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Singh A, Cheng D, Swaminathan J, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Gordon N, Gopalakrishnan V. REST-dependent downregulation of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor promotes autophagy in SHH-medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13596. [PMID: 38866867 PMCID: PMC11169471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a driver of sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma genesis. Our previous studies showed that REST enhances cell proliferation, metastasis and vascular growth and blocks neuronal differentiation to drive progression of SHH medulloblastoma tumors. Here, we demonstrate that REST promotes autophagy, a pathway that is found to be significantly enriched in human medulloblastoma tumors relative to normal cerebella. In SHH medulloblastoma tumor xenografts, REST elevation is strongly correlated with increased expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α)-a positive regulator of autophagy, and with reduced expression of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein - a component of an E3 ligase complex that ubiquitinates HIF1α. Human SHH-medulloblastoma tumors with higher REST expression exhibit nuclear localization of HIF1α, in contrast to its cytoplasmic localization in low-REST tumors. In vitro, REST knockdown promotes an increase in VHL levels and a decrease in cytoplasmic HIF1α protein levels, and autophagy flux. In contrast, REST elevation causes a decline in VHL levels, as well as its interaction with HIF1α, resulting in a reduction in HIF1α ubiquitination and an increase in autophagy flux. These data suggest that REST elevation promotes autophagy in SHH medulloblastoma cells by modulating HIF1α ubiquitination and stability in a VHL-dependent manner. Thus, our study is one of the first to connect VHL to REST-dependent control of autophagy in a subset of medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donghang Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jyothishmathi Swaminathan
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nancy Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Ave, S3.8344 Mitchell BSRB, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Sokolov D, Sharda N, Banerjee A, Denisenko K, Basalious EB, Shukla H, Waddell J, Hamdy NM, Banerjee A. Differential Signaling Pathways in Medulloblastoma: Nano-biomedicine Targeting Non-coding Epigenetics to Improve Current and Future Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:31-47. [PMID: 38151840 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128277350231219062154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastomas (MDB) are malignant, aggressive brain tumors that primarily affect children. The survival rate for children under 14 is approximately 72%, while for ages 15 to 39, it is around 78%. A growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of signaling mechanisms and noncoding RNA epigenetics play a pivotal role in this disease. METHODOLOGY This study conducted an electronic search of articles on websites like PubMed and Google. The current review also used an in silico databases search and bioinformatics analysis and an extensive comprehensive literature search for original research articles and review articles as well as retrieval of current and future medications in clinical trials. RESULTS This study indicates that several signaling pathways, such as sonic hedgehog, WNT/β-catenin, unfolded protein response mediated ER stress, notch, neurotrophins and TGF-β and ERK, MAPK, and ERK play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MDB. Gene and ncRNA/protein are also involved as an axis long ncRNA to sponge micro-RNAs that affect downstream signal proteins expression and translation affection disease pathophysiology, prognosis and present potential target hit for drug repurposing. Current treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy; unfortunately, the disease often relapses, and the survival rate is less than 5%. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective treatments to combat recurrence and improve survival rates. CONCLUSION This review describes various MDB disease hallmarks, including the signaling mechanisms involved in pathophysiology, related-causal genes, epigenetics, downstream genes/epigenes, and possibly the causal disease genes/non-protein coding (nc)RNA/protein axis. Additionally, the challenges associated with MDB treatment are discussed, along with how they are being addressed using nano-technology and nano-biomedicine, with a listing of possible treatment options and future potential treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Sokolov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neha Sharda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aindrila Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kseniia Denisenko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Emad B Basalious
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Al Kasr Al Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hem Shukla
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
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3
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Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Luan Y, Zhang H, Ma K, Liu Y, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang Z. CCN3/NOV Regulates Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation in Mouse Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells via the Activation of the Notch/PTEN/AKT Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10324. [PMID: 37373471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the subgranular zone (SGZ) throughout the lifespan and hold immense potential for the repair and regeneration of the central nervous system, including hippocampal-related diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that cellular communication network protein 3 (CCN3) regulates multiple types of stem cells. However, the role of CCN3 in NSCs remains unknown. In this study, we identified CCN3 expression in mouse hippocampal NSCs and observed that supplementing CCN3 improved cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, in vivo results showed that the injection of CCN3 in the dentate gyrus (DG) increased Ki-67- and SOX2-positive cells while decreasing neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj1) and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells. Consistently with the in vivo results, supplementing CCN3 in the medium increased the number of BrdU and Ki-67 cells and the proliferation index but decreased the number of Tuj1 and DCX cells. Conversely, both the in vivo and in vitro knockdown of the Ccn3 gene in NSCs had opposite effects. Further investigations revealed that CCN3 promoted cleaved Notch1 (NICD) expression, leading to the suppression of PTEN expression and eventual promotion of AKT activation. In contrast, Ccn3 knockdown inhibited the activation of the Notch/PTEN/AKT pathway. Finally, the effects of changes in CCN3 protein expression on NSC proliferation and differentiation were eliminated by FLI-06 (a Notch inhibitor) and VO-OH (a PTEN inhibitor). Our findings imply that while promoting proliferation, CCN3 inhibits the neuronal differentiation of mouse hippocampal NSCs and that the Notch/PTEN/AKT pathway may be a potential intracellular target of CCN3. Our findings may help develop strategies to enhance the intrinsic potential for brain regeneration after injuries, particularly stem cell treatment for hippocampal-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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5
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Loi E, Moi L, Zavattari P. DNA methylation alterations at RE1-silencing transcription factor binding sites and their flanking regions in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:98. [PMID: 37301955 PMCID: PMC10257853 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation changes, frequent early events in cancer, can modulate the binding of transcription factors. RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays a fundamental role in regulating the expression of neuronal genes, and in particular their silencing in non-neuronal tissues, by inducing chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation changes, not only in the proximity of its binding sites but also in the flanking regions. REST has been found aberrantly expressed in brain cancer and other cancer types. In this work, we investigated DNA methylation alterations at REST binding sites and their flanking regions in a brain cancer (pilocytic astrocytoma), two gastrointestinal tumours (colorectal cancer and biliary tract cancer) and a blood cancer (chronic lymphocytic leukemia). RESULTS Differential methylation analyses focused on REST binding sites and their flanking regions were conducted between tumour and normal samples from our experimental datasets analysed by Illumina microarrays and the identified alterations were validated using publicly available datasets. We discovered distinct DNA methylation patterns between pilocytic astrocytoma and the other cancer types in agreement with the opposite oncogenic and tumour suppressive role of REST in glioma and non-brain tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that these DNA methylation alterations in cancer may be associated with REST dysfunction opening the enthusiastic possibility to develop novel therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of this master regulator in order to restore the aberrant methylation of its target regions into a normal status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
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6
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Xia B, Viswanatha R, Hu Y, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. Pooled genome-wide CRISPR activation screening for rapamycin resistance genes in Drosophila cells. eLife 2023; 12:e85542. [PMID: 37078570 PMCID: PMC10118385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic perturbations provide valuable insights into gene function. In Drosophila cells, while genome-wide loss-of-function screens have been extensively used to reveal mechanisms of a variety of biological processes, approaches for performing genome-wide gain-of-function screens are still lacking. Here, we describe a pooled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screening platform in Drosophila cells and apply this method to both focused and genome-wide screens to identify rapamycin resistance genes. The screens identified three genes as novel rapamycin resistance genes: a member of the SLC16 family of monocarboxylate transporters (CG8468), a member of the lipocalin protein family (CG5399), and a zinc finger C2H2 transcription factor (CG9932). Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CG5399 overexpression activates the RTK-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and that activation of insulin receptor (InR) by CG5399 requires cholesterol and clathrin-coated pits at the cell membrane. This study establishes a novel platform for functional genetic studies in Drosophila cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Xia
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Raghuvir Viswanatha
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
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7
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Tang C, Hou YX, Shi PX, Zhu CH, Lu X, Wang XL, Que LL, Zhu GQ, Liu L, Chen Q, Li CF, Xu Y, Li JT, Li YH. Cardiomyocyte-specific Peli1 contributes to the pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis through miR-494-3p-dependent exosomal communication. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22699. [PMID: 36520055 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200597r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is an essential pathological process in pressure overload (PO)-induced heart failure. Recently, myocyte-fibroblast communication is proven to be critical in heart failure, in which, pathological growth of cardiomyocytes (CMs) may promote fibrosis via miRNAs-containing exosomes (Exos). Peli1 regulates the activation of NF-κB and AP-1, which has been demonstrated to engage in miRNA transcription in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that Peli1 in CMs regulates the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) through an exosomal miRNA-mediated paracrine mechanism, thereby promoting cardiac fibrosis. We found that CM-conditional deletion of Peli1 improved PO-induced cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, Exos from mechanical stretch (MS)-induced WT CMs (WT MS-Exos) promote activation of CFs, Peli1-/- MS-Exos reversed it. Furthermore, miRNA microarray and qPCR analysis showed that miR-494-3p was increased in WT MS-Exos while being down regulated in Peli1-/- MS-Exos. Mechanistically, Peli1 promoted miR-494-3p expression via NF-κB/AP-1 in CMs, and then miR-494-3p induced CFs activation by inhibiting PTEN and amplifying the phosphorylation of AKT, SMAD2/3, and ERK. Collectively, our study suggests that CMs Peli1 contributes to myocardial fibrosis via CMs-derived miR-494-3p-enriched exosomes under PO, and provides a potential exosomal miRNA-based therapy for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai JiaoTong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wang
- Center of Clinical Research, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lin-Li Que
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Fu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Swaminathan J, Maegawa S, Shaik S, Sharma A, Bravo-Alegria J, Guo L, Xu L, Harmanci A, Gopalakrishnan V. Cross-Talk Between Histone Methyltransferases and Demethylases Regulate REST Transcription During Neurogenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855167. [PMID: 35600406 PMCID: PMC9120943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) is a major regulator of neurogenesis and brain development. Medulloblastoma (MB) is a pediatric brain cancer characterized by a blockade of neuronal specification. REST gene expression is aberrantly elevated in a subset of MBs that are driven by constitutive activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in cerebellar granular progenitor cells (CGNPs), the cells of origin of this subgroup of tumors. To understand its transcriptional deregulation in MBs, we first studied control of Rest gene expression during neuronal differentiation of normal mouse CGNPs. Higher Rest expression was observed in proliferating CGNPs compared to differentiating neurons. Interestingly, two Rest isoforms were expressed in CGNPs, of which only one showed a significant reduction in expression during neurogenesis. In proliferating CGNPs, higher MLL4 and KDM7A activities opposed by the repressive polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and the G9A/G9A-like protein (GLP) complex function allowed Rest homeostasis. During differentiation, reduction in MLL4 enrichment on chromatin, in conjunction with an increase in PRC2/G9A/GLP/KDM7A activities promoted a decline in Rest expression. These findings suggest a lineage-context specific paradoxical role for KDM7A in the regulation of Rest expression in CGNPs. In human SHH-MBs (SHH-α and SHH-β) where elevated REST gene expression is associated with poor prognosis, up- or downregulation of KDM7A caused a significant worsening in patient survival. Our studies are the first to implicate KDM7A in REST regulation and in MB biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothishmathi Swaminathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Arif Harmanci
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Brain Tumor Center - University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics - University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson-UTHealth Science Center Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Shaik S, Maegawa S, Gopalakrishnan V. Medulloblastoma: novel insights into emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:615-619. [PMID: 34602009 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1982896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Tao RH, Kobayashi M, Yang Y, Kleinerman ES. Exercise Inhibits Doxorubicin-Induced Damage to Cardiac Vessels and Activation of Hippo/YAP-Mediated Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112740. [PMID: 34205942 PMCID: PMC8198139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dose-related cardiomyopathy is a major side effect following doxorubicin (Dox). To investigate whether exercise (Ex)-induced vasculogenesis plays a role in reducing Dox-induced cardiotoxicity, GFP+ bone marrow (BM) cells from GFP transgenic mice were transplanted into wild-type mice. Transplanted mice were treated with Dox, Ex, Dox+Ex, or control. We found Dox therapy resulted in decreased systolic and diastolic blood flow, decreased ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and decreased vascular endothelial cells and pericytes. These abnormalities were not seen in Dox+Ex hearts. Heart tissues from control-, Ex-, or Dox-treated mice showed a small number of GFP+ cells. By contrast, the Dox+Ex-treated hearts had a significant increase in GFP+ cells. Further analyses demonstrated these GFP+ BM cells had differentiated into vascular endothelial cells (GFP+CD31+) and pericytes (GFP+NG2+). Decreased cardiomyocytes were also seen in Dox-treated but not Dox+Ex-treated hearts. Ex induced an increase in GFP+c-Kit+ cells. However, these c-Kit+ BM stem cells had not differentiated into cardiomyocytes. Dox therapy induced phosphorylation of MST1/2, LATS1, and YAP; a decrease in total YAP; and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in the heart tissues. Dox+Ex prevented these effects. Our data demonstrated Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is mediated by vascular damage resulting in decreased cardiac blood flow and through activation of Hippo-YAP signaling resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, Ex inhibited these effects by promoting migration of BM stem cells into the heart to repair the cardiac vessels damaged by Dox and through inhibiting Dox-induced Hippo-YAP signaling-mediated apoptosis. These data support the concept of using exercise as an intervention to decrease Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.-H.T.); (E.S.K.); Tel.: +1-(713)-563-7333 (R.-H.T.); +1-(713)-792-8110 (E.S.K.); Fax: +1-(713)-563-5407 (R.-H.T.); +1-(713)-563-5407 (E.S.K.)
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Institutes of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan;
| | - Yuanzheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Eugenie S. Kleinerman
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.-H.T.); (E.S.K.); Tel.: +1-(713)-563-7333 (R.-H.T.); +1-(713)-792-8110 (E.S.K.); Fax: +1-(713)-563-5407 (R.-H.T.); +1-(713)-563-5407 (E.S.K.)
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11
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Shaik S, Maegawa S, Haltom AR, Wang F, Xiao X, Dobson T, Sharma A, Yang Y, Swaminathan J, Kundra V, Li XN, Schadler K, Harmanci A, Xu L, Gopalakrishnan V. REST promotes ETS1-dependent vascular growth in medulloblastoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1486-1506. [PMID: 33469989 PMCID: PMC8096796 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST), a master regulator of neurogenesis, is elevated in medulloblastoma (MB) tumors. A cell‐intrinsic function for REST in MB tumorigenesis is known. However, a role for REST in the regulation of MB tumor microenvironment has not been investigated. Here, we implicate REST in remodeling of the MB vasculature and describe underlying mechanisms. Using RESTTG mice, we demonstrate that elevated REST expression in cerebellar granule cell progenitors, the cells of origin of sonic hedgehog (SHH) MBs, increased vascular growth. This was recapitulated in MB xenograft models and validated by transcriptomic analyses of human MB samples. REST upregulation was associated with enhanced secretion of proangiogenic factors. Surprisingly, a REST‐dependent increase in the expression of the proangiogenic transcription factor E26 oncogene homolog 1, and its target gene encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1, was observed in MB cells, which coincided with their localization at the tumor vasculature. These observations were confirmed by RNA‐Seq and microarray analyses of MB cells and SHH‐MB tumors. Thus, our data suggest that REST elevation promotes vascular growth by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda R Haltom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tara Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Vikas Kundra
- Departments of Abdominal Imaging and Cancer Systems, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arif Harmanci
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Miele E, Po A, Mastronuzzi A, Carai A, Besharat ZM, Pediconi N, Abballe L, Catanzaro G, Sabato C, De Smaele E, Canettieri G, Di Marcotullio L, Vacca A, Mai A, Levrero M, Pfister SM, Kool M, Giangaspero F, Locatelli F, Ferretti E. Downregulation of miR-326 and its host gene β-arrestin1 induces pro-survival activity of E2F1 and promotes medulloblastoma growth. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:523-542. [PMID: 32920979 PMCID: PMC7858128 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent mortality rates of medulloblastoma (MB) and severe side effects of the current therapies require the definition of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor progression. Using cultured MB cancer stem cells and xenograft tumors generated in mice, we show that low expression of miR-326 and its host gene β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) promotes tumor growth enhancing the E2F1 pro-survival function. Our models revealed that miR-326 and ARRB1 are controlled by a bivalent domain, since the H3K27me3 repressive mark is found at their regulatory region together with the activation-associated H3K4me3 mark. High levels of EZH2, a feature of MB, are responsible for the presence of H3K27me3. Ectopic expression of miR-326 and ARRB1 provides hints into how their low levels regulate E2F1 activity. MiR-326 targets E2F1 mRNA, thereby reducing its protein levels; ARRB1, triggering E2F1 acetylation, reverses its function into pro-apoptotic activity. Similar to miR-326 and ARRB1 overexpression, we also show that EZH2 inhibition restores miR-326/ARRB1 expression, limiting E2F1 pro-proliferative activity. Our results reveal a new regulatory molecular axis critical for MB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Natalia Pediconi
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Abballe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sabato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm 1052 CNRS 5286 Mixte CLB, Université de Lyon 1 (UCBL1), France.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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13
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Suter RK, Rodriguez-Blanco J, Ayad NG. Epigenetic pathways and plasticity in brain tumors. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Zhang H, Braun FK, Huang Y, Teo WY, Lindsay H, Zhao S, Baxter P, Zhao X, Yu L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Su JM, Adesina A, Yang J, Chintagumpala M, Perlaky L, Tsz-Kwong Man C, Lau CC, Li XN. Impact of SCID mouse gender on tumorigenicity, xenograft growth and drug-response in a large panel of orthotopic PDX models of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Lett 2020; 493:197-206. [PMID: 32891713 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumor is the leading cause of cancer related death in children. Clinically relevant animals are critical for new therapy development. To address the potential impact of animal gender on tumorigenicity rate, xenograft growth and in vivo drug responses, we retrospectively analyzed 99 of our established patient derived orthotopic xenograft mouse models (orthotopic PDX or PDOX). From 27 patient tumors, including 5 glioblastomas (GBMs), 11 medulloblastomas (MBs), 4 ependymomas (EPNs), 4 atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) and 3 diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), that were directly implanted into matching locations in the brains of approximately equal numbers of male and female animals (n = 310) in age-matched (within 2-week age-difference) SCID mice, the tumor formation rate was 50.6 ± 21.5% in male and 52.7 ± 23.5% in female mice with animal survival times of 192.6 ± 31.7 days in male and 173.9 ± 34.5 days in female mice (P = 0.46) regardless of pathological diagnosis. Once established, PDOX tumors were serially subtransplanted for up to VII passage. Analysis of 1,595 mice from 59 PDOX models (18 GBMs, 18 MBs, 5 ATRTs, 6 EPNs, 7 DIPGs and 5 PENTs) during passage II and VII revealed similar tumor take rates of the 6 different tumor types between male (85.4 ± 15.5%) and female mice (84.7 ± 15.2%) (P = 0.74), and animal survival times were 96.7 ± 23.3 days in male mice and 99.7 ± 20 days in female (P = 0.25). A total of 284 mice from 7 GBM, 2 MB, 1 ATRT, 1 EPN, 2 DIPG and 1 PNET were treated with a series of standard and investigational drugs/compounds. The overall survival times were 106.9 ± 25.7 days in male mice, and 110.9 ± 31.8 days in female mice (P = 0.41), similar results were observed when different types/models were analyzed separately. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the gender of SCID mice did not have a major impact on animal model development nor drug responses in vivo, and SCID mice of both genders are appropriate for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank K Braun
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yulun Huang
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou, 215007, China
| | - Wan-Yee Teo
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, 169610, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 169610, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 169610, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169610, Singapore
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sibo Zhao
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Xiumei Zhao
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Litian Yu
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Oancer Oenter of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519001, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519001, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jack Mf Su
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ching C Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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15
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Haltom AR, Toll SA, Cheng D, Maegawa S, Gopalakrishnan V, Khatua S. Medulloblastoma epigenetics and the path to clinical innovation. J Neurooncol 2020; 150:35-46. [PMID: 32816225 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, a number of genomic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated the importance of epigenetic dysregulation in medulloblastoma initiation and progression. High throughput approaches including gene expression array, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and methylation profiling have now clearly identified at least four molecular subgroups within medulloblastoma, each with distinct clinical and prognostic characteristics. These studies have clearly shown that despite the overall paucity of mutations, clinically relevant events do occur within the cellular epigenetic machinery. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the spectrum of epi-oncogenetic perturbations in medulloblastoma. METHODS Comprehensive review of epigenetic profiles of different subgroups of medulloblastoma in the context of molecular features. Epigenetic regulation is mediated mainly by DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs (miRNA). Importantly, epigenetic mis-events are reversible and have immense therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION The widespread epigenetic alterations present in these tumors has generated intense interest in their use as therapeutic targets. We provide an assessment of the progress that has been made towards the development of molecular subtypes-targeted therapies and the current status of clinical trials that have leveraged these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Haltom
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie A Toll
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, USA
| | - Donghang Cheng
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Soumen Khatua
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Garcia-Manteiga JM, D’Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. News about the Role of the Transcription Factor REST in Neurons: From Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E235. [PMID: 31905747 PMCID: PMC6982158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) (known also as NRSF) is a well-known transcription repressor whose strong decrease induces the distinction of neurons with respect to the other cells. Such distinction depends on the marked increased/decreased expression of specific genes, accompanied by parallel changes of the corresponding proteins. Many properties of REST had been identified in the past. Here we report those identified during the last 5 years. Among physiological discoveries are hundreds of genes governed directly/indirectly by REST, the mechanisms of its neuron/fibroblast conversions, and the cooperations with numerous distinct factors induced at the epigenetic level and essential for REST specific functions. New effects induced in neurons during brain diseases depend on the localization of REST, in the nucleus, where functions and toxicity occur, and in the cytoplasm. The effects of REST, including cell aggression or protection, are variable in neurodegenerative diseases in view of the distinct mechanisms of their pathology. Moreover, cooperations are among the mechanisms that govern the severity of brain cancers, glioblastomas, and medulloblastomas. Interestingly, the role in cancers is relevant also for therapeutic perspectives affecting the REST cooperations. In conclusion, part of the new REST knowledge in physiology and pathology appears promising for future developments in research and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacopo Meldolesi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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17
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Qadeer ZA, Valle-Garcia D, Hasson D, Sun Z, Cook A, Nguyen C, Soriano A, Ma A, Griffiths LM, Zeineldin M, Filipescu D, Jubierre L, Chowdhury A, Deevy O, Chen X, Finkelstein DB, Bahrami A, Stewart E, Federico S, Gallego S, Dekio F, Fowkes M, Meni D, Maris JM, Weiss WA, Roberts SS, Cheung NKV, Jin J, Segura MF, Dyer MA, Bernstein E. ATRX In-Frame Fusion Neuroblastoma Is Sensitive to EZH2 Inhibition via Modulation of Neuronal Gene Signatures. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:512-527.e9. [PMID: 31631027 PMCID: PMC6851493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ATRX alterations occur at high frequency in neuroblastoma of adolescents and young adults. Particularly intriguing are the large N-terminal deletions of ATRX (Alpha Thalassemia/Mental Retardation, X-linked) that generate in-frame fusion (IFF) proteins devoid of key chromatin interaction domains, while retaining the SWI/SNF-like helicase region. We demonstrate that ATRX IFF proteins are redistributed from H3K9me3-enriched chromatin to promoters of active genes and identify REST as an ATRX IFF target whose activation promotes silencing of neuronal differentiation genes. We further show that ATRX IFF cells display sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors, due to derepression of neurogenesis genes, including a subset of REST targets. Taken together, we demonstrate that ATRX structural alterations are not loss-of-function and put forward EZH2 inhibitors as a potential therapy for ATRX IFF neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulekha A Qadeer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Valle-Garcia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - April Cook
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christie Nguyen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aroa Soriano
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Anqi Ma
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lyra M Griffiths
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dan Filipescu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luz Jubierre
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Asif Chowdhury
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Orla Deevy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David B Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sara Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Soledad Gallego
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Fumiko Dekio
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mary Fowkes
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Meni
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perlman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miguel F Segura
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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18
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MicroRNA-494 targets PTEN and suppresses PI3K/AKT pathway to alleviate hypertrophic scar formation. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:315-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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