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Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111826. [PMID: 35681521 PMCID: PMC9180493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.
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2
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Joseph TT, Bu W, Lin W, Zoubak L, Yeliseev A, Liu R, Eckenhoff RG, Brannigan G. Ketamine Metabolite (2 R,6 R)-Hydroxynorketamine Interacts with μ and κ Opioid Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1487-1497. [PMID: 33905229 PMCID: PMC8154314 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
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Ketamine is an anesthetic,
analgesic, and antidepressant whose
secondary metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine
(HNK) has N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor-independent
antidepressant activity in a rodent model. In humans, naltrexone attenuates
its antidepressant effect, consistent with opioid pathway involvement.
No detailed biophysical description is available of opioid receptor
binding of ketamine or its metabolites. Using molecular dynamics simulations
with free energy perturbation, we characterize the binding site and
affinities of ketamine and metabolites in μ and κ opioid
receptors, finding a profound effect of the protonation state. G-protein
recruitment assays show that HNK is an inverse agonist, attenuated
by naltrexone, in these receptors with IC50 values congruous
with our simulations. Overall, our findings are consistent with opioid
pathway involvement in ketamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wenzhen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lioudmila Zoubak
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alexei Yeliseev
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roderic G. Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
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3
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Perez-Aguilar JM, Kang SG, Zhang L, Zhou R. Modeling and Structural Characterization of the Sweet Taste Receptor Heterodimer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4579-4592. [PMID: 31553164 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptor, a heterodimer belonging to the class C G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family and composed of the T1R2 and T1R3 subunits, is responsible for the perception of natural sugars, sweet proteins, various d-amino acids, as well as artificial sweeteners. Despite the critical importance of the sweet receptor not only in mediating gustation but also in its role in the food industry, the architecture of the T1R2-T1R3 complex and the mechanism by which extracellular stimuli induce conformational changes that are propagated to the intracellular milieu, i.e., the signal transduction pathway, remain largely unknown. Here, we constructed and characterized a full-length structural model of the T1R2-T1R3 receptor, including both the transmembrane (TM) and extracellular (EC) domains of the heterodimer, using comparative modeling and extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Several heterodimer interfaces were first examined for the TM domain, and conformational changes occurring at the intracellular side and associated with the receptor's activation were characterized. From the analysis on the simulated data, putative allosteric binding sites for ligands, ions, and cholesterol were proposed. Also, insights into the protein interface of the TM domain upon activation are provided. The EC domain of the heterodimer, including both the Venus flytrap and cysteine-rich domains, was also investigated. Several important intersubunit interactions located at regions responsible for the receptor's proper function were observed, which resemble those recently identified in other class C GPCR members. Integration of the results from the TM and EC domains facilitates the generation of a full-length T1R2-T1R3 receptor. These findings along with the full-length structural model of the T1R2-T1R3 receptor provide a structural framework that may assist in understanding the mechanistic details associated with the receptor activation process for the sweet T1R2-T1R3 receptor as well as other members of the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Seung-gu Kang
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Leili Zhang
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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4
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Abstract
Olfactory and taste receptors are expressed primarily in the nasal olfactory epithelium and gustatory taste bud cells, where they transmit real-time sensory signals to the brain. However, they are also expressed in multiple extra-nasal and extra-oral tissues, being implicated in diverse biological processes including sperm chemotaxis, muscle regeneration, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation, inflammation, appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Elucidation of the physiological roles of these ectopic receptors is revealing potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in conditions including wounds, hair loss, asthma, obesity and cancers. This Review outlines current understanding of the diverse functions of ectopic olfactory and taste receptors and assesses their potential to be therapeutically exploited.
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Yuan S, Dahoun T, Brugarolas M, Pick H, Filipek S, Vogel H. Computational modeling of the olfactory receptor Olfr73 suggests a molecular basis for low potency of olfactory receptor-activating compounds. Commun Biol 2019; 2:141. [PMID: 31044166 PMCID: PMC6478719 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system uses hundreds of specialized G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) to discriminate a nearly unlimited number of odorants. Cognate agonists of most ORs have not yet been identified and potential non-olfactory processes mediated by ORs are unknown. Here, we used molecular modeling, fingerprint interaction analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to show that the binding pocket of the prototypical olfactory receptor Olfr73 is smaller, but more flexible, than binding pockets of typical non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors. We extended our modeling to virtual screening of a library of 1.6 million compounds against Olfr73. Our screen predicted 25 Olfr73 agonists beyond traditional odorants, of which 17 compounds, some with therapeutic potential, were validated in cell-based assays. Our modeling suggests a molecular basis for reduced interaction contacts between an odorant and its OR and thus the typical low potency of OR-activating compounds. These results provide a proof-of-principle for identifying novel therapeutic OR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomodelling, Faculty of Chemistry & Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uni-versity of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thamani Dahoun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Brugarolas
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Laboratory of Biomodelling, Faculty of Chemistry & Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uni-versity of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Jiang-Xie LF, Yin L, Zhao S, Prevosto V, Han BX, Dzirasa K, Wang F. A Common Neuroendocrine Substrate for Diverse General Anesthetics and Sleep. Neuron 2019; 102:1053-1065.e4. [PMID: 31006556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How general anesthesia (GA) induces loss of consciousness remains unclear, and whether diverse anesthetic drugs and sleep share a common neural pathway is unknown. Previous studies have revealed that many GA drugs inhibit neural activity through targeting GABA receptors. Here, using Fos staining, ex vivo brain slice recording, and in vivo multi-channel electrophysiology, we discovered a core ensemble of hypothalamic neurons in and near the supraoptic nucleus, consisting primarily of neuroendocrine cells, which are persistently and commonly activated by multiple classes of GA drugs. Remarkably, chemogenetic or brief optogenetic activations of these anesthesia-activated neurons (AANs) strongly promote slow-wave sleep and potentiates GA, whereas conditional ablation or inhibition of AANs led to diminished slow-wave oscillation, significant loss of sleep, and shortened durations of GA. These findings identify a common neural substrate underlying diverse GA drugs and natural sleep and reveal a crucial role of the neuroendocrine system in regulating global brain states. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Jiang-Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luping Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vincent Prevosto
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bao-Xia Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kafui Dzirasa
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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7
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Jacobson GM, Voss LJ, Klockars A, Bird S, Dimitrov I, Denny WA, Olszewski PK, Sleigh JW, Harvey MG. Transcriptional changes in response to ketamine ester-analogs SN 35210 and SN 35563 in the rat brain. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:281. [PMID: 30971208 PMCID: PMC6458767 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine ester analogs, SN 35210 and SN 35563, demonstrate different pharmacological profiles to ketamine in animal models. Both confer hypnosis with predictably rapid offset yet, paradoxically, SN35563 induces a prolonged anti-nociceptive state. To explore underlying mechanisms, broad transcriptome changes were measured and compared across four relevant target regions of the rat brain. Results SN 35563 produced large-scale alteration of gene expression in the Basolateral Amygdala (BLA) and Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus (PVT), in excess of 10x that induced by ketamine and SN 35210. A smaller and quantitatively similar number of gene changes were observed in the Insula (INS) and Nucleus Accumbens (ACB) for all three agents. In the BLA and PVT, SN 35563 caused enrichment for gene pathways related to the function and structure of glutamatergic synapses in respect to: release of neurotransmitter, configuration of postsynaptic AMPA receptors, and the underlying cytoskeletal scaffolding and alignment. Conclusion The analgesic ketamine ester analog SN 35563 induces profound large-scale changes in gene expression in key pain-related brain regions reflecting its unique prolonged pharmacodynamic profile. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5649-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Jacobson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Logan J Voss
- Waikato District Health Board, Pembroke Street, Hamilton, 3204, New Zealand
| | - Anica Klockars
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - Steve Bird
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Dimitrov
- The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Pawel K Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
| | - James W Sleigh
- Waikato District Health Board, Pembroke Street, Hamilton, 3204, New Zealand
| | - Martyn G Harvey
- Waikato District Health Board, Pembroke Street, Hamilton, 3204, New Zealand
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8
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Zhang L, Yuan Y, Ren T, Guo Y, Li C, Pu X. Shining Light on Molecular Mechanism for Odor-selectivity of CNT-immobilized Olfactory Receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7824. [PMID: 29777138 PMCID: PMC5959861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR)-based bioelectronic nose is a new type of bio-affinity sensor applied for detecting numerous odorant molecules. In order to elucidate the effect of the adsorption of nanomaterial carriers on the receptor structure and its selectivity to odors, we used a systematic computation-scheme to study two OR models immobilized onto carbon nanotube. Our result indicates that there is a multistep OR-adsorption process driven by hydrophobic interaction. Many allosteric communication pathways exist between the absorbed residues and the pocket ones, leading to a significant shrinkage of the pocket. Consequently, the size-selectivity of the receptor to the odors is changed to some extent. But, the odor size and its hydrophobicity, rather than specific functional groups of the odor, still play a determinant role in binding OR, at least for the 132 odors under study. Regardless of the limitation for the odor size in initial recognition, the different-size odors could induce significant changes in the pocket conformation so that it could better match the pocket space, indicating the importance of the ligand-fit binding. Due to the CNT-induced shrinkage of the pocket, the CNT immobilization could increase the binding affinity through enhancing van der Waals interaction, in particular for the large odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tian Ren
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Li
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China.
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9
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Wolf S, Gelis L, Dörrich S, Hatt H, Kraft P. Evidence for a shape-based recognition of odorants in vivo in the human nose from an analysis of the molecular mechanism of lily-of-the-valley odorants detection in the Lilial and Bourgeonal family using the C/Si/Ge/Sn switch strategy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182147. [PMID: 28763484 PMCID: PMC5538716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed an analysis of possible mechanisms of ligand recognition in the human nose. The analysis is based on in vivo odor threshold determination and in vitro Ca2+ imaging assays with a C/Si/Ge/Sn switch strategy applied to the compounds Lilial and Bourgeonal, to differentiate between different molecular mechanisms of odorant detection. Our results suggest that odorant detection under threshold conditions is mainly based on the molecular shape, i.e. the van der Waals surface, and electrostatics of the odorants. Furthermore, we show that a single olfactory receptor type is responsible for odor detection of Bourgeonal at the threshold level in humans in vivo. Carrying out a QM analysis of vibrational energies contained in the odorants, there is no evidence for a vibration-based recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cellphysiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Dörrich
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellphysiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Philip Kraft
- Fragrance Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Common general anesthetic propofol impairs kinesin processivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4281-E4287. [PMID: 28484025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701482114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is the most widely used i.v. general anesthetic to induce and maintain anesthesia. It is now recognized that this small molecule influences ligand-gated channels, including the GABAA receptor and others. Specific propofol binding sites have been mapped using photoaffinity ligands and mutagenesis; however, their precise target interaction profiles fail to provide complete mechanistic underpinnings for the anesthetic state. These results suggest that propofol and other common anesthetics, such as etomidate and ketamine, may target additional protein networks of the CNS to contribute to the desired and undesired anesthesia end points. Some evidence for anesthetic interactions with the cytoskeleton exists, but the molecular motors have received no attention as anesthetic targets. We have recently discovered that propofol inhibits conventional kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-2 KIF3AB and KIF3AC, causing a significant reduction in the distances that these processive kinesins can travel. These microtubule-based motors are highly expressed in the CNS and the major anterograde transporters of cargos, such as mitochondria, synaptic vesicle precursors, neurotransmitter receptors, cell signaling and adhesion molecules, and ciliary intraflagellar transport particles. The single-molecule results presented show that the kinesin processive stepping distance decreases 40-60% with EC50 values <100 nM propofol without an effect on velocity. The lack of a velocity effect suggests that propofol is not binding at the ATP site or allosteric sites that modulate microtubule-activated ATP turnover. Rather, we propose that a transient propofol allosteric site forms when the motor head binds to the microtubule during stepping.
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11
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Xiao Z, Riccardi D, Velazquez HA, Chin AL, Yates CR, Carrick JD, Smith JC, Baudry J, Quarles LD. A computationally identified compound antagonizes excess FGF-23 signaling in renal tubules and a mouse model of hypophosphatemia. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra113. [PMID: 27879395 PMCID: PMC6544179 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) interacts with a binary receptor complex composed of α-Klotho (α-KL) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) to regulate phosphate and vitamin D metabolism in the kidney. Excess FGF-23 production, which causes hypophosphatemia, is genetically inherited or occurs with chronic kidney disease. Among other symptoms, hypophosphatemia causes vitamin D deficiency and the bone-softening disorder rickets. Current therapeutics that target the receptor complex have limited utility clinically. Using a computationally driven, structure-based, ensemble docking and virtual high-throughput screening approach, we identified four novel compounds predicted to selectively inhibit FGF-23-induced activation of the FGFR/α-KL complex. Additional modeling and functional analysis found that Zinc13407541 bound to FGF-23 and disrupted its interaction with the FGFR1/α-KL complex; experiments in a heterologous cell expression system showed that Zinc13407541 selectivity inhibited α-KL-dependent FGF-23 signaling. Zinc13407541 also inhibited FGF-23 signaling in isolated renal tubules ex vivo and partially reversed the hypophosphatemic effects of excess FGF-23 in a mouse model. These chemical probes provide a platform to develop lead compounds to treat disorders caused by excess FGF-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA
| | - Demian Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry, Earlham College, 801 National Road West, Richmond, IN 47374, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hector A Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - Ai L Chin
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Charles R Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA.
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12
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13
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Abstract
The findings of Ho et al. in this issue of Science Signaling suggest that the anesthetic ketamine binds to and activates select olfactory receptors in mouse brain, raising the possibility that ketamine targets a similar set of GPCRs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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