1
|
Brown R, Matsunami H. Finding the sweet spot of the insect gustatory receptor. Structure 2024; 32:1029-1030. [PMID: 39121837 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Nature, Gomes et al.1 utilized structural, experimental, and computational biology to investigate the ligand-gated activation of BmGr9, an insect gustatory receptor specifically tuned to D-fructose. Together with two other studies published elsewhere, they are the first to describe how sugars bind to insect gustatory receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhodry Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen R, Zhang R, Li L, Wang B, Gao Z, Liu F, Chen Y, Tian Y, Li B, Chen Q. Structure basis for sugar specificity of gustatory receptors in insects. Cell Discov 2024; 10:83. [PMID: 39103325 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhu Chen
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bozhan Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fenglian Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yutao Tian
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine (AMT) & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Baobin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao J, Chen AQ, Ryu J, del Mármol J. Structural basis of odor sensing by insect heteromeric odorant receptors. Science 2024; 384:1460-1467. [PMID: 38870275 PMCID: PMC11235583 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn6384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Most insects, including human-targeting mosquitoes, detect odors through odorant-activated ion channel complexes consisting of a divergent odorant-binding subunit (OR) and a conserved co-receptor subunit (Orco). As a basis for understanding how odorants activate these heteromeric receptors, we report here cryo-electron microscopy structures of two different heteromeric odorant receptor complexes containing ORs from disease-vector mosquitos Aedes aegypti or Anopheles gambiae. These structures reveal an unexpected stoichiometry of one OR to three Orco subunits. Comparison of structures in odorant-bound and unbound states indicates that odorant binding to the sole OR subunit is sufficient to open the channel pore, suggesting a mechanism of OR activation and a conceptual framework for understanding evolution of insect odorant receptor sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Andy Q. Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Jaewook Ryu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Josefina del Mármol
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Cao S, Shi C, Guo M, Sun D, Liu Z, Xiu P, Wang Y, Wang G, Liu Y. The novel function of an orphan pheromone receptor reveals the sensory specializations of two potential distinct types of sex pheromones in noctuid moth. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:259. [PMID: 38878072 PMCID: PMC11335300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Sex pheromones play crucial role in mating behavior of moths, involving intricate recognition mechanisms. While insect chemical biology has extensively studied type I pheromones, type II pheromones remain largely unexplored. This study focused on Helicoverpa armigera, a representative species of noctuid moth, aiming to reassess its sex pheromone composition. Our research unveiled two previously unidentified candidate type II sex pheromones-3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,6Z,9Z-23:H-in H. armigera. Furthermore, we identified HarmOR11 as an orphan pheromone receptor of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H. Through AlphaFold2 structural prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidated the structural basis and key residues governing the sensory nuances of both type I and type II pheromone receptors, particularly HarmOR11 and HarmOR13. This study not only reveals the presence and recognition of candidate type II pheromones in a noctuid moth, but also establishes a comprehensive structural framework for PRs, contributing to the understanding of connections between evolutionary adaptations and the emergence of new pheromone types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Song Cao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mengbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Advanced College of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, 314499, China.
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Talross GJS, Carlson JR. Sugar detection in 3D: Structure of an insect gustatory receptor. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114166. [PMID: 38691457 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The insect gustatory receptors (Grs) are one of the largest families of ion channels in the animal kingdom. Frank et al.1 unveil the structure of a fructose-sensing Gr and provide insight into its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle J S Talross
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Whitehead SC, Sahai SY, Stonemetz J, Yapici N. Exploration-exploitation trade-off is regulated by metabolic state and taste value in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.594045. [PMID: 38798663 PMCID: PMC11118379 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.594045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Similar to other animals, the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, changes its foraging strategy from exploration to exploitation upon encountering a nutrient-rich food source. However, the impact of metabolic state or taste/nutrient value on exploration vs. exploitation decisions in flies is poorly understood. Here, we developed a one-source foraging assay that uses automated video tracking coupled with high-resolution measurements of food ingestion to investigate the behavioral variables flies use when foraging for food with different taste/caloric values and when in different metabolic states. We found that flies alter their foraging and ingestive behaviors based on their hunger state and the concentration of the sucrose solution. Interestingly, sugar-blind flies did not transition from exploration to exploitation upon finding a high-concentration sucrose solution, suggesting that taste sensory input, as opposed to post-ingestive nutrient feedback, plays a crucial role in determining the foraging decisions of flies. Using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM), we showed that hunger state and sugar volume ingested, but not the nutrient or taste value of the food, influence flies' radial distance to the food source, a strong indicator of exploitation. Our behavioral paradigm and theoretical framework offer a promising avenue for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying state and value-based foraging decisions in flies, setting the stage for systematically identifying the neuronal circuits that drive these behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Whitehead
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,14853, USA
- Current address: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Saumya Y. Sahai
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Current address: Amazon.com LLC, USA
| | - Jamie Stonemetz
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nilay Yapici
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Endo H, Tsuneto K, Mang D, Zhang W, Yamagishi T, Ito K, Nagata S, Sato R. Molecular basis of host plant recognition by silkworm larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 154:104628. [PMID: 38387524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects can identify their host plants by sensing plant secondary metabolites as chemical cues. We previously reported the two-factor host acceptance system of the silkworm Bombyx mori larvae. The chemosensory neurons in the maxillary palp (MP) of the larvae detect mulberry secondary metabolites, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and isoquercetin (ISQ), with ultrahigh sensitivity, for host plant recognition and feeding initiation. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the ultrasensitive sensing of these compounds remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that two gustatory receptors (Grs), BmGr6 and BmGr9, are responsible for sensing the mulberry compounds with attomolar sensitivity for host plant recognition by silkworm larvae. Calcium imaging assay using cultured cells expressing the silkworm putative sugar receptors (BmGr4-10) revealed that BmGr6 and BmGr9 serve as receptors for CGA and ISQ with attomolar sensitivity in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of BmGr6 and BmGr9 resulted in a low probability of making a test bite of the mulberry leaves, suggesting that they lost the ability to recognize host leaves. Electrophysiological recordings showed that the loss of host recognition ability in the Gr-KO strains was due to a drastic decrease in MP sensitivity toward ISQ in BmGr6-KO larvae and toward CGA and ISQ in BmGr9-KO larvae. Our findings have revealed that the two Grs, previously considered to be sugar receptors, are molecules responsible for detecting plant phenolics in host plant recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Kana Tsuneto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Dingze Mang
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Takayuki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu,Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gomes JV, Singh-Bhagania S, Cenci M, Chacon Cordon C, Singh M, Butterwick JA. The molecular basis of sugar detection by an insect taste receptor. Nature 2024; 629:228-234. [PMID: 38447670 PMCID: PMC11062906 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Animals crave sugars because of their energy potential and the pleasurable sensation of tasting sweetness. Yet all sugars are not metabolically equivalent, requiring mechanisms to detect and differentiate between chemically similar sweet substances. Insects use a family of ionotropic gustatory receptors to discriminate sugars1, each of which is selectively activated by specific sweet molecules2-6. Here, to gain insight into the molecular basis of sugar selectivity, we determined structures of Gr9, a gustatory receptor from the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmGr9), in the absence and presence of its sole activating ligand, D-fructose. These structures, along with structure-guided mutagenesis and functional assays, illustrate how D-fructose is enveloped by a ligand-binding pocket that precisely matches the overall shape and pattern of chemical groups in D-fructose. However, our computational docking and experimental binding assays revealed that other sugars also bind BmGr9, yet they are unable to activate the receptor. We determined the structure of BmGr9 in complex with one such non-activating sugar, L-sorbose. Although both sugars bind a similar position, only D-fructose is capable of engaging a bridge of two conserved aromatic residues that connects the pocket to the pore helix, inducing a conformational change that allows the ion-conducting pore to open. Thus, chemical specificity does not depend solely on the selectivity of the ligand-binding pocket, but it is an emergent property arising from a combination of receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric coupling. Our results support a model whereby coarse receptor tuning is derived from the size and chemical characteristics of the pocket, whereas fine-tuning of receptor activation is achieved through the selective engagement of an allosteric pathway that regulates ion conduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Matthew Cenci
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Chacon Cordon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manjodh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel A Butterwick
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Frank HM, Walujkar S, Walsh RM, Laursen WJ, Theobald DL, Garrity PA, Gaudet R. Structural basis of ligand specificity and channel activation in an insect gustatory receptor. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114035. [PMID: 38573859 PMCID: PMC11100771 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Gustatory receptors (GRs) are critical for insect chemosensation and are potential targets for controlling pests and disease vectors, making their structural investigation a vital step toward such applications. We present structures of Bombyx mori Gr9 (BmGr9), a fructose-gated cation channel, in agonist-free and fructose-bound states. BmGr9 forms a tetramer similar to distantly related insect odorant receptors (ORs). Upon fructose binding, BmGr9's channel gate opens through helix S7b movements. In contrast to ORs, BmGr9's ligand-binding pocket, shaped by a kinked helix S4 and a shorter extracellular S3-S4 loop, is larger and solvent accessible in both agonist-free and fructose-bound states. Also, unlike ORs, fructose binding by BmGr9 involves helix S5 and a pocket lined with aromatic and polar residues. Structure-based sequence alignments reveal distinct patterns of ligand-binding pocket residue conservation in GR subfamilies associated with different ligand classes. These data provide insight into the molecular basis of GR ligand specificity and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Frank
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sanket Walujkar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard M Walsh
- The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Willem J Laursen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | | | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arntsen C, Guillemin J, Audette K, Stanley M. Tastant-receptor interactions: insights from the fruit fly. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1394697. [PMID: 38665300 PMCID: PMC11043608 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1394697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Across species, taste provides important chemical information about potential food sources and the surrounding environment. As details about the chemicals and receptors responsible for gustation are discovered, a complex view of the taste system is emerging with significant contributions from research using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in Drosophila gustation and their relevance to taste research more broadly. Our goal is to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the first step of gustatory circuits: ligand-receptor interactions in primary taste cells. After an introduction to the Drosophila taste system and how it encodes the canonical taste modalities sweet, bitter, and salty, we describe recent insights into the complex nature of carboxylic acid and amino acid detection in the context of sour and umami taste, respectively. Our analysis extends to non-canonical taste modalities including metals, fatty acids, and bacterial components, and highlights unexpected receptors and signaling pathways that have recently been identified in Drosophila taste cells. Comparing the intricate molecular and cellular underpinnings of how ligands are detected in vivo in fruit flies reveals both specific and promiscuous receptor selectivity for taste encoding. Throughout this review, we compare and contextualize these Drosophila findings with mammalian research to not only emphasize the conservation of these chemosensory systems, but to demonstrate the power of this model organism in elucidating the neurobiology of taste and feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Molly Stanley
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| |
Collapse
|