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Melis M, Loi E, Mastinu M, Naciri LC, Zavattari P, Barbarossa IT. Gene Methylation Affects Salivary Levels of the Taste Buds' Trophic Factor, Gustin Protein. Nutrients 2024; 16:1304. [PMID: 38732551 PMCID: PMC11085126 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The salivary protein, Gustin/carbonic anhydrase VI, has been described as a trophic factor responsible for the growth of taste buds. We found, in a genetically homogeneous population, that the polymorphism rs2274333 (A/G) of the Gustin gene is crucial for the full functionality of the protein and is associated with taste sensitivity. However, other studies have failed to find this evidence. Here, we verified if Gustin gene methylation can affect the salivary levels of the protein, also concerning the polymorphism rs2274333 and PROP bitter responsiveness. The Gustin gene methylation profiling and the quantification of the Gustin salivary levels were determined in sixty-six volunteers genotyped for the polymorphism rs2274333 (A/G) (Ser90Gly in the protein sequence). The fungiform papillae density was also determined. The results confirm our earlier observations by showing that AA genotypes had a greater density of fungiform taste papillae, whereas the GG genotypes showed a lower density. We also found variations in the protein levels in the three genotype groups and an inverse relationship between Gustin gene methylation and the salivary levels of the protein, mostly evident in AA and ST volunteers, i.e., in volunteers who would be carriers of the functional isoform of the protein. These findings could justify the conflicting data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.L.); (L.C.N.); (P.Z.); (I.T.B.)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.L.); (L.C.N.); (P.Z.); (I.T.B.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lala Chaimae Naciri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.L.); (L.C.N.); (P.Z.); (I.T.B.)
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.L.); (L.C.N.); (P.Z.); (I.T.B.)
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.L.); (L.C.N.); (P.Z.); (I.T.B.)
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Rimini M, Loi E, Rizzato MD, Pressiani T, Vivaldi C, Gusmaroli E, Antonuzzo L, Martinelli E, Garajova I, Giordano G, Lucchetti J, Schirripa M, Cornara N, Rossari F, Vitiello F, Amadeo E, Persano M, Piva VM, Balsano R, Salani F, Pircher C, Cascinu S, Niger M, Fornaro L, Rimassa L, Lonardi S, Scartozzi M, Zavattari P, Casadei-Gardini A. Different Genomic Clusters Impact on Responses in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Treated with Cisplatin Plus Gemcitabine Plus Durvalumab. Target Oncol 2024; 19:223-235. [PMID: 38345693 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-024-01032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results reported in the TOPAZ-1 phase III trial led to the approval of the combination of cisplatin and gemcitabine with durvalumab as the new first-line standard of care for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. OBJECTIVE We performed a clustering analysis to classify patients into different groups based on their mutation profile, correlating the results of the analysis with clinical outcomes. METHODS We selected 51 patients with cholangiocarcinoma who were treated with the combination of chemotherapy and durvalumab and who were screened using the next-generation sequencing-based FoundationOne gene panel. We conducted mutation-based clustering of tumors and a survival analysis. RESULTS Three main clusters were identified. Cluster 1 is mostly characterized by mutations in genes belonging to the chromatin modification pathway, altered in 100% of patients. Cluster 2 is characterized by the alteration of several pathways, among which DNA damage control, chromatin modification, RTK/RAS, cell-cycle apoptosis, TP53, and PI3K were the most affected. Finally, most altered pathways in cluster 3 were RTK/RAS and cell-cycle apoptosis. Overall response rate was 4/13 (31%), 12/24 (50%), and 0/10 (0%) in cluster 1, cluster 2, and cluster 3, respectively, and the difference between the three clusters was statistically significant (p = 0.0188). CONCLUSIONS By grouping patients into three clusters with distinct molecular and genomic alterations, our analysis showed that patients included in cluster 2 had higher overall response rates, whereas patients included in cluster 3 had no objective response. Further investigations on larger and external cohorts are needed in order to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rimini
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Domenico Rizzato
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pressiani
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gusmaroli
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ingrid Garajova
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jessica Lucchetti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Schirripa
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Noemi Cornara
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Rossari
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitiello
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Amadeo
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Persano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Matilde Piva
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Rita Balsano
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Salani
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research "Health Science", Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Pircher
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Niger
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Rimassa
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina n. 60, Milan, Italy
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Citarella A, Besharat ZM, Trocchianesi S, Autilio TM, Verrienti A, Catanzaro G, Splendiani E, Spinello Z, Cantara S, Zavattari P, Loi E, Romei C, Ciampi R, Pezzullo L, Castagna MG, Angeloni A, Elisei R, Durante C, Po A, Ferretti E. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by specific fragmentation and methylation changes with diagnostic value. Biomark Res 2023; 11:82. [PMID: 37726827 PMCID: PMC10510276 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumour whose diagnosis includes evaluating calcitonin serum levels, which can present fluctuations unrelated to MTC. Here, we investigated circulating DNA fragmentation and methylation changes as potential biomarkers using ddPCR on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from the plasma of MTC patients. For cfDNA fragmentation analysis, we investigated the fragment size distribution of a gene family and calculated short fragment fraction (SFF). Methylation analyses evaluated the methylation levels of CG_16698623, a CG dinucleotide in the MGMT gene that we found hypermethylated in MTC tissues by analyzing public databases. The SFF ratio and methylation of CG_16698623 were significantly increased in plasma from MTC patients at diagnosis, and patients with clinical remission or stable disease at follow-up showed no significant SFF difference compared with healthy subjects. Our data support the diagnostic value of cfDNA traits that could enable better management of MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Citarella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Zein Mersini Besharat
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Sofia Trocchianesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Tanja Milena Autilio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Catanzaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Elena Splendiani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Foro Italico, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Spinello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042, Italy
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Luciano Pezzullo
- Thyroid Surgical Unit, IRCCS Fondazione G.Pascale, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Rosella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Loi E, Moi L, Zavattari P. DNA methylation alterations at RE1-silencing transcription factor binding sites and their flanking regions in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:98. [PMID: 37301955 PMCID: PMC10257853 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation changes, frequent early events in cancer, can modulate the binding of transcription factors. RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays a fundamental role in regulating the expression of neuronal genes, and in particular their silencing in non-neuronal tissues, by inducing chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation changes, not only in the proximity of its binding sites but also in the flanking regions. REST has been found aberrantly expressed in brain cancer and other cancer types. In this work, we investigated DNA methylation alterations at REST binding sites and their flanking regions in a brain cancer (pilocytic astrocytoma), two gastrointestinal tumours (colorectal cancer and biliary tract cancer) and a blood cancer (chronic lymphocytic leukemia). RESULTS Differential methylation analyses focused on REST binding sites and their flanking regions were conducted between tumour and normal samples from our experimental datasets analysed by Illumina microarrays and the identified alterations were validated using publicly available datasets. We discovered distinct DNA methylation patterns between pilocytic astrocytoma and the other cancer types in agreement with the opposite oncogenic and tumour suppressive role of REST in glioma and non-brain tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that these DNA methylation alterations in cancer may be associated with REST dysfunction opening the enthusiastic possibility to develop novel therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of this master regulator in order to restore the aberrant methylation of its target regions into a normal status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
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Loi E, Moi L, Cabras P, Arduino G, Costanzo G, Del Giacco S, Erlich HA, Firinu D, Caddori A, Zavattari P. HLA-C dysregulation as a possible mechanism of immune evasion in SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA-virus infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011829. [PMID: 36325330 PMCID: PMC9618630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms by which viruses can evade the host’s immune system is to modify the host’s DNA methylation pattern. This work aims to investigate the DNA methylation and gene expression profile of COVID-19 patients, divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic, and healthy controls, focusing on genes involved in the immune response. In this study, changes in the methylome of COVID-19 patients’ upper airways cells, the first barrier against respiratory infections and the first cells presenting viral antigens, are shown for the first time. Our results showed alterations in the methylation pattern of genes encoding proteins implicated in the response against pathogens, in particular the HLA-C gene, also important for the T-cell mediated memory response. HLA-C expression significantly decreases in COVID-19 patients, especially in those with a more severe prognosis and without other possibly confounding co-morbidities. Moreover, our bionformatic analysis revealed that the identified methylation alteration overlaps with enhancers regulating HLA-C expression, suggesting an additional mechanism exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit this fundamental player in the host’s immune response. HLA-C could therefore represent both a prognostic marker and an excellent therapeutic target, also suggesting a preventive intervention that conjugate a virus-specific antigenic stimulation with an adjuvant increasing the T-cell mediated memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Cabras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital SS. Trinità, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Arduino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital SS. Trinità, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henry A. Erlich
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Caddori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital SS. Trinità, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Patrizia Zavattari,
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Loi E, Zavattari P. DNA methylation alterations caused by Leishmania infection may generate a microenvironment prone to tumour development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:984134. [PMID: 36105147 PMCID: PMC9465093 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.984134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic signature consisting of a methyl group at the 5’ cytosine of CpG dinucleotides. Modifications in DNA methylation pattern have been detected in cancer and infectious diseases and may be associated with gene expression changes. In cancer development DNA methylation aberrations are early events whereas in infectious diseases these epigenetic changes may be due to host/pathogen interaction. In particular, in leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania, DNA methylation alterations have been detected in macrophages upon infection with Leishmania donovani and in skin lesions from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Interestingly, different types of cancers, such as cutaneous malignant lesions, lymphoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, have been diagnosed in patients with a history of leishmaniasis. In fact, it is known that there exists an association between cancer and infectious diseases. Leishmania infection may increase susceptibility to develop cancer, but the mechanisms involved are not entirely clear. Considering these aspects, in this review we discuss the hypothesis that DNA methylation alterations induced by Leishmania may trigger tumorigenesis in long term infection since these epigenetic modifications may enhance and accumulate during chronic leishmaniasis.
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Rimini M, Puzzoni M, Pedica F, Silvestris N, Fornaro L, Aprile G, Loi E, Brunetti O, Vivaldi C, Simionato F, Zavattari P, Scartozzi M, Burgio V, Ratti F, Aldrighetti L, Cascinu S, Casadei-Gardini A. Cholangiocarcinoma: new perspectives for new horizons. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:1367-1383. [PMID: 34669536 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1991313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biliary tract cancer represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by dismal prognosis and scarce therapeutic options. AREA COVERED In the last years, a growing interest in BTC pathology has emerged, thus highlighting a significant heterogeneity of the pathways underlying the carcinogenesis process, from both a molecular and genomic point of view. A better understanding of these differences is mandatory to deepen the behavior of this complex disease, as well as to identify new targetable target mutations, with the aim to improve the survival outcomes. The authors decided to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent highlights on BTCs, with a special focus on the genetic, epigenetic and molecular alterations, which may have an interesting clinical application in the next future. EXPERT OPINION In the last years, the efforts resulted from international collaborations have led to the identification of new promising targets for precision medicine approaches in the BTC setting. Further investigations and prospective trials are needed, but the hope is that these new knowledge in cooperation with the new technologies and procedures, including bio-molecular and genomic analysis as well radiomic studies, will enrich the therapeutic armamentarium thus improving the survival outcomes in a such lethal and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rimini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pedica
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of oncology, Instituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Department of medical oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Department of oncology, Instituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Department of medical oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Simionato
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Burgio
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ratti
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele and Vita-Salute University, Italy
| | - Luca Aldrighetti
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele and Vita-Salute University, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Mattu S, Zavattari P, Kowalik MA, Serra M, Sulas P, Pal R, Puliga E, Sutti S, Foglia B, Parola M, Albano E, Giordano S, Perra A, Columbano A. Nrf2 Mutation/Activation Is Dispensable for the Development of Chemically Induced Mouse HCC. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:113-127. [PMID: 34530178 PMCID: PMC8593617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway has been associated with metabolic reprogramming in many tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of Nrf2 mutations in this process remains elusive. Here, we investigated the occurrence of Nrf2 mutations in distinct models of mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS HCCs were generated by experimental protocols consisting of the following: (1) a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), followed by repeated treatments with the nuclear-receptor agonist 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene; (2) repeated treatments with 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene alone; (3) a single dose of DEN followed by exposure to a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet; and (4) a single dose of DEN with no further treatment. All of these protocols led to HCC development within 28-42 weeks. Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway was investigated by analyzing the presence of Nrf2 gene mutations, and the expression of Nrf2 target genes. Metabolic reprogramming was assessed by evaluating the expression of genes involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutaminolysis. RESULTS No Nrf2 mutations were found in any of the models of hepatocarcinogenesis analyzed. Intriguingly, despite the described cooperation between β-catenin and the Nrf2 pathway, we found no evidence of Nrf2 activation in both early dysplastic nodules and HCCs, characterized by the presence of up to 80%-90% β-catenin mutations. No HCC metabolic reprogramming was observed either. CONCLUSIONS These results show that, unlike rat hepatocarcinogenesis, Nrf2 mutations do not occur in 4 distinct models of chemically induced mouse HCC. Interestingly, in the same models, metabolic reprogramming also was minimal or absent, supporting the concept that Nrf2 activation is critical for the switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mattu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pia Sulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rajesh Pal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Puliga
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo, Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemonte per l'Oncologia -Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Foglia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo, Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemonte per l'Oncologia -Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amedeo Columbano, PhD, or Andrea Perra, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.fax: (39) 070-666062.
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amedeo Columbano, PhD, or Andrea Perra, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.fax: (39) 070-666062.
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9
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Masini E, Loi E, Vega-Benedetti AF, Carta M, Doneddu G, Fadda R, Zavattari P. An Overview of the Main Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Factors Involved in Autism Spectrum Disorder Focusing on Synaptic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218290. [PMID: 33167418 PMCID: PMC7663950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication, with restricted interests, activity and behaviors. ASD is highly familial, indicating that genetic background strongly contributes to the development of this condition. However, only a fraction of the total number of genes thought to be associated with the condition have been discovered. Moreover, other factors may play an important role in ASD onset. In fact, it has been shown that parental conditions and in utero and perinatal factors may contribute to ASD etiology. More recently, epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and micro RNA alterations, have been associated with ASD and proposed as potential biomarkers. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature regarding ASD candidate genes, mainly focusing on synapse formation and functionality and relevant epigenetic and environmental aspects acting in concert to determine ASD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Masini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.M.); (E.L.); (A.F.V.-B.)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.M.); (E.L.); (A.F.V.-B.)
| | - Ana Florencia Vega-Benedetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.M.); (E.L.); (A.F.V.-B.)
| | - Marinella Carta
- Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, 09121 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Doneddu
- Centro per l’Autismo e Disturbi correlati (CADc), Nuovo Centro Fisioterapico Sardo, 09131 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Roberta Fadda
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.M.); (E.L.); (A.F.V.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Cannas D, Loi E, Serra M, Firinu D, Valera P, Zavattari P. Relevance of Essential Trace Elements in Nutrition and Drinking Water for Human Health and Autoimmune Disease Risk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2074. [PMID: 32668647 PMCID: PMC7400883 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements produce double-edged effects on the lives of animals and particularly of humans. On one hand, these elements represent potentially toxic agents; on the other hand, they are essentially needed to support growth and development and confer protection against disease. Certain trace elements and metals are particularly involved in humoral and cellular immune responses, playing the roles of cofactors for essential enzymes and antioxidant molecules. The amount taken up and the accumulation in human tissues decisively control whether the exerted effects are toxic or beneficial. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to re-consider, harmonize and update current legislative regulations regarding the concentrations of trace elements in food and in drinking water. This review aims to provide information on the interrelation of certain trace elements with risk of autoimmune disease, with a particular focus on type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. In addition, an overview of the current regulations and regulatory gaps is provided in order to highlight the importance of this issue for everyday nutrition and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cannas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Matteo Serra
- Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Monserrato Campus, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Valera
- Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (D.C.); (E.L.)
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11
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Loi E, Moi L, Blois S, Bacchelli E, Vega Benedetti AF, Cameli C, Fadda R, Maestrini E, Carta M, Doneddu G, Zavattari P. ELMOD3-SH2D6 gene fusion as a possible co-star actor in autism spectrum disorder scenario. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:2064-2069. [PMID: 31800155 PMCID: PMC6991669 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by high heritability. It is known that genetic factors contribute to ASD pathogenesis. In particular, copy number variants (CNVs) are involved in ASD susceptibility and can affect gene expression regulation. 2p11.2 microdeletions encompassing ELMOD3, CAPG and SH2D6 genes have been described in four unrelated ASD families. The present study revealed that this microdeletion is responsible for the production of a chimeric transcript generated from the fusion between ELMOD3 and SH2D6. The identified transcript showed significantly higher expression levels in subjects carrying the deletion compared to control subjects, suggesting that it is not subjected to nonsense‐mediated decay and might encode for a chimeric protein. In conclusion, this study suggests the possible involvement of this gene fusion, together with the other previously identified variants, in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blois
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Cameli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fadda
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marinella Carta
- Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Doneddu
- Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Rovesti G, Orsi G, Kalliopi A, Vivaldi C, Marisi G, Faloppi L, Foschi FG, Silvestris N, Pecora I, Aprile G, Molinaro E, Riggi L, Ulivi P, Canale M, Cucchetti A, Tamburini E, Ercolani G, Fornaro L, Andreone P, Zavattari P, Scartozzi M, Cascinu S, Casadei-Gardini A. Impact of Baseline Characteristics on the Overall Survival of HCC Patients Treated with Sorafenib: Ten Years of Experience. Gastrointest Tumors 2019; 6:92-107. [PMID: 31768353 DOI: 10.1159/000502714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sorafenib has been established as the standard of care for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 2007 on the basis of two landmark trials (SHARP and Asia-Pacific). Ten years have passed since then and, despite much research in the field, still no validated real-life prognostic markers are available for HCC patients treated with this drug. Therefore, going through 10 years of research into sorafenib of several Italian Cancer Centers, we conducted a field-practice study aimed at identifying baseline clinical factors that could be significantly associated with overall survival (OS). Method Univariate/multivariate analyses were conducted to retrospectively identify the impact of baseline characteristics on the OS of 398 advanced HCC patients treated with sorafenib. Results Based on univariate analysis, α-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, AST, bilirubin, Child-Pugh, ECOG, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade, and portal vein thrombosis were significantly associated with shorter OS. Following adjustment for clinical covariates positive in univariate analysis, the multivariate analysis including AFP, age, etiology, albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), bilirubin, Child-Pugh, LDH, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, ECOG, ALBI grade, portal vein thrombosis, SII, and BCLC stage identified increase in LDH, age >70 years, no viral etiologies, ECOG >0, albumin <35, ALBI grade 2, and AST >40 as prognostic factors for poorer OS based on the 5% significance level. Conclusion Our study highlights that baseline hepatic function, patient-centered variables, and etiology have prognostic value. These findings might have implications in terms of therapeutic decision-making and patient counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rovesti
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Orsi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrikou Kalliopi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Marisi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Luca Faloppi
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | | | | | - Irene Pecora
- Department of Medical Oncology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Riggi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Matteo Canale
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cucchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,General Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Ercolani
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Division of Internal and Metabolic Medicine, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Vita-Salute, San Raffaele Hospital IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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13
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Loi E, Moi L, Fadda A, Satta G, Zucca M, Sanna S, Amini Nia S, Cabras G, Padoan M, Magnani C, Miligi L, Piro S, Gentilini D, Ennas MG, Southey MC, Giles GG, Wong Doo N, Cocco P, Zavattari P. Methylation alteration of SHANK1 as a predictive, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4987-5002. [PMID: 31452839 PMCID: PMC6697638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant B cells. To predict the clinical course of the disease, the identification of diagnostic biomarkers is urgently needed. Aberrant methylation patterns may predict CLL development and its course, being very early changes during carcinogenesis. Our aim was to identify CLL specific methylation patterns and to evaluate whether methylation aberrations in selected genes are associated with changes in gene expression. Here, by performing a genome-wide methylation analysis, we identified several CLL-specific methylation alterations. We focused on the most altered one, at a CpG island located in the body of SHANK1 gene, in our CLL cases compared to healthy controls. This methylation alteration was successfully validated in a larger cohort including 139 CLL and 20 control in silico samples. We also found a positive correlation between SHANK1 methylation level and absolute lymphocyte count, in particular CD19+ B cells, in CLL patients. Moreover, we were able to detect gains of methylation at SHANK1 in blood samples collected years prior to diagnosis. Overall, our results suggest methylation alteration at this SHANK1 CpG island as a biomarker for risk and diagnosis of CLL, and also in the personalized quantification of tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giannina Satta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cytomorphology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cytomorphology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Shadi Amini Nia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Marina Padoan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Statistics and Cancer Epidemiology, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Statistics and Cancer Epidemiology, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Institute of Oncology Studies and Prevention, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Piro
- Institute of Oncology Studies and Prevention, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ennas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cytomorphology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Wong Doo
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Concord Hospital Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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14
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Baroli B, Loi E, Solari P, Kasture A, Moi L, Muroni P, Kasture S, Setzu MD, Liscia A, Zavattari P. Evaluation of oxidative stress mechanisms and the effects of phytotherapic extracts on Parkinson's disease Drosophila PINK1B9 model. FASEB J 2019; 33:11028-11034. [PMID: 31291788 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is commonly observed in both idiopathic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). It plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and it has been associated with altered telomere length (TL). There is currently no cure for PD, and extracts of antioxidative plant, such as Mucuna pruriens and Withania somnifera, are commonly used in Ayurveda to treat patients with PD. In this study, we evaluated 2 enzymatic markers of oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH) system and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and TL in a Drosophila melanogaster model for PD [phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)B9]. This evaluation was also performed after treatment with the phytoextracts. PINK1B9 mutants showed a decrease in GSH amount and SOD activity and unexpected longer telomeres compared with wild-type flies. M. pruriens treatment seemed to have a beneficial effect on the oxidative stress conditions. On the other hand, W. somnifera treatment did not show any improvements in the studied oxidative stress mechanisms and even seemed to favor the selection of flies with longer telomeres. In summary, our study suggests the importance of testing antioxidant phytoextracts in a PINK1B9 model to identify beneficial effects for PD.-Baroli, B., Loi, E., Solari, P., Kasture, A., Moi, L., Muroni, P., Kasture, S., Setzu, M. D., Liscia, A., Zavattari, P. Evaluation of oxidative stress mechanisms and the effects of phytotherapic extracts on Parkinson's disease Drosophila PINK1B9 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Baroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ameya Kasture
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Muroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Loi E, Moi L, Blois S, Fadda A, Antonelli M, Arcella A, Badiali M, Giangaspero F, Morra I, Columbano A, Restivo A, Zorcolo L, Gismondi V, Varesco L, Bellomo SE, Giordano S, Canale M, Casadei-Gardini A, Faloppi L, Puzzoni M, Scartozzi M, Ziranu P, Cabras G, Cocco P, Ennas MG, Satta G, Zucca M, Canzio D, Zavattari P. Clustered protocadherins methylation alterations in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:100. [PMID: 31288858 PMCID: PMC6617643 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clustered protocadherins (PCDHs) map in tandem at human chromosome 5q31 and comprise three multi-genes clusters: α-, β- and γ-PCDH. The expression of this cluster consists of a complex mechanism involving DNA hub formation through DNA-CCTC binding factor (CTCF) interaction. Methylation alterations can affect this interaction, leading to transcriptional dysregulation. In cancer, clustered PCDHs undergo a mechanism of long-range epigenetic silencing by hypermethylation. Results In this study, we detected frequent methylation alterations at CpG islands associated to these clustered PCDHs in all the solid tumours analysed (colorectal, gastric and biliary tract cancers, pilocytic astrocytoma), but not hematologic neoplasms such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Importantly, several altered CpG islands were associated with CTCF binding sites. Interestingly, our analysis revealed a hypomethylation event in pilocytic astrocytoma, suggesting that in neuronal tissue, where PCDHs are highly expressed, these genes become hypomethylated in this type of cancer. On the other hand, in tissues where PCDHs are lowly expressed, these CpG islands are targeted by DNA methylation. In fact, PCDH-associated CpG islands resulted hypermethylated in gastrointestinal tumours. Conclusions Our study highlighted a strong alteration of the clustered PCDHs methylation pattern in the analysed solid cancers and suggested these methylation aberrations in the CpG islands associated with PCDH genes as powerful diagnostic biomarkers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0695-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blois
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Badiali
- Genetic and Genomic Laboratory, Microcitemico Children's Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isabella Morra
- Department of Pathology OIRM-S, Anna Hospital, A.O.U. City of Health and Science, Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Restivo
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Zorcolo
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Matteo Canale
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Division of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Modena Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Faloppi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Macerata General Hospital, ASUR Marche AV3, Macerata, Italy
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pina Ziranu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ennas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cytomorphology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giannina Satta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cytomorphology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Canzio
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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16
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Bacchelli E, Loi E, Cameli C, Moi L, Vega-Benedetti AF, Blois S, Fadda A, Bonora E, Mattu S, Fadda R, Chessa R, Maestrini E, Doneddu G, Zavattari P. Analysis of a Sardinian Multiplex Family with Autism Spectrum Disorder Points to Post-Synaptic Density Gene Variants and Identifies CAPG as a Functionally Relevant Candidate Gene. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E212. [PMID: 30736458 PMCID: PMC6406497 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with high heritability, although their underlying genetic factors are still largely unknown. Here we present a comprehensive genetic characterization of two ASD siblings from Sardinia by genome-wide copy number variation analysis and whole exome sequencing (WES), to identify novel genetic alterations associated with this disorder. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data revealed a rare microdeletion involving CAPG, ELMOD3, and SH2D6 genes, in both siblings. CAPG encodes for a postsynaptic density (PSD) protein known to regulate spine morphogenesis and synaptic formation. The reduced CAPG mRNA and protein expression levels in ASD patients, in the presence of hemizygosity or a particular genetic and/or epigenetic background, highlighted the functional relevance of CAPG as a candidate gene for ASD. WES analysis led to the identification in both affected siblings of a rare frameshift mutation in VDAC3, a gene intolerant to loss of function mutation, encoding for a voltage-dependent anion channel localized on PSD. Moreover, four missense damaging variants were identified in genes intolerant to loss of function variation encoding for PSD proteins: PLXNA2, KCTD16, ARHGAP21, and SLC4A1. This study identifies CAPG and VDAC3 as candidate genes and provides additional support for genes encoding PSD proteins in ASD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Cameli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | - Sylvain Blois
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMEC, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sandra Mattu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fadda
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Rita Chessa
- Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, AO Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Doneddu
- Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, AO Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
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17
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Barault L, Amatu A, Siravegna G, Ponzetti A, Moran S, Cassingena A, Mussolin B, Falcomatà C, Binder A, Cristiano C, Oddo D, Cancelliere C, Bustreo S, Bencardino K, Maden S, Vanzati A, Zavattari P, Truini M, Grady WM, Racca P, Michels KB, Siena S, Esteller M, Bardelli A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Di Nicolantonio F, Sartore-Bianchi A, Di Nicolantonio F. Discovery of methylated circulating DNA biomarkers for comprehensive non-invasive monitoring of treatment response in metastatic colorectal cancer. Gut 2018; 67:1995-2005. [PMID: 28982739 PMCID: PMC5897187 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) have been studied for tracking disease relapse in colorectal cancer (CRC). This approach requires personalised assay design due to the lack of universally mutated genes. In contrast, early methylation alterations are restricted to defined genomic loci allowing comprehensive assay design for population studies. Our objective was to identify cancer-specific methylated biomarkers which could be measured longitudinally in cfDNA (liquid biopsy) to monitor therapeutic outcome in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). DESIGN Genome-wide methylation microarrays of CRC cell lines (n=149) identified five cancer-specific methylated loci (EYA4, GRIA4, ITGA4, MAP3K14-AS1, MSC). Digital PCR assays were employed to measure methylation of these genes in tumour tissue DNA (n=82) and cfDNA from patients with mCRC (n=182). Plasma longitudinal assessment was performed in a patient subset treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapy. RESULTS Methylation in at least one marker was detected in all tumour tissue samples and in 156 mCRC patient cfDNA samples (85.7%). Plasma marker prevalence was 71.4% for EYA4, 68.5% for GRIA4, 69.7% for ITGA4, 69.1% for MAP3K14-AS1% and 65.1% for MSC. Dynamics of methylation markers was not affected by treatment type and correlated with objective tumour response and progression-free survival. CONCLUSION This five-gene methylation panel can be used to circumvent the absence of patient-specific mutations for monitoring tumour burden dynamics in liquid biopsy under different therapeutic regimens. This method might be proposed for assessing pharmacodynamics in clinical trials or when conventional imaging has limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Barault
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Corresponding authors: Ludovic Barault, PhD or Dr Federica Di Nicolantonio, PhD, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy, Phone: +39-011-9933523, Fax: +39-011-9933225, (; )
| | - Alessio Amatu
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Agostino Ponzetti
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Division 1, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sebastian Moran
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L’Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cassingena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mussolin
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Alexandra Binder
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carmen Cristiano
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Division 1, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Oddo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Carlotta Cancelliere
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Sara Bustreo
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Division 1, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Bencardino
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Sean Maden
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alice Vanzati
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro Truini
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrizia Racca
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Division 1, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Karin B. Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manel Esteller
- Colorectal Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Division 1, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | | | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy,Corresponding authors: Ludovic Barault, PhD or Dr Federica Di Nicolantonio, PhD, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo Cancer Institute – FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy, Phone: +39-011-9933523, Fax: +39-011-9933225, (; )
| | | | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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18
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Mattu S, Saliba C, Sulas P, Zavattari P, Perra A, Kowalik MA, Monga SP, Columbano A. High Frequency of β-Catenin Mutations in Mouse Hepatocellular Carcinomas Induced by a Nongenotoxic Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonist. The American Journal of Pathology 2018; 188:2497-2507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Saucedo CN, Zavattari P, Vanni R, Royo F, Llavero F, Zugaza JL, Parada LA. PLAGL1 gene function during hepatoma cells proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32775-32794. [PMID: 30214684 PMCID: PMC6132347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma develops as a multistep process, in which cell cycle deregulation is a central feature, resulting in unscheduled proliferation. The PLAGL1 gene encodes a homonym zinc finger protein that is involved in cell-proliferation control. We determined the genomic profile and the transcription and expression level of PLAGL1, simultaneously with that of its molecular partners p53, PPARγ and p21, in cell-lines derived from patients with liver cancer, during in vitro cell growth. Our investigations revealed that genomic and epigenetic changes of PLAGL1 are also present in hepatoma cell-lines. Transcription of PLAGL1 in tumor cells is significantly lower than in normal fibroblasts, but no significant differences in terms of protein expression were detected between these two cell-types, indicating that there is not a direct relationship between the gene transcriptional activity and protein expression. RT-PCR analyses on normal fibroblasts, used as control, also showed that PLAGL1 and p53 genes transcription occurs as an apparent orchestrated process during normal cells proliferation, which gets disturbed in cancer cells. Furthermore, abnormal trafficking of the PLAGL1 protein may occur in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SP 8, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SP 8, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Felix Royo
- CIC BioGUNE-CIBERehd, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU Technology Park, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - José L Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU Technology Park, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis A Parada
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, CONICET-UNSa, Salta, Argentina
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20
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Fadda A, Gentilini D, Moi L, Barault L, Leoni VP, Sulas P, Zorcolo L, Restivo A, Cabras F, Fortunato F, Zavattari C, Varesco L, Gismondi V, De Miglio MR, Scanu AM, Colombi F, Lombardi P, Sarotto I, Loi E, Leone F, Giordano S, Di Nicolantonio F, Columbano A, Zavattari P. Colorectal cancer early methylation alterations affect the crosstalk between cell and surrounding environment, tracing a biomarker signature specific for this tumor. Int J Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29542109 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through the accumulation of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. However, while the former are already used as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, the latter are less well characterized. Here, performing global methylation analysis on both CRCs and adenomas by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Bead Chips, we identified a panel of 74 altered CpG islands, demonstrating that the earliest methylation alterations affect genes coding for proteins involved in the crosstalk between cell and surrounding environment. The panel discriminates CRCs and adenomas from peritumoral and normal mucosa with very high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (99.9%). Interestingly, over 70% of the hypermethylated islands resulted in downregulation of gene expression. To establish the possible usefulness of these non-invasive markers for detection of colon cancer, we selected three biomarkers and identified the presence of altered methylation in stool DNA and plasma cell-free circulating DNA from CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fadda
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ludovic Barault
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Vera Piera Leoni
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pia Sulas
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Zorcolo
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Restivo
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cabras
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Fortunato
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Center, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mario Scanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Ivana Sarotto
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Leone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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21
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Antonelli M, Fadda A, Loi E, Moi L, Zavattari C, Sulas P, Gentilini D, Cameli C, Bacchelli E, Badiali M, Arcella A, Morra I, Giangaspero F, Zavattari P. Integrated DNA methylation analysis identifies topographical and tumoral biomarkers in pilocytic astrocytomas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13807-13821. [PMID: 29568396 PMCID: PMC5862617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common glioma in pediatric patients and occurs in different locations. Chromosomal alterations are mostly located at chromosome 7q34 comprising the BRAF oncogene with consequent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Although genetic and epigenetic alterations characterizing PA from different localizations have been reported, the role of epigenetic alterations in PA development is still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether distinctive methylation patterns may define biologically relevant groups of PAs. Integrated DNA methylation analysis was performed on 20 PAs and 4 normal brain samples by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChips. We identified distinct methylation profiles characterizing PAs from different locations (infratentorial vs supratentorial) and tumors with onset before and after 3 years of age. These results suggest that PA may be related to the specific brain site where the tumor arises from region-specific cells of origin. We identified and validated in silico the methylation alterations of some CpG islands. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression levels of selected differentially methylated genes and identified two biomarkers, one, IRX2, related to the tumor localization and the other, TOX2, as tumoral biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Fadda
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Microcitemico Children's Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Pia Sulas
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cameli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Badiali
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Microcitemico Children's Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Morra
- Department of Pathology OIRM-S, Anna Hospital, A.O.U. City of Health and Science, Turin, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Saffari A, Silver MJ, Zavattari P, Moi L, Columbano A, Meaburn EL, Dudbridge F. Estimation of a significance threshold for epigenome-wide association studies. Genet Epidemiol 2018; 42:20-33. [PMID: 29034560 PMCID: PMC5813244 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) are designed to characterise population-level epigenetic differences across the genome and link them to disease. Most commonly, they assess DNA-methylation status at cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites, using platforms such as the Illumina 450k array that profile a subset of CpGs genome wide. An important challenge in the context of EWAS is determining a significance threshold for declaring a CpG site as differentially methylated, taking multiple testing into account. We used a permutation method to estimate a significance threshold specifically for the 450k array and a simulation extrapolation approach to estimate a genome-wide threshold. These methods were applied to five different EWAS datasets derived from a variety of populations and tissue types. We obtained an estimate of α=2.4×10-7 for the 450k array, and a genome-wide estimate of α=3.6×10-8. We further demonstrate the importance of these results by showing that previously recommended sample sizes for EWAS should be adjusted upwards, requiring samples between ∼10% and ∼20% larger in order to maintain type-1 errors at the desired level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayden Saffari
- Department of Non‐Communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Unit, The Gambia and MRC International Nutrition GroupLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychological Sciences, BirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matt J. Silver
- MRC Unit, The Gambia and MRC International Nutrition GroupLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariSardiniaItaly
| | - Loredana Moi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariSardiniaItaly
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariSardiniaItaly
| | - Emma L. Meaburn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, BirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non‐Communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
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23
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Sanna A, Firinu D, Zavattari P, Valera P. Zinc Status and Autoimmunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010068. [PMID: 29324654 PMCID: PMC5793296 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for living organisms and their biological processes. Zinc plays a key role in more than 300 enzymes and it is involved in cell communication, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Zinc plays also a role in regulating the immune system with implications in pathologies where zinc deficiency and inflammation are observed. In order to examine the experimental evidence reported in the literature regarding zinc levels in the body of patients with autoimmune disorders compared to control individuals, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. From 26,095 articles identified by literature search, only 179 of them were considered potentially relevant for our study and then examined. Of the 179 articles, only 62 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Particularly for Fixed Model, Zn concentration in both serum (mean effect = −1.19; confidence interval: −1.26 to −1.11) and plasma (mean effect = −3.97; confidence interval: −4.08 to −3.87) samples of autoimmune disease patients was significantly lower than in controls. The data presented in our work, although very heterogeneous in the manner of collecting and investigating samples, have proved to be extremely consistent in witnessing a deficiency of zinc in serum and plasma of patients compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sanna
- Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Monserrato Campus, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Paolo Valera
- Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
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Caria P, Pillai R, Dettori T, Frau DV, Zavattari P, Riva G, Romano G, Pani F, Bentivegna A, Giovannoni R, Pagni F, Sogos V, Vanni R. Thyrospheres from B-CPAP Cell Line with BRAF and TERT Promoter Mutations have Different Functional and Molecular Features than Parental Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:1629-1639. [PMID: 28775782 PMCID: PMC5535718 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thyroid cancer derived cell lines are widely used to study the mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. However, there is limited availability of non-cross-contaminated cancer cell lines derived from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and the B-CPAP cell line is one of the few such lines. B-CPAP cells have been genetically and cytogenetically well-characterized, but details of their stemness features remain uncertain. Considering that this cell line is extensively used for in vitro studies on thyroid tumorigenesis, we broaden its functional and molecular profiles as well as the tumorigenic capacity. We used functional assays (sphere-forming capacity and efficiency), assessed self-renewal and propagation efficiency and tested in vivo tumorigenicity in Hsd:Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice. Expression of markers of stemness, differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were estimated at RNA and protein levels in adherent parental cells and sphere-forming cells. Functional aspects and stemness features were compared with normal thyrocytes. Protein expression of xenograft tumors was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. B-CPAP sphere-forming cells were able to form thyrospheres theoretically indefinitely in an appropriate serum-free medium, reverting to the adherent parental cell phenotype when cultured in differentiation medium. Different expression of ALDH1-A1 and CD44 stemness markers and TTF-1 and CK19 differentiation markers allowed discrimination between isolated sphere-forming cells and adherent parental cells, indicating that sphere-forming cells retained stem-like features. In keeping with these observations, tumorigenicity assays confirmed that, relative to parental adherent cells, thyrospheres had enhanced capacity to initiate xenograft tumors. Thyrospheres from normal cell line retained very low functional capacity, as well as different stemness markers expression compared to tumor thyrospheres. Our findings may constitute a useful background to develop an in vitro model for assessing the origin and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma bearing BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Pillai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tinuccia Dettori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Riva
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Gabriele Romano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Fabiana Pani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Pagni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
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25
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Vega-Benedetti AF, Saucedo C, Zavattari P, Vanni R, Zugaza JL, Parada LA. PLAGL1: an important player in diverse pathological processes. J Appl Genet 2016; 58:71-78. [PMID: 27311313 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The PLAGL1 gene encodes a homonymous zinc finger protein that promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through multiple pathways. The protein has been implicated in metabolic, genetic, and neoplastic illnesses, but the molecular mechanisms by which the protein PLAGL1 participates in such diverse processes remains to be elucidated. In this review, we focus mainly on the molecular biology of PLAGL1 and the relevance of its abnormalities to several pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Vega-Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, UNSa-CONICET, Ave. Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cinthia Saucedo
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, UNSa-CONICET, Ave. Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Biochemistry, Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - José L Zugaza
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 205, Zamudio, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Parada
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, UNSa-CONICET, Ave. Bolivia 5150, 4400, Salta, Argentina.
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Valera P, Zavattari P, Sanna A, Pretti S, Marcello A, Mannu C, Targhetta C, Bruno G, Songini M. Zinc and Other Metals Deficiencies and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: An Ecological Study in the High Risk Sardinia Island. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141262. [PMID: 26559814 PMCID: PMC4641716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes incidence presents a decreasing gradient in Europe from the Nordic countries to the Mediterranean ones. Exception to this gradient is represented by Sardinia, the second largest Mediterranean island whose population shows the highest incidence in Europe, after Finland. The genetic features of this population have created a fertile ground for the epidemic of the disease, however, as well as being strikingly high, the incidence rate has suddenly presented a continuous increase from the ‘50s, not explainable by accumulation of new genetic variants. Several environmental factors have been taken into account, possibly interacting with the genetic/epigenetic scenario, but there are no strong evidences to date. Methods The present study investigated the hypothesis that geochemical elements could create permissive environmental conditions for autoimmune diabetes. An ecological analysis was performed to test possible correlations between the values of eight elements in stream sediments and type 1 diabetes incidence rate in Sardinia. Results Analyses revealed negative associations between elements, such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, and type 1 diabetes incidence. Conclusions The results suggest a possible protective role of some elements against the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Valera
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (PV); (PZ)
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (PV); (PZ)
| | - Alessandro Sanna
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pretti
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Marcello
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Mannu
- Centre for the Study of Diabetes Complications and Metabolic Diseases, St. Michele Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clara Targhetta
- Centre for the Study of Diabetes Complications and Metabolic Diseases, St. Michele Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Graziella Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Songini
- Centre for the Study of Diabetes Complications and Metabolic Diseases, St. Michele Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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Zavattari P, Perra A, Menegon S, Kowalik MA, Petrelli A, Angioni MM, Follenzi A, Quagliata L, Ledda-Columbano GM, Terracciano L, Giordano S, Columbano A. Nrf2, but not β-catenin, mutation represents an early event in rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2015; 62:851-62. [PMID: 25783764 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops through a multistage process, but the nature of the molecular changes associated with the different steps, the very early ones in particular, is largely unknown. Recently, dysregulation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway and mutations of these genes have been observed in experimental and human tumors, suggesting their possible role in cancer development. To assess whether Nrf2/Keap1 mutations are early or late events in HCC development, we investigated their frequency in the rat Resistant Hepatocyte model, consisting of the administration of diethylnitrosamine followed by a brief exposure to 2-acetylaminofluorene. This model enables the dissection of all stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. We found that Nrf2/Keap1 mutations were present in 71% of early preneoplastic lesions and in 78.6% and 59.3% of early and advanced HCCs, respectively. Mutations of Nrf2 were more frequent, missense, and located in the Nrf2-Keap1 binding region. Mutations of Keap1 occurred at a much lower frequency in both preneoplastic lesions and HCCs and were mutually exclusive with those of Nrf2. Functional in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Nrf2 silencing inhibited the ability of tumorigenic rat cells to grow in soft agar and to form tumors. Unlike Nrf2 mutations, those of Ctnnb1, which are frequent in human HCC, were a later event as they appeared only in fully advanced HCCs (18.5%). CONCLUSION In the Resistant Hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis the onset of Nrf2 mutations is a very early event, likely essential for the clonal expansion of preneoplastic hepatocytes to HCC, while Ctnnb1 mutations occur only at very late stages. Moreover, functional experiments demonstrate that Nrf2 is an oncogene critical for HCC progression and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Menegon
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petrelli
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Quagliata
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Silvia Giordano
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Columbano A, Giordano S, Perra A, Kowalik M, Ledda‐Columbano G, Petrelli A, Menegon S, Quagliata L, Terracciano L, Zavattari P. Mutations of
Nrf2 are
an early and frequent event in the development of rat hepatocellular carcinoma. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.147.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Valera P, Zavattari P, Albanese S, Cicchella D, Dinelli E, Lima A, De Vivo B. A correlation study between multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes incidences and geochemical data in Europe. Environ Geochem Health 2014; 36:79-98. [PMID: 23567975 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex multifactorial disorders usually arise in individuals genetically at risk in the presence of permissive environmental factors. For many of these diseases, predisposing gene variants are partly known while the identification of the environmental component is much more difficult. This study aims to investigate whether there are correlations between the incidence of two complex traits, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, and some chemical elements and compounds present in soils and stream sediments in Europe. Data were obtained from the published literature and analyzed by calculating the mean values of each element and of disease incidence for each Country, respectively, 17 for multiple sclerosis and 21 for type 1 diabetes. Correlation matrices and regression analyses were used in order to compare incidence data and geochemical data. R correlation index and significance were evaluated. The analyses performed in this study have revealed significant positive correlations between barium and sodium oxide on one hand and multiple sclerosis and diabetes incidences on the other hand that may suggest interactions to be evaluated between silicon-rich lithologies and/or marine environments. The negative correlations shown by cobalt, chromium and nickel (typical of silicon-poor environment), which in this case can be interpreted as protective effects against the two diseases onset, make the split between favorable and protective environments even more obvious. In conclusion, if other studies will confirm the involvement of the above elements and compounds in the etiology of these pathologies, then it will be possible to plan strategies to reduce the spread of these serious pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Valera
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123, Cagliari, Italy,
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30
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Ibba A, Pilia S, Zavattari P, Loche A, Guzzetti C, Casini MR, Minerba L, Loche S. The role of FTO genotype on eating behavior in obese Sardinian children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:539-44. [PMID: 23509208 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to study the influence of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on eating behavior in 412 obese Sardinian children and adolescents. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several susceptibility loci for obesity. Among these, the polymorphisms in the intron 1 of the FTO gene has been found associated to weight gain and obesity in various populations. METHODS All obese patients were genotyped for the FTO single nucleotide polimorphysm (SNP) rs9939609. In all subjects we evaluated eating behavior using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). RESULTS We found no differences in eating behavior according to the genotype, either in the entire cohort, or when subjects were subdivided into four different age groups. CONCLUSIONS FTO genotype is associated with body mass index but does not influence eating behavior in a selected cohort of obese children from the isolated genetic population of Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ibba
- Servizio di Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Microcitemico, ASL Cagliari, Italy
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Zavattari P, Loche A, Pilia S, Ibba A, Moi L, Guzzetti C, Casini MR, Loche S. rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with obesity but not with several biochemical parameters in Sardinian obese children. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:648-54. [PMID: 21913894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported an association of the intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609 of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with obesity and with a number of obesity-related features. We studied the association of rs9939609 with obesity in 912 obese children and adolescents (426 males and 486 females, mean ± SD age 10.5 ± 3.3 years) and in 543 normal weight subjects. A number of biochemical and clinical parameters was also evaluated in 700 of these patients. In the obese group, mean body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) was similar between the three genotypes. The A allele was present in 55% of the patients' and in 43% of controls' chromosomes. The distribution of heterozygotes was similar between patients and controls (47%), while the distribution of AA homozygotes was significantly higher in patients (31% vs. 20%). Logistic regression analysis on the genotypes yielded a χ(2) of 35.5 with an odds ratio of 1.6 (CI = 1.3-1.8), P < 1 × 10(-5) . None of the clinical and metabolic parameters tested was associated with the genotype. In conclusion, we have confirmed the strong association between FTO and obesity, and shown that only AA homozygotes are predisposed to develop obesity while TT homozygotes might be protected. Finally, we found no association between rs9939609 and a number of obesity-related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Zavattari
- Servizio di Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Microcitemico - ASL Cagliari, Italy
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32
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Pilia S, Casini MR, Cambuli VM, Ibba A, Civolani P, Zavattari P, Incani M, Mossa P, Baroni MG, Mariotti S, Loche S. Prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (GAD and IA2) in Sardinian children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis. Diabet Med 2011; 28:896-9. [PMID: 21749442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis are common autoimmune diseases characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against tissue-specific components. Non-thyroid-specific autoantibodies are frequent in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis is unknown. METHODS The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (GAD and IA2) was analysed in 236 Sardinian children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis. GAD and IA2 antibodies were measured at the time of the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis and re-evaluated after 1 year in the children who were shown to be positive. Autoantibody prevalence was evaluated in 949 healthy age-matched controls. RESULTS The prevalence of GAD and/or IA2 antibodies was 8% in the children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis and 4.1% in control subjects (P = 0.017). When Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies were separately analysed, the difference remained significant for IA2 (3.39% in autoimmune thyroiditis vs. 1.16% in control subjects, P = 0.012), but not for GAD (5.1% in autoimmune thyroiditis vs. 3.79% in control subjects, P = 0.367). Seven of 10 children with autoimmune thyroiditis and detectable Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies at the diagnosis remained positive after 1 year. In the course of 2 years of follow-up, two patients who were positive for Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies at the time of diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis developed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting the prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies in a selected cohort of genetically homogeneous children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis. The main finding was that the prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies and of newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis was significantly higher than that observed in the general paediatric population, suggesting that children with autoimmune thyroiditis are at increased risk of developing Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilia
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Microcitemico Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Zavattari P, Loche A, Civolani P, Pilia S, Moi L, Casini MR, Minerba L, Loche S. An INSIG2 Polymorphism Affects Glucose Homeostasis in Sardinian Obese Children and Adolescents. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 74:381-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pitzalis M, Zavattari P, Murru R, Deidda E, Zoledziewska M, Murru D, Moi L, Motzo C, Orrù V, Costa G, Solla E, Fadda E, Schirru L, Melis MC, Lai M, Mancosu C, Tranquilli S, Cuccu S, Rolesu M, Secci MA, Corongiu D, Contu D, Lampis R, Nucaro A, Pala G, Pacifico A, Maioli M, Frongia P, Chessa M, Ricciardi R, Lostia S, Marinaro AM, Milia AF, Landis N, Zedda MA, Whalen MB, Santoni F, Marrosu MG, Devoto M, Cucca F. Genetic loci linked to type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis families in Sardinia. BMC Med Genet 2008; 9:3. [PMID: 18205952 PMCID: PMC2259316 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The Mediterranean island of Sardinia has a strikingly high incidence of the autoimmune disorders Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, the two diseases tend to be co-inherited in the same individuals and in the same families. These observations suggest that some unknown autoimmunity variant with relevant effect size could be fairly common in this founder population and could be detected using linkage analysis. Methods To search for T1D and MS loci as well as any that predispose to both diseases, we performed a whole genome linkage scan, sequentially genotyping 593 microsatellite marker loci in 954 individuals distributed in 175 Sardinian families. In total, 413 patients were studied; 285 with T1D, 116 with MS and 12 with both disorders. Model-free linkage analysis was performed on the genotyped samples using the Kong and Cox logarithm of odds (LOD) score statistic. Results In T1D, aside from the HLA locus, we found four regions showing a lod-score ≥1; 1p31.1, 6q26, 10q21.2 and 22q11.22. In MS we found three regions showing a lod-score ≥1; 1q42.2, 18p11.21 and 20p12.3. In the combined T1D-MS scan for shared autoimmunity loci, four regions showed a LOD >1, including 6q26, 10q21.2, 20p12.3 and 22q11.22. When we typed more markers in these intervals we obtained suggestive evidence of linkage in the T1D scan at 10q21.2 (LOD = 2.1), in the MS scan at 1q42.2 (LOD = 2.5) and at 18p11.22 (LOD = 2.6). When all T1D and MS families were analysed jointly we obtained suggestive evidence in two regions: at 10q21.1 (LOD score = 2.3) and at 20p12.3 (LOD score = 2.5). Conclusion This suggestive evidence of linkage with T1D, MS and both diseases indicates critical chromosome intervals to be followed up in downstream association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Pitzalis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Vang T, Congia M, Macis MD, Musumeci L, Orrú V, Zavattari P, Nika K, Tautz L, Taskén K, Cucca F, Mustelin T, Bottini N. Autoimmune-associated lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is a gain-of-function variant. Nat Genet 2005; 37:1317-9. [PMID: 16273109 DOI: 10.1038/ng1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A SNP in the gene PTPN22 is associated with type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves thyroiditis, Addison disease and other autoimmune disorders. T cells from carriers of the predisposing allele produce less interleukin-2 upon TCR stimulation, and the encoded phosphatase has higher catalytic activity and is a more potent negative regulator of T lymphocyte activation. We conclude that the autoimmune-predisposing allele is a gain-of-function mutant.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Autoimmune Diseases/enzymology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Catalysis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Italy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Vang
- Program on Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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36
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Marrosu MG, Motzo C, Murru R, Lampis R, Costa G, Zavattari P, Contu D, Fadda E, Cocco E, Cucca F. The co-inheritance of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis in Sardinia cannot be explained by genotype variation in the HLA region alone. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2919-24. [PMID: 15471889 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are two autoimmune diseases which exhibit a considerably higher incidence in Sardinia compared with the surrounding southern European populations. Surprisingly, a 5-fold increased prevalence of T1D has also been observed in Sardinian MS patients. Susceptibility to both disorders is associated with common variants of the HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci. In this study, we determined the relative contribution of genotype variation of these loci to the co-occurrence of the two disorders in Sardinia. We genotyped 1052 T1D patients and 1049 MS patients (31 of whom also had T1D) together with 1917 ethnically matched controls. On the basis of the absolute risks for T1D of the HLA-DRB1-DQB1 genotypes, we established that these loci would only contribute to a 2-fold increase in T1D prevalence in MS patients. From this evidence, we conclude that shared disease associations due to the HLA-DRB1-DQB1 loci provide only a partial explanation for the observed increased prevalence of T1D in Sardinian MS patients. The data suggest that variation at other non-HLA class II loci, and/or unknown environmental factors contribute significantly to the co-occurrence of these two traits.
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Zavattari P, Deidda E, Pitzalis M, Zoa B, Moi L, Lampis R, Contu D, Motzo C, Frongia P, Angius E, Maioli M, Todd JA, Cucca F. No association between variation of the FOXP3 gene and common type 1 diabetes in the Sardinian population. Diabetes 2004; 53:1911-4. [PMID: 15220219 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor FOXP3 gene on chromosome Xp11.23 cause a rare recessive monogenic disorder called IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, including type 1 diabetes, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome). FOXP3 is necessary for the differentiation of a key immune suppressive subset of T-cells, the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Previously, we reported a significant male-female bias in the common, multifactorial form of type 1 diabetes in Sardinia and evidence of linkage of chromosome Xp11 to the disease. These findings indicate that FOXP3 is a prime functional and positional candidate locus for the common form of type 1 diabetes. In the present study, we initially scanned 82 kb of the FOXP3 region for common polymorphisms, including sequencing all of the coding and functionally relevant portions of the gene in 64 Sardinian individuals. Then the most informative polymorphisms in 418 type 1 diabetic families and in 268 male case and 326 male control subjects were sequentially genotyped and tested for disease association. There is no evidence that variants in the FOXP3 regions analyzed are associated with type 1 diabetes and account for the male-female bias observed in Sardinia. Our data indicate that allelic variation in or near the coding regions of the FOXP3 gene does not have a major role in the inherited susceptibility to the common form of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Zavattari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università di Cagliari, Ospedale Microcitemico, Cagliari, Italy
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Cucca F, Contu D, Zavattari P, Murru D. [Correlation between major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II and type 1 diabetes]. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2003; 28:111-22. [PMID: 12717342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from a T lymphocyte-dependent, selective destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells and subsequent irreversible insulin deficiency. The disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Numerous genetic, structural and biological studies have provided a convincing case that in human T1D and in its murine model, the non obese diabetes (NOD) mouse, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1 and their murine orthologues, IA and IE, are the major genetic determinants. The two loci act as a complex superlocus, with both haplotype- and genotype-specific effects. In humans the HLA class II molecule-association with the disease is constituted by a two-sided gradient from positively associated-high risk to negatively associated-low risk molecules. Very low risk corresponds to dominant protection from the disease. The protein structure of DQ/IA and DR/IE molecules have been established. Molecular modeling work revealed that there are marked similarities both within, and cross species between T1D protective class II molecules. Likewise, the T1D predisposing molecules show conserved similarities that differ with the shared structural patterns observed between the protective molecules. The available data provide evidence for a joint action of the class II peptide-binding pockets P1, P4 and P9 in disease susceptibility and resistance with a main role for P9 in DQ/IA and for P1 and P4 in DR/IE. Overall these observations suggest shared pathways in human and murine T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cucca
- Laboratorio di Immunogenetica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Contu D, Morelli L, Zavattari P, Lampis R, Angius E, Frongia P, Murru D, Maioli M, Francalacci P, Todd JA, Cucca F. Sex-related bias and exclusion mapping of the nonrecombinant portion of chromosome Y in human type 1 diabetes in the isolated founder population of Sardinia. Diabetes 2002; 51:3573-6. [PMID: 12453916 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A male excess in Sardinian type 1 diabetic cases has previously been reported and was largely restricted to those patients carrying the HLA-DR3/nonDR4 genotype. In the present study, we have measured the male- to-female (M:F) ratio in a sample set of 542 newly collected, early-onset type 1 diabetic Sardinian patients. This data not only confirm the excess of male type 1 diabetic patients overall (M:F ratio = 1.3, P = 3.9 x 10(-3)) but also that the bias in male incidence is largely confined to patients with the DR3/nonDR4 genotype (M:F ratio = 1.6, P = 2.0 x 10(-4)). These sex effects could be due to a role for allelic variation of the Y chromosome in the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, but to date this chromosome has not been evaluated in type 1 diabetes. We, therefore, established the frequencies of the various chromosome Y lineages and haplotypes in 325 Sardinian male patients, which included 180 cases with the DR3/nonDR4 genotype, and 366 Sardinian male control subjects. Our results do not support a significant involvement of the Y chromosome in DR3/nonDR4 type 1 diabetic cases nor in early-onset type 1 diabetes as a whole. Other explanations, such as X chromosome-linked inheritance, are thus required for the male bias in incidence in type 1 diabetes in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Contu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università di Cagliari, Ospedale Microcitemico, Via Jenner, Cagliari 09121, Italy
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Marrosu MG, Murru R, Murru MR, Costa G, Zavattari P, Whalen M, Cocco E, Mancosu C, Schirru L, Solla E, Fadda E, Melis C, Porru I, Rolesu M, Cucca F. Dissection of the HLA association with multiple sclerosis in the founder isolated population of Sardinia. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:2907-16. [PMID: 11741834 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.25.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated and linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region of chromosome 6p21.3, but the exact location and nature of the primarily associated locus within the HLA complex is still controversial and largely presumptive. By linkage disequilibrium mapping, we have systematically investigated this chromosome region in the founder population of Sardinia to determine the relative associations of the various loci with MS. An overall 11.4 Mb region, which encompasses the whole HLA complex, was scanned with 19 microsatellite markers and with single nucleotide polymorphisms within 12 functional candidate genes and assessed for MS association using the extended transmission disequilibrium test (ETDT). A peak of association represented by the three adjacent DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 loci was detected in the class II region. Two additional less significant areas of association were detected, respectively, in the centromeric side of the class II region at the DPB1 locus and, telomeric of the classically defined class I loci, at the D6S1683 microsatellite. Conditional ETDT analysis indicated that these regions of association could be independent of each other. Within the main peak of association, DRB1 and DQB1 contribute to the disease association independently of each other whereas DQA1 had no detectable primary genetic effects. We evaluated the haplotype distribution at the region showing the strongest association and found five DQB1-DRB1 haplotypes positively associated with MS in Sardinia. These consistently included all the haplotypes previously found associated with MS in the various human populations, thus supporting a primary effect of the products of these loci in MS. Overall these results are consistent with a multilocus model of the MHC encoded susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marrosu
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, University of Cagliari, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale Binaghi, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, Cagliari 09126, Italy.
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41
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Pociot F, Larsen ZM, Zavattari P, Deidda E, Nerup J, Cattaneo M, Chiaramonte R, Comi P, Sabbadini M, Zollo M, Biunno I, Cucca F. No evidence for SEL1L as a candidate gene for IDDM11-conferred susceptibility. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17:292-5. [PMID: 11544613 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SEL1L gene is located on human chromosome 14q24.3-31 close to D14S67 which has been previously proposed to be a type 1 diabetes mellitus locus (IDDM11). Sel-1 is a negative regulator of the Notch signalling pathway and SEL1L is selectively expressed in adult pancreas and islets of Langerhans. This suggests that SEL1L may be a candidate gene for IDDM11. METHODS We have analysed two newly identified CA-repeat polymorphisms within the genomic sequence of the SEL1L locus for association with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in 152 Danish T1DM-affected sib-pair families and in 240 Sardinian families (229 simplex and 11 sib-pair families). RESULTS No evidence for association of the two SEL1L markers with T1DM was observed in either the Danish or the Sardinian families. We have also used allelic sharing methods to analyse linkage with T1DM in the IDDM11 region using the same markers and the Danish collection of affected sib-pair families. No evidence of linkage was observed (Z(max)=0.86). CONCLUSION Although several lines of evidence suggest that SEL1L might be a candidate for IDDM11-conferred susceptibility to T1DM the present study does not support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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42
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Zavattari P, Lampis R, Motzo C, Loddo M, Mulargia A, Whalen M, Maioli M, Angius E, Todd JA, Cucca F. Conditional linkage disequilibrium analysis of a complex disease superlocus, IDDM1 in the HLA region, reveals the presence of independent modifying gene effects influencing the type 1 diabetes risk encoded by the major HLA-DQB1, -DRB1 disease loci. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:881-9. [PMID: 11285254 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.8.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a common disease with a complex mode of inheritance. Its aetiology is underpinned by a major locus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1 (IDDM1) in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region of chromosome 6p21, and an unknown number of loci of lesser individual effect. In linkage analyses IDDM1 is a single peak, but it is evident that the linkage is caused by allelic variation of three adjacent genes in a 75 kb region, namely the class II genes, HLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1. However, even these three genes may not explain all of the HLA association. We investigated, in the founder population of Sardinia, whether non-DQ/DR polymorphic markers within a 9.452 Mb region encompassing the whole HLA complex further influence the disease risk, after taking into account linkage disequilibrium with the disease loci HLA-DQB1, -DQA1 and -DRB1. We generalized the conditional association test, the haplotype method, to detect marker associations that are independent of the main DR/DQ disease associations. Three regions were identified as risk modifiers. These associations were not only independent of the polymorphic exon 2 sequences of HLA-DQB1, -DQA1 and -DRB1, but also independent of each other. The individual contributions of these risk modifiers were relatively modest but their combined impact was highly significant. Together, alleles of single nucleotide polymorphisms at the DMB and DOB genes, and the microsatellite locus TNFc, identified approximately 40% of Sardinian DR3 haplotypes as non-predisposing. This conditional analysis approach can be applied to any chromosome region involved in the predisposition to complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zavattari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, University of Cagliari, Via Jenner, Cagliari 09121, Italy
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43
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Greco L, Babron MC, Corazza GR, Percopo S, Sica R, Clot F, Fulchignoni-Lataud MC, Zavattari P, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Casari G, Gasparini P, Tosi R, Mantovani V, De Virgiliis S, Iacono G, D'Alfonso A, Selinger-Leneman H, Lemainque A, Serre JL, Clerget-Darpoux F. Existence of a genetic risk factor on chromosome 5q in Italian coeliac disease families. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65:35-41. [PMID: 11415521 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is a malabsorptive disorder of the small intestine resulting from ingestion of gluten. The HLA risk factors involved in CD are well known but do not explain the whole genetic susceptibility. Several regions of potential linkage on chromosomes 3q, 5q, 10q, 11q, 15q and 19q have already been reported in the literature. These six regions were analyzed with the Maximum Lod Score method on a dense set of markers. A new sample of 89 Italian sibpairs was available for study. There was no evidence for linkage for any of the regions tested, except for chromosome 5q. For this region, our data, as well as a sample of 93 sibpairs from our first genome screen (Greco et al. 1998), are compatible with the presence of a risk factor for CD with a moderate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greco
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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Zavattari P, Lampis R, Mulargia A, Loddo M, Angius E, Todd JA, Cucca F. Confirmation of the DRB1-DQB1 loci as the major component of IDDM1 in the isolated founder population of Sardinia. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:2967-72. [PMID: 11115840 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.20.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable uncertainty and debate concerning the application of linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping in common multifactorial diseases, including the choice of population and the density of the marker map. Previously, it has been shown that, in the large cosmopolitan population of the UK, the established type 1 diabetes IDDM1 locus in the HLA region could be mapped with high resolution by LD. The LD curve peaked at marker D6S2444, 85 kb from the HLA class II gene DQB1, which is known to be a major determinant of IDDM1. However, given the many unknown parameters underlying LD, a validation of the approach in a genetically distinct population is necessary. In the present report we have achieved this by the LD mapping of IDDM1 in the isolated founder population of Sardinia. Using a dense map of microsatellite markers, we determined the peak of LD to be located at marker D6S2447, which is only 6.5 kb from DQB1. Next, we typed a large number of SNPs defining allelic variation at functional candidate genes within the critical region. The association curve, with both classes of marker, peaked at the loci DRB1-DQB1. These results, while representing conclusive evidence that the class II loci DRB1-DQB1 dominate the association of the HLA region to type 1 diabetes, provide empirical support for LD mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zavattari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, University of Cagliari, Via Jenner, Cagliari 09121, Italy
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Zavattari P, Deidda E, Whalen M, Lampis R, Mulargia A, Loddo M, Eaves I, Mastio G, Todd JA, Cucca F. Major factors influencing linkage disequilibrium by analysis of different chromosome regions in distinct populations: demography, chromosome recombination frequency and selection. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:2947-57. [PMID: 11115838 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.20.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of disease genes is complicated by population- and chromosome-region-specific factors. We have analysed demographic factors by contrasting intermarker LD results obtained in a large cosmopolitan population (UK), a large genetic isolate (Sardinia) and a subisolate (village of Gavoi) for two regions of the X chromosome. A dramatic increase of LD was found in the subisolate. Demographic history of populations therefore influences LD. Chromosome-region-specific effects, namely the pattern and frequency of homologous recombination, were next delineated by the analysis of chromosome 6p21, including the HLA region. Patterns of global LD in this region were very similar in the UK and Sardinian populations despite their entirely distinct demographies, and correlate well with the pattern of recombinations. Nevertheless, haplotypes extend across recombination hot spots indicative of selection of certain haplotypes. Subisolate aside, chromosome-region-specific differences in LD patterns appear to be more important than the differences in intermarker LD between distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zavattari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, University of Cagliari, Via Jenner, Cagliari 09121, Italy
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Herr M, Dudbridge F, Zavattari P, Cucca F, Guja C, March R, Campbell RD, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Todd JA, Koeleman BP. Evaluation of fine mapping strategies for a multifactorial disease locus: systematic linkage and association analysis of IDDM1 in the HLA region on chromosome 6p21. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1291-301. [PMID: 10814711 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.9.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The positional cloning of multifactorial disease genes is a major challenge in human genetics. We have therefore empirically tested the utility of the available polymorphic microsatellite map to locate the already identified type 1 diabetes locus IDDM1 (sibling risk/population prevalence ratio lambda(s)= 2.7) within a 14 Mb region of chromosome 6p21 linked to disease. In a two-stage approach to fine mapping, linkage was evaluated in 385 affected sib-pair families using 13 evenly spaced polymorphic microsatellite markers. The whole 14 Mb showed strong linkage. Then, each marker was analysed for evidence of allelic association, revealing evidence of disease association at one marker located within the 95% confidence interval of 1.7 cM obtained by linkage. Analysis of an additional 12 markers flanking this marker revealed a highly specific region of 570 kb associated with disease ( P = 7.5 x 10(-35)), which included the HLA class II genes, known to be the primary determinants of IDDM1. The peak of association was as close as 85 kb centromeric of the disease-predisposing class II gene HLA-DQB1. We investigated the importance of the underlying inter-marker linkage disequilibrium, marker informativity and recombination for fine mapping and demonstrate that the majority of disease association in the region can be explained by linkage disequilibrium with the class II susceptibility genes. Recombination within the major histocompatibility complex was rare and nearly absent in the class III region. We demonstrate that fine mapping of a multifactorial disease gene is possible with high accuracy even in a region with extraordinary linkage disequilibrium across distances of several Mb. The results will be applicable to association studies of disease loci with lambda(s)values <2.7 except that much larger data sets will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herr
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Box 139, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Koeleman BP, Herr MH, Zavattari P, Dudbridge F, March R, Campbell D, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Mulargia AP, Loddo M, Amos W, Cucca F, Todd JA. Conditional ETDT analysis of the human leukocyte antigen region in type 1 diabetes. Ann Hum Genet 2000; 64:215-21. [PMID: 11246473 DOI: 10.1017/s0003480000008101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that additional genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, other than the class II genes HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1 (the IDDM1 locus), may contribute to susceptibility and resistance to type 1 diabetes. The relative magnitude of these non- DR/DQ effects is uncertain and their map location is unknown owing to the extraordinary linkage disequilibrium that extends over the 3.5 Mb of the MHC. The homozygous parent test has been proposed as a method for detection of additional risk factors conditional on HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1. However, this method is inefficient since it uses only parents homozygous for the primary disease locus, the DQB1-DRB1 haplotype. To overcome this limitation, Conditional ETDT was used in the present report to test for association conditional on the DQB1-DRB1 haplotype, thereby allowing all parents to be included in the analysis. First, we confirm in UK and Sardinian type 1 diabetic families that allelic variation at HLA-DRB1 has a very significant effect on the association of DQB1 and vice versa. The Conditional ETDT was then applied to the HLA TNF (tumour necrosis factor) region and microsatellite marker D6S273 region, both of which have been reported to contribute to IDDM1 independent of the HLA-DQB1-DRB1 genes. We found no evidence for a major role for either of these two regions in IDDM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Koeleman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; and Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Eta' Evolutiva, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Esposito
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; and Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Eta' Evolutiva, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sarah Nutland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; and Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Eta' Evolutiva, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - John A. Todd
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; and Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Eta' Evolutiva, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; and Istituto di Clinica e Biologia dell'Eta' Evolutiva, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Giordano M, Bolognesi E, D'Alfonso S, Lessi M, Zavattari P, Oderda G, Clot F, Percopo S, Casari G, Greco L, Tosi R, Momigliano-Richiardi P. Linkage disequilibrium between intra-locus variants in the aminopeptidase n gene and test of their association with coeliac disease. Ann Hum Genet 1999; 63:207-15. [PMID: 10738533 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6330207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is a multigenic and multifactorial enteropathy triggered by gluten-composing proteins. A possible involvement of the intestinal Aminopeptidase N (APN) was investigated by an association analysis. SSCP analysis detected four variants at position 281, 378, 956 and 2957 (referred to no. g178535, GenBank) that were studied in 193 Italian CD families. The haplotypic combinations were determined from family segregation and pairwise linkage disequilibria (D' = D/Dmax) between the polymorphic sites were calculated. Significant D' values ranged between 0.78 and 0.31. Association with CD was tested by TDT (Transmission Disequilibrium Test) utilizing as markers the nucleotide substitutions and their haplotypic combinations. No statistically significant transmission distortion to the probands or to their clinically silent sibs was observed. Our data exclude an involvement in CD of the tested markers and of further undetected variation in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' approximately equal to 1) with them. The power of the test was not adequate to detect an association with an unknown polymorphism which is not in complete linkage disequilibrium with those analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy.
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D'Alfonso S, Nisticò L, Zavattari P, Marrosu MG, Murru R, Lai M, Massacesi L, Ballerini C, Gestri D, Salvetti M, Ristori G, Bomprezzi R, Trojano M, Liguori M, Gambi D, Quattrone A, Fruci D, Cucca F, Richiardi PM, Tosi R. Linkage analysis of multiple sclerosis with candidate region markers in Sardinian and Continental Italian families. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:377-85. [PMID: 10234515 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genome screens in multiple sclerosis have shown some evidence of linkage in scattered chromosomal regions. Although in no case the evidence of each single study was compelling and although in general the linkage 'peaks' of the different studies did not coincide, some regions can be considered likely candidates for the presence of MS risk genes because of the clustering of MLS scores and homology with eae loci. We performed a linkage analysis of markers in these regions and of intragenic markers of some individual candidate genes (HLA-DRB1, CTLA-4, IL9, APOE, BCL2, TNFR2). For the first time, Southern European populations were targeted, namely Continental Italians and Sardinians. A total of 69 multiplex families were typed for 67 markers by a semi-automatic fluorescence-based assay. Results were analysed for linkage by two non-parametric tests: GENEHUNTER and SimIBD. In general, the linkage scores obtained were low, confirming the conclusion that no gene is playing a major role in the disease. However, some markers, in 2p11, 3q21.1, 7p15.2 and 22q13.1 stood out as promising since they showed higher scores with one or the other test. This stimulates further association analysis of a large number of simplex families from the same populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D'Alfonso
- Chair of Human Genetics, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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