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Fiske BE, Wemlinger SM, Crute BW, Getahun A. The Src-family kinase Lyn plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining B cell anergy by suppressing PI3K-dependent signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595208. [PMID: 38826354 PMCID: PMC11142063 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Although the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn is known to be involved in induction and maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance, the molecular basis of its action in this context remains unclear. This question has been approached using conventional as well as B cell-targeted knockouts of Lyn, with varied conclusions likely confused by collateral loss of Lyn functions in B cell and myeloid cell development and activation. Here we utilized a system in which Lyn gene deletion is tamoxifen inducible and B cell restricted. This system allows acute elimination of Lyn in B cells without off-target effects. This genetic tool was employed in conjunction with immunoglobulin transgenic mice in which peripheral B cells are autoreactive. DNA reactive Ars/A1 B cells require continuous inhibitory signaling, mediated by the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, to maintain an unresponsive (anergic) state. Here we show that Ars/A1 B cells require Lyn to establish and maintain B cell unresponsiveness. Lyn primarily functions by restricting PI3K-dependent signaling pathways. This Lyn-dependent mechanism complements the impact of reduced mIgM BCR expression to restrict BCR signaling in Ars/A1 B cells. Our findings suggest that a subset of autoreactive B cells requires Lyn to become anergic and that the autoimmunity associated with dysregulated Lyn function may, in part, be due to an inability of these autoreactive B cells to become tolerized.
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2
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Chen W, Hong SH, Jenks SA, Anam FA, Tipton CM, Woodruff MC, Hom JR, Cashman KS, Faliti CE, Wang X, Kyu S, Wei C, Scharer CD, Mi T, Hicks S, Hartson L, Nguyen DC, Khosroshahi A, Lee S, Wang Y, Bugrovsky R, Ishii Y, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Distinct transcriptomes and autocrine cytokines underpin maturation and survival of antibody-secreting cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1899. [PMID: 38429276 PMCID: PMC10907730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibody types, some of which are produced by long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Active SLE generates increased circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we examine the phenotypic, molecular, structural, and functional features of ASC in SLE. Relative to post-vaccination ASC in healthy controls, circulating blood ASC from patients with active SLE are enriched with newly generated mature CD19-CD138+ ASC, similar to bone marrow LLPC. ASC from patients with SLE displayed morphological features of premature maturation and a transcriptome epigenetically initiated in SLE B cells. ASC from patients with SLE exhibited elevated protein levels of CXCR4, CXCR3 and CD138, along with molecular programs that promote survival. Furthermore, they demonstrate autocrine production of APRIL and IL-10, which contributed to their prolonged in vitro survival. Our work provides insight into the mechanisms of generation, expansion, maturation and survival of SLE ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabliha A Anam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin S Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sakeenah Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louise Hartson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arezou Khosroshahi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saeyun Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youliang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regina Bugrovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yusho Ishii
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Simpson A, Jones SA, Fairfax KA. Intracellular Flow Cytometry ("Phosphoflow") to Assess Signal Transduction in Rare Populations Such As Memory B Cell Subsets and Plasma Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:151-163. [PMID: 39017892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular flow cytometry is a powerful technique that can be used to interrogate signalling in rare cellular populations. The strengths of the technique are that massively parallel readouts can be gained from thousands of single cells simultaneously, and the assay is fast and relatively straightforward. This plate-based protocol enables different doses and different timepoints of stimulation to be assessed and has been optimized for rare B cell populations. Combining this technique with high-dimensional flow cytometry enables multiple signalling proteins to be measured with high confidence.
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4
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Duan M, Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Saney CL, Tipton CM, Andrews J, Lonial S, Kim C, Hentenaar I, Kosters A, Ghosn E, Jackson A, Knechtle S, Maruthamuthu S, Chandran S, Martin T, Rajalingam R, Vincenti F, Breeden C, Sanz I, Gibson G, Lee FEH. Understanding heterogeneity of human bone marrow plasma cell maturation and survival pathways by single-cell analyses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112682. [PMID: 37355988 PMCID: PMC10391632 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow (BM) plasma cells are heterogeneous, ranging from newly arrived antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) to long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). We provide single-cell transcriptional resolution of 17,347 BM ASCs from five healthy adults. Fifteen clusters are identified ranging from newly minted ASCs (cluster 1) expressing MKI67 and high major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II that progress to late clusters 5-8 through intermediate clusters 2-4. Additional ASC clusters include the following: immunoglobulin (Ig) M predominant (likely of extra-follicular origin), interferon responsive, and high mitochondrial activity. Late ASCs are distinguished by G2M checkpoints, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, distinct metabolic pathways, CD38 expression, utilization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor superfamily members, and two distinct maturation pathways involving TNF signaling through nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This study provides a single-cell atlas and molecular roadmap of LLPC maturation trajectories essential in the BM microniche. Altogether, understanding BM ASC heterogeneity in health and disease enables development of new strategies to enhance protective ASCs and to deplete pathogenic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Andrews
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian Hentenaar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annette Jackson
- Departments of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Stalinraja Maruthamuthu
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu Chandran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Breeden
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Robinson MJ, Ding Z, Dowling MR, Hill DL, Webster RH, McKenzie C, Pitt C, O'Donnell K, Mulder J, Brodie E, Hodgkin PD, Wong NC, Quast I, Tarlinton DM. Intrinsically determined turnover underlies broad heterogeneity in plasma-cell lifespan. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00183-8. [PMID: 37164016 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies produced by antibody-secreting plasma cells (ASCs) underlie multiple forms of long-lasting immunity. Here we examined the mechanisms regulating ASC turnover and persistence using a genetic reporter to time-stamp ASCs. This approach revealed ASC lifespans as heterogeneous and falling on a continuum, with only a small fraction surviving for >60 days. ASC longevity past 60 days was independent of isotype but correlated with a phenotype that developed progressively and ultimately associated with an underlying "long-lived" ASC (LL ASC)-enriched transcriptional program. While some of the differences between LL ASCs and other ASCs appeared to be acquired with age, other features were shared with some younger ASCs, such as high CD138 and CD93. Turnover was unaffected by altered ASC production, arguing against competition for niches as a major driver of turnover. Thus, ASC turnover is set by intrinsic lifespan limits, with steady-state population dynamics governed by niche vacancy rather than displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rosela H Webster
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica Brodie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nick C Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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6
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Duan M, Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Saney CL, Tipton CM, Andrews J, Lonial S, Kim C, Hentenaar I, Kosters A, Ghosn E, Jackson A, Knechtle S, Maruthamuthu S, Chandran S, Martin T, Rajalingam R, Vincenti F, Breeden C, Sanz I, Gibson G, Eun-Hyung Lee F. Human Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Atlas: Maturation and Survival Pathways Unraveled by Single Cell Analyses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524601. [PMID: 36711623 PMCID: PMC9882341 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow (BM) plasma cells are heterogeneous, ranging from newly arrived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) to long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). We provide single cell transcriptional resolution of 17,347 BM ASC from 5 healthy adults. Fifteen clusters were identified ranging from newly minted ASC (cluster 1) expressing MKI67 and high MHC Class II that progressed to late clusters 5-8 through intermediate clusters 2-4. Additional clusters included early and late IgM-predominant ASC of likely extra-follicular origin; IFN-responsive; and high mitochondrial activity ASC. Late ASCs were distinguished by differences in G2M checkpoints, MTOR signaling, distinct metabolic pathways, CD38 expression, and utilization of TNF-receptor superfamily members. They mature through two distinct paths differentiated by the degree of TNF signaling through NFKB. This study provides the first single cell resolution atlas and molecular roadmap of LLPC maturation, thereby providing insight into differentiation trajectories and molecular regulation of these essential processes in the human BM microniche. This information enables investigation of the origin of protective and pathogenic antibodies in multiple diseases and development of new strategies targeted to the enhancement or depletion of the corresponding ASC. One Sentence Summary: The single cell transcriptomic atlas of human bone marrow plasma cell heterogeneity shows maturation of class-switched early and late subsets, specific IgM and Interferon-driven clusters, and unique heterogeneity of the late subsets which encompass the long-lived plasma cells.
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7
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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8
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Yeung L, Gottschalk TA, Hall P, Tsantikos E, Gallagher RH, Kitching AR, Hibbs ML, Wright MD, Hickey MJ. Tetraspanin CD53 modulates lymphocyte trafficking but not systemic autoimmunity in Lyn-deficient mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:1053-1066. [PMID: 34514627 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte-restricted tetraspanin CD53 has been shown to promote lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes (LNs) and myeloid cell recruitment to acutely inflamed peripheral organs, and accelerate the onset of immune-mediated disease. However, its contribution in the setting of chronic systemic autoimmunity has not been investigated. We made use of the Lyn-/- autoimmune model, generating Cd53-/- Lyn-/- mice, and compared trafficking of immune cells into secondary lymphoid organs and systemic autoimmune disease development with mice lacking either gene alone. Consistent with previous observations, absence of CD53 led to reduced LN cellularity via reductions in both B and T cells, a phenotype also observed in Cd53-/- Lyn-/- mice. In some settings, Cd53-/- Lyn-/- lymphocytes showed greater loss of surface L-selectin and CD69 upregulation above that imparted by Lyn deficiency alone, indicating that absence of these two proteins can mediate additive effects in the immune system. Conversely, prototypical effects of Lyn deficiency including splenomegaly, plasma cell expansion, elevated serum immunoglobulin M and anti-nuclear antibodies were unaffected by CD53 deficiency. Furthermore, while Lyn-/- mice developed glomerular injury and showed elevated glomerular neutrophil retention above than that in wild-type mice, absence of CD53 in Lyn-/- mice did not alter these responses. Together, these findings demonstrate that while tetraspanin CD53 promotes lymphocyte trafficking into LNs independent of Lyn, it does not make an important contribution to development of autoimmunity, plasma cell dysfunction or glomerular injury in the Lyn-/- model of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Yeung
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Gallagher
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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9
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Src Family Protein Kinase Controls the Fate of B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Inflammation 2020; 44:423-433. [PMID: 33037966 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 80 kinds of autoimmune diseases known at present, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as other disorders. Autoimmune diseases have a characteristic of immune responses directly attacking own tissues, leading to systematic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. B cells play a vital role in the development of autoimmune diseases and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells to secrete high-affinity antibody or provide long-lasting function. Drugs targeting B cells show good therapeutic effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody). Src family protein kinases (SFKs) are believed to play important roles in a variety of cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation of B cell via B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Lck/Yes-related novel protein tyrosine kinase (LYN), BLK (B lymphocyte kinase), and Fyn are three different kinds of SFKs mainly expressed in B cells. LYN has a dual role in the BCR signal. On the one hand, positive signals are beneficial to the development and maturation of B cells. On the other hand, LYN can also inhibit excessively activated B cells. BLK is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and immune tolerance of B lymphocytes, and further affects the function of B cells, which may lead to autoreactive or regulatory cellular responses, increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases. Fyn may affect the development of autoimmune disorders via the differentiation of B cells in the early stage of B cell development. This article reviews the recent advances of SFKs in B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases.
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10
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Robinson MJ, Webster RH, Tarlinton DM. How intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of plasma cell survival might intersect for durable humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Rosela H. Webster
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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11
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Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31024553 PMCID: PMC6464033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that plasma cells can become long-lived (memory) plasma cells and secrete antibodies for months, years or a lifetime. However, the mechanisms involved in this process of humoral memory, which is crucial for both protective immunity and autoimmunity, still are not fully understood. This article will address a number of open questions. For example: Is longevity of plasma cells due to their intrinsic competence, extrinsic factors, or a combination of both? Which internal signals are involved in this process? What factors provide external support? What survival factors play a part in inflammation and autoreactive disease? Internal and external factors that contribute to the maintenance of memory long-lived plasma cells will be discussed. The aim is to provide useful additional information about the maintenance of protective and autoreactive memory plasma cells that will help researchers design effective vaccines for the induction of life-long protection against infectious diseases and to efficiently target pathogenic memory plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Khodadadi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Role of the β Common (βc) Family of Cytokines in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028514. [PMID: 28716883 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The β common ([βc]/CD131) family of cytokines comprises granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-5, all of which use βc as their key signaling receptor subunit. This is a prototypic signaling subunit-sharing cytokine family that has unveiled many biological paradigms and structural principles applicable to the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 receptor families, all of which also share one or more signaling subunits. Originally identified for their functions in the hematopoietic system, the βc cytokines are now known to be truly pleiotropic, impacting on multiple cell types, organs, and biological systems, and thereby controlling the balance between health and disease. This review will focus on the emerging biological roles for the βc cytokines, our progress toward understanding the mechanisms of receptor assembly and signaling, and the application of this knowledge to develop exciting new therapeutic approaches against human disease.
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13
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Noviski M, Mueller JL, Satterthwaite A, Garrett-Sinha LA, Brombacher F, Zikherman J. IgM and IgD B cell receptors differentially respond to endogenous antigens and control B cell fate. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29521626 PMCID: PMC5897097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive B cells co-express two BCR isotypes, IgM and IgD, with identical antigen-binding domains but distinct constant regions. IgM but not IgD is downregulated on autoreactive B cells. Because these isotypes are presumed to be redundant, it is unknown how this could impose tolerance. We introduced the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling into mice that express each BCR isotype alone. Despite signaling strongly in vitro, IgD is less sensitive than IgM to endogenous antigen in vivo and developmental fate decisions are skewed accordingly. IgD-only Lyn-/- B cells cannot generate autoantibodies and short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) in vivo, a fate thought to be driven by intense BCR signaling induced by endogenous antigens. Similarly, IgD-only B cells generate normal germinal center, but impaired IgG1+ SLPC responses to T-dependent immunization. We propose a role for IgD in maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive B cells and restricting their differentiation into autoantibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James L Mueller
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town & Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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14
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Brodie EJ, Infantino S, Low MSY, Tarlinton DM. Lyn, Lupus, and (B) Lymphocytes, a Lesson on the Critical Balance of Kinase Signaling in Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:401. [PMID: 29545808 PMCID: PMC5837976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by increased sensitivity to self-antigens, auto-antibody production, and systemic inflammation. B cells have been implicated in disease progression and as such represent an attractive therapeutic target. Lyn is a Src family tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in regulating signaling pathways within B cells as well as other hematopoietic cells. Its role in initiating negative signaling cascades is especially critical as exemplified by Lyn-/- mice developing an SLE-like disease with plasma cell hyperplasia, underscoring the importance of tightly regulating signaling within B cells. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the function of the Src family tyrosine kinase Lyn in B lymphocytes and its contribution to positive and negative signaling pathways that are dysregulated in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Brodie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S. Y. Low
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Monash Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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16
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Jia X, Chen J, Megger DA, Zhang X, Kozlowski M, Zhang L, Fang Z, Li J, Chu Q, Wu M, Li Y, Sitek B, Yuan Z. Label-free Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes Derived from Inducible Hepatitis B Virus-Replicating HepAD38 Cell Line. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S144-S160. [PMID: 28242843 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that some viruses can manipulate the infection process by packing specific viral and cellular components into exosomes, small nanometer-sized (30-150 nm) vesicles secreted from various cells. However, the impact of HBV replication on the content of exosomes produced by hepatocytes has not been fully delineated. In this work, an HBV-inducible cell line HepAD38 was used to directly compare changes in the protein content of exosomes secreted from HepAD38 cells with or without HBV replication. Exosomes were isolated from supernantants of HepAD38 cells cultured with or without doxycycline (dox) and their purity was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western immunoblotting assays. Ion-intensity based label-free LC-MS/MS quantitation technologies were applied to analyze protein content of exosomes from HBV replicating cells [referred as HepAD38 (dox-)-exo] and from HBV nonreplicating cells [referred as HepAD38 (dox+)-exo]. A total of 1412 exosomal protein groups were identified, among which the abundance of 35 proteins was significantly changed following HBV replication. Strikingly, 5 subunit proteins from the 26S proteasome complex, including PSMC1, PSMC2, PSMD1, PSMD7 and PSMD14 were consistently enhanced in HepAD38 (dox-)-exo. Bioinformatic analysis of differential exosomal proteins confirmed the significant enrichment of components involved in the proteasomal catabolic process. Proteasome activity assays further suggested that HepAD38 (dox-)-exo had enhanced proteolytic activity compared with HepAD38 (dox+)-exo. Furthermore, human peripheral monocytes incubated with HepAD38 (dox-)-exo induced a significantly lower level of IL-6 secretion compared with IL-6 levels from HepAD38 (dox+)-exo. Irreversible inhibition of proteasomal activity within exosomes restored higher production of IL-6 by monocytes, suggesting that transmission of proteasome subunit proteins by HepAD38 (dox-)-exo might modulate the production of pro-inflammatory molecules in the recipient monocytes. These results revealed the composition and potential function of exosomes produced during HBV replication, thus providing a new perspective on the role of exosomes in HBV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Jia
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Dominik A Megger
- §Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Maya Kozlowski
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhong Fang
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jin Li
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qiaofang Chu
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Min Wu
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yaming Li
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Barbara Sitek
- §Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- From the ‡Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
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17
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Wang X, Li Y, Luo D, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhong N, Wu M, Li G. Lyn regulates mucus secretion and MUC5AC via the STAT6 signaling pathway during allergic airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42675. [PMID: 28205598 PMCID: PMC5312001 DOI: 10.1038/srep42675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretion of mucus is an important component of airway remodeling and contributes to the mucus plugs and airflow obstruction associated with severe asthma phenotypes. Lyn has been shown to down-regulate allergen-induced airway inflammation. However, the role of Lyn in mucin gene expression remains unresolved. In this study, we first demonstrate that Lyn overexpression decreased the mucus hypersecretion and levels of the muc5ac transcript in mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA). Lyn overexpression also decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the levels of IL-13 and IL-4 in OVA-challenged airways. Whereas Lyn knockdown increased the IL-4 or IL-13-induced MUC5AC transcript and protein levels in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, 16HBE, Lyn overexpression decreased IL-4- or IL-13-induced MUC5AC transcript and protein levels. Overexpression of Lyn also decreased the expression and phosphorylation of STAT6 in OVA-exposed mice, whereas Lyn knockdown increased STAT6 and MUC5AC levels in 16HBE cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that Lyn overexpression decreased the binding of STAT6 to the promoter region of Muc5ac in mice exposed to OVA. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Lyn overexpression ameliorated airway mucus hypersecretion by down-regulating STAT6 and its binding to the MUC5AC promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Li
- The First Clinic College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Deyu Luo
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Disease, Ghuangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9037, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
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18
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Gottschalk TA, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML. Pathogenic Inflammation and Its Therapeutic Targeting in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:550. [PMID: 26579125 PMCID: PMC4623412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is a highly complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease that most often afflicts women in their child-bearing years. It is characterized by circulating self-reactive antibodies that deposit in tissues, including skin, kidneys, and brain, and the ensuing inflammatory response can lead to irreparable tissue damage. Over many years, clinical trials in SLE have focused on agents that control B- and T-lymphocyte activation, and, with the single exception of an agent known as belimumab which targets the B-cell survival factor BAFF, they have been disappointing. At present, standard therapy for SLE with mild disease is the agent hydroxychloroquine. During disease flares, steroids are often used, while the more severe manifestations with major organ involvement warrant potent, broad-spectrum immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate. Current treatments have severe and dose-limiting toxicities and thus a more specific therapy targeting a causative factor or signaling pathway would be greatly beneficial in SLE treatment. Moreover, the ability to control inflammation alongside B-cell activation may be a superior approach for disease control. There has been a recent focus on the innate immune system and associated inflammation, which has uncovered key players in driving the pathogenesis of SLE. Delineating some of these intricate inflammatory mechanisms has been possible with studies using spontaneous mouse mutants and genetically engineered mice. These strains, to varying degrees, exhibit hallmarks of the human disease and therefore have been utilized to model human SLE and to test new drugs. Developing a better understanding of the initiation and perpetuation of disease in SLE may uncover suitable novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the involvement of inflammation in SLE disease pathogenesis, with a focus on several key proinflammatory cytokines and myeloid growth factors, and review the known outcomes or the potential for targeting these factors in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gottschalk
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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19
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Diversity, cellular origin and autoreactivity of antibody-secreting cell population expansions in acute systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:755-65. [PMID: 26006014 PMCID: PMC4512288 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute SLE courses with antibody-secreting cells (ASC) surges whose origin, diversity, and contribution to serum autoantibodies remain unknown. Deep sequencing, autoantibody proteome and single-cell analysis demonstrated highly diversified ASC punctuated by VH4-34 clones that produce dominant serum autoantibodies. A fraction of ASC clones contained unmutated autoantibodies, a finding consistent with differentiation outside the germinal centers. A substantial ASC segment derived from a distinct subset of newly activated naïve cells of significant clonality that persist in the circulation for several months. Thus, selection of SLE autoreactivities occurred during polyclonal activation with prolonged recruitment of recently activated naïve B cells. These findings shed light into SLE pathogenesis, help explain the benefit of anti-B cell agents and facilitate the design of future therapies.
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