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Tsujimoto K, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A. The Ragulator complex: delving its multifunctional impact on metabolism and beyond. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:28. [PMID: 37173755 PMCID: PMC10175929 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of lysosomes has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, from the view that they are static organelles primarily responsible for the disposal and recycling of cellular waste to their recognition as highly dynamic structures. Current research posits that lysosomes function as a signaling hub that integrates both extracellular and intracellular stimuli, thereby regulating cellular homeostasis. The dysregulation of lysosomal function has been linked to a wide range of diseases. Of note, lysosomes contribute to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of cellular metabolism. The Ragulator complex, a protein complex anchored on the lysosomal membrane, was initially shown to tether the mTORC1 complex to lysosomes. Recent research has substantially expanded our understanding of the roles of the Ragulator complex in lysosomes, including roles in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation, cell death, cell migration, and the maintenance of homeostasis, via interactions with various proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the diverse functions of the Ragulator complex, highlighting important protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Mohammadnezhad L, Shekarkar Azgomi M, La Manna MP, Guggino G, Botta C, Dieli F, Caccamo N. B-Cell Receptor Signaling Is Thought to Be a Bridge between Primary Sjogren Syndrome and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098385. [PMID: 37176092 PMCID: PMC10179133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) is the second most common autoimmune disorder worldwide, which, in the worst scenario, progresses to Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Despite extensive studies, there is still a lack of knowledge about developing pSS for NHL. This study focused on cells' signaling in pSS progression to the NHL type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Using bulk RNA and single cell analysis, we found five novel pathologic-independent clusters in DLBCL based on cells' signaling. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling was identified as the only enriched signal in DLBCL and pSS peripheral naive B-cells or salivary gland-infiltrated cells. The evaluation of the genes in association with BCR has revealed that targeting CD79A, CD79B, and LAMTOR4 as the shared genes can provide novel biomarkers for pSS progression into lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohammadnezhad
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Yan G, Yang J, Li W, Guo A, Guan J, Liu Y. Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify ILF3 as a mediator of mTORC1-dependent amino acid sensing. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:754-764. [PMID: 37037994 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an essential hub that integrates nutrient signals and coordinates metabolism to control cell growth. Amino acid signals are detected by sensor proteins and relayed to the GATOR2 and GATOR1 complexes to control mTORC1 activity. Here we perform genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens, coupled with an assay for mTORC1 activity based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of pS6, to identify potential regulators of mTORC1-dependent amino acid sensing. We then focus on interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3), one of the candidate genes from the screen. ILF3 tethers the GATOR complexes to lysosomes to control mTORC1. Adding a lysosome-targeting sequence to the GATOR2 component WDR24 bypasses the requirement for ILF3 to modulate amino-acid-dependent mTORC1 signalling. ILF3 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in human and mouse cells, and in worms to regulate the mTORC1 pathway, control autophagy activity and modulate the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Yang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ao Guo
- PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Guan
- PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Lou K, Wassarman DR, Yang T, Paung Y, Zhang Z, O’Loughlin TA, Moore MK, Egan RK, Greninger P, Benes CH, Seeliger MA, Taunton J, Gilbert LA, Shokat KM. IFITM proteins assist cellular uptake of diverse linked chemotypes. Science 2022; 378:1097-1104. [PMID: 36480603 PMCID: PMC9924227 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for cell-permeable drugs has conventionally focused on low-molecular weight (MW), nonpolar, rigid chemical structures. However, emerging therapeutic strategies break traditional drug design rules by employing flexibly linked chemical entities composed of more than one ligand. Using complementary genome-scale chemical-genetic approaches we identified an endogenous chemical uptake pathway involving interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) that modulates the cell permeability of a prototypical biopic inhibitor of MTOR (RapaLink-1, MW: 1784 g/mol). We devised additional linked inhibitors targeting BCR-ABL1 (DasatiLink-1, MW: 1518 g/mol) and EIF4A1 (BisRoc-1, MW: 1466 g/mol), uptake of which was facilitated by IFITMs. We also found that IFITMs moderately assisted some proteolysis-targeting chimeras and examined the physicochemical requirements for involvement of this uptake pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Douglas R. Wassarman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Tangpo Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
| | - YiTing Paung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, United States
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
| | - Thomas A. O’Loughlin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Urology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Megan K. Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Regina K. Egan
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Patricia Greninger
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Cyril H. Benes
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
02115, United States
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Urology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, United States
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United
States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California,
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
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5
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Condon KJ, Orozco JM, Adelmann CH, Spinelli JB, van der Helm PW, Roberts JM, Kunchok T, Sabatini DM. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal multitiered mechanisms through which mTORC1 senses mitochondrial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022120118. [PMID: 33483422 PMCID: PMC7848693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, nutrients and growth factors signal through an array of upstream proteins to regulate the mTORC1 growth control pathway. Because the full complement of these proteins has not been systematically identified, we developed a FACS-based CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screening strategy to pinpoint genes that regulate mTORC1 activity. Along with almost all known positive components of the mTORC1 pathway, we identified many genes that impact mTORC1 activity, including DCAF7, CSNK2B, SRSF2, IRS4, CCDC43, and HSD17B10 Using the genome-wide screening data, we generated a focused sublibrary containing single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting hundreds of genes and carried out epistasis screens in cells lacking nutrient- and stress-responsive mTORC1 modulators, including GATOR1, AMPK, GCN2, and ATF4. From these data, we pinpointed mitochondrial function as a particularly important input into mTORC1 signaling. While it is well appreciated that mitochondria signal to mTORC1, the mechanisms are not completely clear. We find that the kinases AMPK and HRI signal, with varying kinetics, mitochondrial distress to mTORC1, and that HRI acts through the ATF4-dependent up-regulation of both Sestrin2 and Redd1. Loss of both AMPK and HRI is sufficient to render mTORC1 signaling largely resistant to mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin as well as the electron transport chain inhibitors piericidin and antimycin. Taken together, our data reveal a catalog of genes that impact the mTORC1 pathway and clarify the multifaceted ways in which mTORC1 senses mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Condon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jose M Orozco
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Charles H Adelmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Pim W van der Helm
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Justin M Roberts
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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6
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Glykofridis IE, Knol JC, Balk JA, Westland D, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Lougheed SM, Derakhshan S, Veen P, Rooimans MA, van Mil SE, Böttger F, Poddighe PJ, van de Beek I, Drost J, Zwartkruis FJ, de Menezes RX, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Houweling AC, Jimenez CR, Wolthuis RM. Loss of FLCN-FNIP1/2 induces a non-canonical interferon response in human renal tubular epithelial cells. eLife 2021; 10:61630. [PMID: 33459596 PMCID: PMC7899648 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the Folliculin (FLCN) tumor suppressor gene cause Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing carriers to kidney tumors. FLCN is a conserved, essential gene linked to diverse cellular processes but the mechanism by which FLCN prevents kidney cancer remains unknown. Here, we show that disrupting FLCN in human renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) activates TFE3, upregulating expression of its E-box targets, including RRAGD and GPNMB, without modifying mTORC1 activity. Surprisingly, the absence of FLCN or its binding partners FNIP1/FNIP2 induces interferon response genes independently of interferon. Mechanistically, FLCN loss promotes STAT2 recruitment to chromatin and slows cellular proliferation. Our integrated analysis identifies STAT1/2 signaling as a novel target of FLCN in renal cells and BHD tumors. STAT1/2 activation appears to counterbalance TFE3-directed hyper-proliferation and may influence immune responses. These findings shed light on unique roles of FLCN in human renal tumorigenesis and pinpoint candidate prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Glykofridis
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Westland
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, Universiteitsweg, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sepide Derakhshan
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Puck Veen
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Böttger
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pino J Poddighe
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irma van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fried Jt Zwartkruis
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, Universiteitsweg, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hanne Ej Meijers-Heijboer
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Houweling
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob Mf Wolthuis
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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