in amyloid beta-mediated pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4908-4921. [PMID: 37061460 PMCID: PMC10576836 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in INPP5D, which encodes for the SH2-domain-containing inositol phosphatase SHIP-1, have recently been linked to an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. While INPP5D expression is almost exclusively restricted to microglia in the brain, little is known regarding how SHIP-1 affects neurobiology or neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. METHODS We generated and investigated 5xFAD Inpp5dfl/fl Cx3cr1Ert2Cre mice to ascertain the function of microglial SHIP-1 signaling in response to amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated pathology. RESULTS SHIP-1 deletion in microglia led to substantially enhanced recruitment of microglia to Aβ plaques, altered microglial gene expression, and marked improvements in neuronal health. Further, SHIP-1 loss enhanced microglial plaque containment and Aβ engulfment when compared to microglia from Cre-negative 5xFAD Inpp5dfl/fl littermate controls. DISCUSSION These results define SHIP-1 as a pivotal regulator of microglial responses during Aβ-driven neurological disease and suggest that targeting SHIP-1 may offer a promising strategy to treat Alzheimer's disease. HIGHLIGHTS Inpp5d deficiency in microglia increases plaque-associated microglia numbers. Loss of Inpp5d induces activation and phagocytosis transcriptional pathways. Plaque encapsulation and engulfment by microglia are enhanced with Inpp5d deletion. Genetic ablation of Inpp5d protects against plaque-induced neuronal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Samuels
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Katelyn A. Moore
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hannah E. Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alexis M. Johnson
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Brain Immunology and Glia Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Adeline E. Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Biotechnology Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Richard J. Price
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Biotechnology Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Brain Immunology and Glia Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Biotechnology Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Henry RJ, Barrett JP, Vaida M, Khan NZ, Makarevich O, Ritzel RM, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Interaction of high-fat diet and brain trauma alters adipose tissue macrophages and brain microglia associated with exacerbated cognitive dysfunction. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.28.550986. [PMID: 37546932 PMCID: PMC10402152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed a detailed analysis of transcriptomic changes in the brain and adipose tissue to examine the interactive effects between high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and TBI in relation to central and peripheral inflammatory pathways, as well as neurological function. Adult male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks prior to experimental TBI and continuing after injury. Combined TBI and HFD resulted in additive dysfunction in the Y-Maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and Morris water maze (MWM) cognitive function tests. We also performed high-throughput transcriptomic analysis using Nanostring panels of cellular compartments in the brain and total visceral adipose tissue (VAT), followed by unsupervised clustering, principal component analysis, and IPA pathway analysis to determine shifts in gene expression programs and molecular pathway activity. Analysis of cellular populations in the cortex and hippocampus as well as in visceral adipose tissue during the chronic phase after combined TBI-HFD showed amplification of central and peripheral microglia/macrophage responses, including superadditive changes in select gene expression signatures and pathways. These data suggest that HFD-induced obesity and TBI can independently prime and support the development of altered states in brain microglia and visceral adipose tissue macrophages, including the disease-associated microglia/macrophage (DAM) phenotype observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction between HFD and TBI promotes a shift toward chronic reactive microglia/macrophage transcriptomic signatures and associated pro-inflammatory disease-altered states that may, in part, underlie the exacerbation of cognitive deficits. Targeting of HFD-induced reactive cellular phenotypes, including in peripheral adipose tissue macrophages, may serve to reduce microglial maladaptive states after TBI, attenuating post-traumatic neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James P. Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Vaida
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, 326 Market St, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Niaz Z. Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ocañas SR, Pham KD, Cox JE, Keck AW, Ko S, Ampadu FA, Porter HL, Ansere VA, Kulpa A, Kellogg CM, Machalinski AH, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Freeman WM. Microglial senescence contributes to female-biased neuroinflammation in the aging mouse hippocampus: implications for Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.07.531562. [PMID: 36945656 PMCID: PMC10028852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Microglia, the brain's principal immune cells, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a condition shown to affect more females than males. Although sex differences in microglial function and transcriptomic programming have been described across development and in disease models of AD, no studies have comprehensively identified the sex divergences that emerge in the aging mouse hippocampus. Further, existing models of AD generally develop pathology (amyloid plaques and tau tangles) early in life and fail to recapitulate the aged brain environment associated with late-onset AD. Here, we examined and compared transcriptomic and translatomic sex effects in young and old murine hippocampal microglia. Methods Hippocampal tissue from C57BL6/N and microglial NuTRAP mice of both sexes were collected at young (5-6 month-old [mo]) and old (22-25 mo) ages. Cell sorting and affinity purification techniques were used to isolate the microglial transcriptome and translatome for RNA-sequencing and differential expression analyses. Flow cytometry, qPCR, and imaging approaches were used to confirm the transcriptomic and translatomic findings. Results There were marginal sex differences identified in the young hippocampal microglia, with most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) restricted to the sex chromosomes. Both sex chromosomally-and autosomally-encoded sex differences emerged with aging. These sex DEGs identified at old age were primarily female-biased and enriched in senescent and disease-associated microglial signatures. Normalized gene expression values can be accessed through a searchable web interface ( https://neuroepigenomics.omrf.org/ ). Pathway analyses identified upstream regulators induced to a greater extent in females than in males, including inflammatory mediators IFNG, TNF, and IL1B, as well as AD-risk genes TREM2 and APP. Conclusions These data suggest that female microglia adopt disease-associated and senescent phenotypes in the aging mouse hippocampus, even in the absence of disease pathology, to a greater extent than males. This sexually divergent microglial phenotype may explain the difference in susceptibility and disease progression in the case of AD pathology. Future studies will need to explore sex differences in microglial heterogeneity in response to AD pathology and determine how sex-specific regulators (i.e., sex chromosomal or hormonal) elicit these sex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Kevin D. Pham
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Jillian E.J. Cox
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Alex W. Keck
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Sunghwan Ko
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Felix A. Ampadu
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Hunter L. Porter
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Victor A. Ansere
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Adam Kulpa
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Collyn M. Kellogg
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Adeline H. Machalinski
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Ana J. Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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9
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Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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10
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Qin Q, Wang M, Li H, Xu ZD, Tang Y. Editorial: The role of microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1105896. [PMID: 36688165 PMCID: PMC9853986 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- 1Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,2National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- 1Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- 3Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Huiliang Li ✉
| | - Zhiqing David Xu
- 4Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Zhiqing David Xu ✉
| | - Yi Tang
- 1Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,2National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China,Yi Tang ✉
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11
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Pan AL, Audrain M, Sakakibara E, Joshi R, Zhu X, Wang Q, Wang M, Beckmann ND, Schadt EE, Gandy S, Zhang B, Ehrlich ME, Salton SR. Dual-Specificity Protein Phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) Overexpression Improves Learning Behavior Selectively in Female 5xFAD Mice, and Reduces β-Amyloid Load in Males and Females. Cells 2022; 11:3880. [PMID: 36497141 PMCID: PMC9737364 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent multiscale network analyses of banked brains from subjects who died of late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease converged on VGF (non-acronymic) as a key hub or driver. Within this computational VGF network, we identified the dual-specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) [also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 2] as an important node. Importantly, DUSP4 gene expression, like that of VGF, is downregulated in postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. We investigated the roles that this VGF/DUSP4 network plays in the development of learning behavior impairment and neuropathology in the 5xFAD amyloidopathy mouse model. We found reductions in DUSP4 expression in the hippocampi of male AD subjects, correlating with increased CDR scores, and in 4-month-old female and 12-18-month-old male 5xFAD hippocampi. Adeno-associated virus (AAV5)-mediated overexpression of DUSP4 in 5xFAD mouse dorsal hippocampi (dHc) rescued impaired Barnes maze performance in females but not in males, while amyloid loads were reduced in both females and males. Bulk RNA sequencing of the dHc from 5-month-old mice overexpressing DUSP4, and Ingenuity Pathway and Enrichr analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), revealed that DUSP4 reduced gene expression in female 5xFAD mice in neuroinflammatory, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), programmed cell death protein-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathways, via which DUSP4 may modulate AD phenotype with gender-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L. Pan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emmy Sakakibara
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajeev Joshi
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Noam D. Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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12
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Ennerfelt H, Frost EL, Shapiro DA, Holliday C, Zengeler KE, Voithofer G, Bolte AC, Lammert CR, Kulas JA, Ulland TK, Lukens JR. SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease. Cell 2022; 185:4135-4152.e22. [PMID: 36257314 PMCID: PMC9617784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to reveal critical roles for the brain's professional phagocytes, microglia, and their receptors in the control of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and myelin debris accumulation in neurodegenerative disease. However, the critical intracellular molecules that orchestrate neuroprotective functions of microglia remain poorly understood. In our studies, we find that targeted deletion of SYK in microglia leads to exacerbated Aβ deposition, aggravated neuropathology, and cognitive defects in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disruption of SYK signaling in this AD model was further shown to impede the development of disease-associated microglia (DAM), alter AKT/GSK3β-signaling, and restrict Aβ phagocytosis by microglia. Conversely, receptor-mediated activation of SYK limits Aβ load. We also found that SYK critically regulates microglial phagocytosis and DAM acquisition in demyelinating disease. Collectively, these results broaden our understanding of the key innate immune signaling molecules that instruct beneficial microglial functions in response to neurotoxic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniel A Shapiro
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Coco Holliday
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristine E Zengeler
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gabrielle Voithofer
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ashley C Bolte
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Catherine R Lammert
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia (UVA), Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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13
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Barko K, Shelton M, Xue X, Afriyie-Agyemang Y, Puig S, Freyberg Z, Tseng GC, Logan RW, Seney ML. Brain region- and sex-specific transcriptional profiles of microglia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:945548. [PMID: 36090351 PMCID: PMC9448907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.945548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the brain, performing roles related to brain homeostasis, including modulation of synapses, trophic support, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and debris, as well as brain protection and repair. Studies assessing morphological and transcriptional features of microglia found regional differences as well as sex differences in some investigated brain regions. However, markers used to isolate microglia in many previous studies are not expressed exclusively by microglia or cannot be used to identify and isolate microglia in all contexts. Here, fluorescent activated cell sorting was used to isolate cells expressing the microglia-specific marker TMEM119 from prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, and midbrain in mice. RNA-sequencing was used to assess the transcriptional profile of microglia, focusing on brain region and sex differences. We found striking brain region differences in microglia-specific transcript expression. Most notable was the distinct transcriptional profile of midbrain microglia, with enrichment for pathways related to immune function; these midbrain microglia exhibited a profile similar to disease-associated or immune-surveillant microglia. Transcripts more highly expressed in PFC isolated microglia were enriched for synapse-related pathways while microglia isolated from the striatum were enriched for pathways related to microtubule polymerization. We also found evidence for a gradient of expression of microglia-specific transcripts across the rostral-to-caudal axes of the brain, with microglia extracted from the striatum exhibiting a transcriptional profile intermediate between that of the PFC and midbrain. We also found sex differences in expression of microglia-specific transcripts in all 3 brain regions, with many selenium-related transcripts more highly expressed in females across brain regions. These results suggest that the transcriptional profile of microglia varies between brain regions under homeostatic conditions, suggesting that microglia perform diverse roles in different brain regions and even based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Barko
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Micah Shelton
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiangning Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yvette Afriyie-Agyemang
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie Puig
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George C. Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marianne L. Seney
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Silvin A, Uderhardt S, Piot C, Da Mesquita S, Yang K, Geirsdottir L, Mulder K, Eyal D, Liu Z, Bridlance C, Thion MS, Zhang XM, Kong WT, Deloger M, Fontes V, Weiner A, Ee R, Dress R, Hang JW, Balachander A, Chakarov S, Malleret B, Dunsmore G, Cexus O, Chen J, Garel S, Dutertre CA, Amit I, Kipnis J, Ginhoux F. Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration. Immunity 2022; 55:1448-1465.e6. [PMID: 35931085 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain macrophage populations include parenchymal microglia, border-associated macrophages, and recruited monocyte-derived cells; together, they control brain development and homeostasis but are also implicated in aging pathogenesis and neurodegeneration. The phenotypes, localization, and functions of each population in different contexts have yet to be resolved. We generated a murine brain myeloid scRNA-seq integration to systematically delineate brain macrophage populations. We show that the previously identified disease-associated microglia (DAM) population detected in murine Alzheimer's disease models actually comprises two ontogenetically and functionally distinct cell lineages: embryonically derived triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2)-dependent DAM expressing a neuroprotective signature and monocyte-derived TREM2-expressing disease inflammatory macrophages (DIMs) accumulating in the brain during aging. These two distinct populations appear to also be conserved in the human brain. Herein, we generate an ontogeny-resolved model of brain myeloid cell heterogeneity in development, homeostasis, and disease and identify cellular targets for the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, FAU, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, FAU, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cecile Piot
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Katharine Yang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laufey Geirsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kevin Mulder
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - David Eyal
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cecile Bridlance
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xiao Meng Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Marc Deloger
- INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Vasco Fontes
- Department of Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, FAU, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, FAU, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rachel Ee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Regine Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jing Wen Hang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Garett Dunsmore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Olivier Cexus
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France; School Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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15
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Islam R, Choudhary H, Rajan R, Vrionis F, Hanafy KA. An overview on microglial origin, distribution, and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2022:10.1002/jcp.30829. [PMID: 35822939 PMCID: PMC9837313 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for about one-third of dementia cases worldwide. It is believed that AD is initiated with the deposition of Ab plaques in the brain. Genetic studies have shown that a high number of AD risk genes are expressed by microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. Common mode of action by microglia cells is neuroinflammation and phagocytosis. Moreover, it has been discovered that inflammatory marker levels are increased in AD patients. Recent studies advocate that neuroinflammation plays a major role in AD progression. Microglia have different activation profiles depending on the region of brain and stimuli. In different activation, profile microglia can generate either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Microglia defend brain cells from pathogens and respond to injuries; also, microglia can lead to neuronal death along the way. In this review, we will bring the different roles played by microglia and microglia-related genes in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Hadi Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Robin Rajan
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Frank Vrionis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Khalid A. Hanafy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
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16
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He J, Fu Y, Ge L, Dai J, Fang Y, Li Y, Gu X, Tao Z, Zou T, Li M, Liu Y, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Disease-associated microglial activation prevents photoreceptor degeneration by suppressing the accumulation of cell debris and neutrophils in degenerating rat retinas. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2687-2706. [PMID: 35401812 PMCID: PMC8965480 DOI: 10.7150/thno.67954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa initially presents as night blindness owing to defects in rods, and the secondary degeneration of cones ultimately leads to blindness. Previous studies have identified active roles of microglia in the pathogenesis of photoreceptor degeneration in RP. However, the contribution of microglia to photoreceptor degeneration remains controversial, partly due to limited knowledge of microglial phenotypes during RP. Rationale: In this study, we investigated the pathways of microglial activation and its contribution to photoreceptor degeneration in RP. Methods: A classic RP model, Royal College of Surgeons rat, was used to explore the process of microglial activation during the development of RP. An inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (PLX3397) was fed to RCS rats for sustained ablation of microglia. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, electroretinography and RNA-Seq were used to investigate the mechanisms by which activated microglia influenced photoreceptor degeneration. Results: Microglia were gradually activated to disease-associated microglia in the photoreceptor layers of RCS rats. Sustained treatment with PLX3397 ablated most of the disease-associated microglia and aggravated photoreceptor degeneration, including the secondary degeneration of cones, by downregulating the expression of genes associated with photoreceptor function and components and exacerbating the impairment of photoreceptor cell function. Disease-associated microglial activation promoted microglia to engulf apoptotic photoreceptor cell debris and suppressed the increase of infiltrated neutrophils by increasing engulfment and inhibiting CXCL1 secretion by Müller cells, which provided a healthier microenvironment for photoreceptor survival. Conclusions: Our data highlight a key role of disease-associated microglia activation in the suppression of rod and cone degeneration, which reduces secondary damage caused by the accumulation of dead cells and infiltrated neutrophils in the degenerating retina.
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17
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Xie M, Zhao S, Bosco DB, Nguyen A, Wu LJ. Microglial TREM2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 82:125-137. [PMID: 34874625 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is an aggressive motor neuron degenerative disease characterized by selective loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. The mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression are poorly understood. The involvement of nonmotor neuraxis emphasizes the contribution of glial cells in disease progress. Microglia comprise a unique subset of glial cells and are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a surface receptor that, within the CNS, is exclusively expressed on microglia and plays crucial roles in microglial proliferation, migration, activation, metabolism, and phagocytosis. Genetic evidence has linked TREM2 to neurodegenerative diseases including ALS, but its function in ALS pathogenesis is largely unknown. In this review, we summarize how microglial activation, with a specific focus on TREM2 function, affects ALS progression clinically and experimentally. Understanding microglial TREM2 function will help pinpoint the molecular target for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aivi Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Hakim R, Zachariadis V, Sankavaram SR, Han J, Harris RA, Brundin L, Enge M, Svensson M. Spinal Cord Injury Induces Permanent Reprogramming of Microglia into a Disease-Associated State Which Contributes to Functional Recovery. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8441-59. [PMID: 34417326 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0860-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident myeloid cells of the CNS. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has enabled description of a disease-associated microglia (DAM) with a role in neurodegeneration and demyelination. In this study, we use scRNAseq to investigate the temporal dynamics of immune cells harvested from the epicenter of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induced in female mice. We find that as a consequence of SCI, baseline microglia undergo permanent transcriptional reprogramming into a previously uncharacterized subtype of microglia with striking similarities to previously reported DAM as well as a distinct microglial state found during development. Using a microglia depletion model we showed that DAM in SCI are derived from baseline microglia and strongly enhance recovery of hindlimb locomotor function following injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although disease-associated microglia (DAM) have been the subject of strong research interest during recent years (Keren-Shaul, 2017; Jordão, 2019), their cellular origin and their role in “normal” acute injury processes is not well understood. Our work directly addresses the origin and the role of DAM in traumatic injury response. Further, we use a microglia depletion model to prove that DAM in spinal cord injury (SCI) are indeed derived from homeostatic microglia, and that they strongly enhance recovery. Thus, in this work we significantly expand the knowledge of immune response to traumatic injury, demonstrate the applicability to human injury via our unique access to injured human spinal cord tissue, and provide the community with a comprehensive dataset for further exploration.
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19
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Lau SF, Chen C, Fu WY, Qu JY, Cheung TH, Fu AKY, Ip NY. IL-33-PU.1 Transcriptome Reprogramming Drives Functional State Transition and Clearance Activity of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107530. [PMID: 32320664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of microglial clearance activity contributes to beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the transcriptome profile of microglia directs microglial functions, how the microglial transcriptome can be regulated to alleviate AD pathology is largely unknown. Here, we show that injection of interleukin (IL)-33 in an AD transgenic mouse model ameliorates Aβ pathology by reprogramming microglial epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles to induce a microglial subpopulation with enhanced phagocytic activity. These IL-33-responsive microglia (IL-33RMs) express a distinct transcriptome signature that is highlighted by increased major histocompatibility complex class II genes and restored homeostatic signature genes. IL-33-induced remodeling of chromatin accessibility and PU.1 transcription factor binding at the signature genes of IL-33RM control their transcriptome reprogramming. Specifically, disrupting PU.1-DNA interaction abolishes the microglial state transition and Aβ clearance that is induced by IL-33. Thus, we define a PU.1-dependent transcriptional pathway that drives the IL-33-induced functional state transition of microglia, resulting in enhanced Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fat Lau
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Congping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tom H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China.
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20
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Ochocka N, Kaminska B. Microglia Diversity in Healthy and Diseased Brain: Insights from Single-Cell Omics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3027. [PMID: 33809675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that have distinct ontogeny from other tissue macrophages and play a pivotal role in health and disease. Microglia rapidly react to the changes in their microenvironment. This plasticity is attributed to the ability of microglia to adapt a context-specific phenotype. Numerous gene expression profiling studies of immunosorted CNS immune cells did not permit a clear dissection of their phenotypes, particularly in diseases when peripheral cells of the immune system come to play. Only recent advances in single-cell technologies allowed studying microglia at high resolution and revealed a spectrum of discrete states both under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, CyTOF) enabled determining entire transcriptomes or the simultaneous quantification of >30 cellular parameters of thousands of individual cells. Single-cell omics studies demonstrated the unforeseen heterogeneity of microglia and immune infiltrates in brain pathologies: neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, depression, and brain tumors. We summarize the findings from those studies and the current state of knowledge of functional diversity of microglia under physiological and pathological conditions. A precise definition of microglia functions and phenotypes may be essential to design future immune-modulating therapies.
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21
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Shin JH, Hwang YS, Jung BK, Seo SH, Ham DW, Shin EH. Reduction of Amyloid Burden by Proliferated Homeostatic Microglia in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052764. [PMID: 33803262 PMCID: PMC7975980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we confirmed that the number of resident homeostatic microglia increases during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Given that the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) worsens with the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, which are eliminated through microglial phagocytosis, we hypothesized that T. gondii-induced microglial proliferation would reduce AD progression. Therefore, we investigated the association between microglial proliferation and Aβ plaque burden using brain tissues isolated from 5XFAD AD mice (AD group) and T. gondii-infected AD mice (AD + Toxo group). In the AD + Toxo group, amyloid plaque burden significantly decreased compared with the AD group; conversely, homeostatic microglial proliferation, and number of plaque-associated microglia significantly increased. As most plaque-associated microglia shifted to the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype in both AD and AD + Toxo groups and underwent apoptosis after the lysosomal degradation of phagocytosed Aβ plaques, this indicates that a sustained supply of homeostatic microglia is required for alleviating Aβ plaque burden. Thus, chronic T. gondii infection can induce microglial proliferation in the brains of mice with progressed AD; a sustained supply of homeostatic microglia is a promising prospect for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Young Sang Hwang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hwan Seo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Do-Won Ham
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-740-8344
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22
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Yang HS, Onos KD, Choi K, Keezer KJ, Skelly DA, Carter GW, Howell GR. Natural genetic variation determines microglia heterogeneity in wild-derived mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108739. [PMID: 33567283 PMCID: PMC7937391 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and genome-wide association studies suggest a central role for microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of microglia in mice, a key preclinical model, has shown mixed results regarding translatability to human studies. To address this, scRNA-seq of microglia from C57BL/6J (B6) and wild-derived strains (WSB/EiJ, CAST/EiJ, and PWK/PhJ) with and without APP/PS1 demonstrates that genetic diversity significantly alters features and dynamics of microglia in baseline neuroimmune functions and in response to amyloidosis. Results show significant variation in the abundance of microglial subtypes or states, including numbers of previously identified disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia, across the strains. For each subtype, significant differences in the expression of many genes are observed in wild-derived strains relative to B6, including 19 genes previously associated with human AD including Apoe, Trem2, and Sorl1. This resource is critical in the development of appropriately targeted therapeutics for AD and other neurological diseases. Neuroinflammation is a key component of Alzheimer’s disease. Yang et al. perform single-cell sequencing of microglia in wild-derived mouse strains that carry amyloid and show that these strains differ from the commonly used strains, exhibiting significant variation in abundance of microglial subtypes, including numbers of disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregory W Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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23
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Hashioka S, Inoue K, Takeshita H, Inagaki M. Do Alzheimer's Disease Risk Gene Products Actually Act in Microglia? Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:589196. [PMID: 33343331 PMCID: PMC7744292 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.589196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Hashioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Research and Education Faculty, Medical Sciences Cluster, Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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24
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Cheray M, Stratoulias V, Joseph B, Grabert K. The Rules of Engagement: Do Microglia Seal the Fate in the Inverse Relation of Glioma and Alzheimer's Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:522. [PMID: 31824268 PMCID: PMC6879422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, play a major role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and constantly screen the brain environment to detect any infection or damage. Once activated by a stimulus, microglial cells initiate an immune response followed by the resolution of brain inflammation. A failure or deviation in the housekeeping function of these guardian cells can lead to multiple diseases, including brain cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A small number of studies have investigated the causal relation of both diseases, thereby revealing an inverse relationship where cancer patients have a reduced risk to develop AD and vice versa. In this review, we aim to shed light on the role of microglia in the fate to develop specifically glioma as one type of cancer or AD. We will examine the common and/or opposing genetic predisposition as well as associated pathways of these diseases to unravel a possible involvement of microglia in the occurrence of either disease. Lastly, a set of guidelines will be proposed for future research and diagnostics to clarify and improve the knowledge on the role of microglia in the decision toward one pathology or another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cheray
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Li Q, Cheng Z, Zhou L, Darmanis S, Neff NF, Okamoto J, Gulati G, Bennett ML, Sun LO, Clarke LE, Marschallinger J, Yu G, Quake SR, Wyss-Coray T, Barres BA. Developmental Heterogeneity of Microglia and Brain Myeloid Cells Revealed by Deep Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Neuron 2018; 101:207-223.e10. [PMID: 30606613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized for their major contributions during brain development and neurodegenerative disease. It is currently unknown whether these functions are carried out by subsets of microglia during different stages of development and adulthood or within specific brain regions. Here, we performed deep single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of microglia and related myeloid cells sorted from various regions of embryonic, early postnatal, and adult mouse brains. We found that the majority of adult microglia expressing homeostatic genes are remarkably similar in transcriptomes, regardless of brain region. By contrast, early postnatal microglia are more heterogeneous. We discovered a proliferative-region-associated microglia (PAM) subset, mainly found in developing white matter, that shares a characteristic gene signature with degenerative disease-associated microglia (DAM). Such PAM have amoeboid morphology, are metabolically active, and phagocytose newly formed oligodendrocytes. This scRNA-seq atlas will be a valuable resource for dissecting innate immune functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Zuolin Cheng
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Norma F Neff
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Okamoto
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gunsagar Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lu O Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura E Clarke
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Marschallinger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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