1
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Lubinski B, Whittaker GR. Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:984. [PMID: 38932275 PMCID: PMC11209347 DOI: 10.3390/v16060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Public & Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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2
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Patel MA, Fraser DD, Daley M, Cepinskas G, Veraldi N, Grazioli S. The plasma proteome differentiates the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from children with SARS-CoV-2 negative sepsis. Mol Med 2024; 30:51. [PMID: 38632526 PMCID: PMC11022403 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) can develop several weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection and requires a distinct treatment protocol. Distinguishing MIS-C from SARS-CoV-2 negative sepsis (SCNS) patients is important to quickly institute the correct therapies. We performed targeted proteomics and machine learning analysis to identify novel plasma proteins of MIS-C for early disease recognition. METHODS A case-control study comparing the expression of 2,870 unique blood proteins in MIS-C versus SCNS patients, measured using proximity extension assays. The 2,870 proteins were reduced in number with either feature selection alone or with a prior COMBAT-Seq batch effect adjustment. The leading proteins were correlated with demographic and clinical variables. Organ system and cell type expression patterns were analyzed with Natural Language Processing (NLP). RESULTS The cohorts were well-balanced for age and sex. Of the 2,870 unique blood proteins, 58 proteins were identified with feature selection (FDR-adjusted P < 0.005, P < 0.0001; accuracy = 0.96, AUC = 1.00, F1 = 0.95), and 15 proteins were identified with a COMBAT-Seq batch effect adjusted feature selection (FDR-adjusted P < 0.05, P < 0.0001; accuracy = 0.92, AUC = 1.00, F1 = 0.89). All of the latter 15 proteins were present in the former 58-protein model. Several proteins were correlated with illness severity scores, length of stay, and interventions (LTA4H, PTN, PPBP, and EGF; P < 0.001). NLP analysis highlighted the multi-system nature of MIS-C, with the 58-protein set expressed in all organ systems; the highest levels of expression were found in the digestive system. The cell types most involved included leukocytes not yet determined, lymphocytes, macrophages, and platelets. CONCLUSIONS The plasma proteome of MIS-C patients was distinct from that of SCNS. The key proteins demonstrated expression in all organ systems and most cell types. The unique proteomic signature identified in MIS-C patients could aid future diagnostic and therapeutic advancements, as well as predict hospital length of stays, interventions, and mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitray A Patel
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, N6C 2R5, London, ON, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, N6C 4V3, London, ON, Canada.
- Pediatrics, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada.
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada.
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada.
- London Health Sciences Centre, Room C2-C82, 800 Commissioners Road East, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Mark Daley
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
- Computer Science, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Lawson Health Research Institute, N6C 2R5, London, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
| | - Noemi Veraldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Grazioli
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Child, Woman, and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Saunders N, Fernandez I, Planchais C, Michel V, Rajah MM, Baquero Salazar E, Postal J, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Blanc C, Chauveau-Le Friec G, Martin A, Grzelak L, Oktavia RM, Meola A, Ahouzi O, Hoover-Watson H, Prot M, Delaune D, Cornelissen M, Deijs M, Meriaux V, Mouquet H, Simon-Lorière E, van der Hoek L, Lafaye P, Rey F, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O. TMPRSS2 is a functional receptor for human coronavirus HKU1. Nature 2023; 624:207-214. [PMID: 37879362 PMCID: PMC11331971 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Four endemic seasonal human coronaviruses causing common colds circulate worldwide: HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43 (ref. 1). After binding to cellular receptors, coronavirus spike proteins are primed for fusion by transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or endosomal cathepsins2-9. NL63 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a receptor10, whereas 229E uses human aminopeptidase-N11. HKU1 and OC43 spikes bind cells through 9-O-acetylated sialic acid, but their protein receptors remain unknown12. Here we show that TMPRSS2 is a functional receptor for HKU1. TMPRSS2 triggers HKU1 spike-mediated cell-cell fusion and pseudovirus infection. Catalytically inactive TMPRSS2 mutants do not cleave HKU1 spike but allow pseudovirus infection. Furthermore, TMPRSS2 binds with high affinity to the HKU1 receptor binding domain (Kd 334 and 137 nM for HKU1A and HKU1B genotypes) but not to SARS-CoV-2. Conserved amino acids in the HKU1 receptor binding domain are essential for binding to TMPRSS2 and pseudovirus infection. Newly designed anti-TMPRSS2 nanobodies potently inhibit HKU1 spike attachment to TMPRSS2, fusion and pseudovirus infection. The nanobodies also reduce infection of primary human bronchial cells by an authentic HKU1 virus. Our findings illustrate the various evolution strategies of coronaviruses, which use TMPRSS2 to either directly bind to target cells or prime their spike for membrane fusion and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Saunders
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Fernandez
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Eduard Baquero Salazar
- Nanoimaging core, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Postal
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Francoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Blanc
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Chauveau-Le Friec
- Antibody Engineering Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Augustin Martin
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Rischa Maya Oktavia
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Annalisa Meola
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Ahouzi
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Hunter Hoover-Watson
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Deborah Delaune
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Meriaux
- Antibody Engineering Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for viruses of respiratory infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Antibody Engineering Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Felix Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France.
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Konkel R, Milewska A, Do NDT, Barreto Duran E, Szczepanski A, Plewka J, Wieczerzak E, Iliakopoulou S, Kaloudis T, Jochmans D, Neyts J, Pyrc K, Mazur-Marzec H. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of cyanopeptolins produced by Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411. Antiviral Res 2023; 219:105731. [PMID: 37838220 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in contemporary medicine and availability of numerous innovative therapies, effective treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections pose a challenge. In the search for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates, natural products are frequently explored. Here, fifteen cyanopeptolins (CPs) were isolated from the Baltic cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum and tested against SARS-CoV-2. Of these depsipeptides, the Arg-containing structural variants showed the strongest inhibition of the Delta SARS-CoV-2 infection in A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cells. The functional assays indicated a direct interaction of the Arg-containing CP978 with the virions. CP978 also induced a significant decline in virus replication in the primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE). Of the four tested SARS-CoV-2 variants, Wuhan, Alpha, Omicron and Delta, only Wuhan was not affected by CP978. Finally, the analyses with application of confocal microscopy and with the SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses showed that CP978-mediated inhibition of viral infection results from the direct binding of the cyanopeptolin with the coronaviral S protein. Considering the potency of viral inhibition and the mode of action of CP978, the significance of the peptide as antiviral drug candidate should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Konkel
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Milewska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nguyen Dan Thuc Do
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilia Barreto Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepanski
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Wieczerzak
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sofia Iliakopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Greece; Laboratory of Organic Micropollutants, Water Quality Control Department, EYDAP SA, Menidi, Athens, Greece
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland.
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5
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. Proteolysis and Deficiency of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:271-291. [PMID: 36407837 PMCID: PMC9668222 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had stimulated the emergence of numerous publications on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), especially when it was found that the regions of high mortality corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the data obtained in the last century, when the first cause of the genetic deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leading to elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema was proven, it can be supposed that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with the impaired functions of α1-PI. The purpose of this review was to systematize the scientific data and critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of viral infection: the reception and penetration of the virus into a cell and the imbalance of the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinin, and blood clotting systems. The role of ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases in the virus tropism, the activation of proteolytic cascades in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is considered. The scientific reports on α1-PI involvement in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the relationship with the severity of infection and comorbidities were analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the state of patients with proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases, which are accompanied by the risk factors for comorbidity progression and the long-term consequences of COVID-19. Essential data on the search and application of protease inhibitor drugs in the therapy for bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies were analyzed. The evidence of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anti-apoptotic effects of α1-PI, as well as the prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. V. Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - D. A. Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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6
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Singh M, Jayant K, Singh D, Bhutani S, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Khan SUD, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Hassan MI, Khan FI, Lai D, Khan S. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) for the possible therapeutics and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Plant-based drug discovery and targeted therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:933824. [PMID: 36046742 PMCID: PMC9421373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.933824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed huge populations throughout the world and acts as a high-risk factor for elderly and young immune-suppressed patients. There is a critical need to build up secure, reliable, and efficient drugs against to the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] may implicate as herbal medicine for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the current work is to update the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and information about the implication of various compounds of medicinal plant Withania somnifera with minimum side effects on the patients' organs. The herbal medicine Withania somnifera has an excellent antiviral activity that could be implicated in the management and treatment of flu and flu-like diseases connected with SARS-CoV-2. The analysis was performed by systematically re-evaluating the published articles related to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the herbal medicine Withania somnifera. In the current review, we have provided the important information and data of various bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera such as Withanoside V, Withanone, Somniferine, and some other compounds, which can possibly help in the management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Withania somnifera has proved its potential for maintaining immune homeostasis of the body, inflammation regulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression, protection of multiple organs, anti-viral, anti-stress, and anti-hypertensive properties. Withanoside V has the potential to inhibit the main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. At present, synthetic adjuvant vaccines are used against COVID-19. Available information showed the antiviral activity in Withanoside V of Withania somnifera, which may explore as herbal medicine against to SARS-CoV-2 infection after standardization of parameters of drug development and formulation in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Jayant
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dipti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Shivani Bhutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, UP, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. [Proteolysis and deficiency of α1-proteinase inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 infection]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:157-176. [PMID: 35717581 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226803157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemia had stimulated the numerous publications emergence on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), primarily when it was found that high mortality in some regions corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the last century's data, when the root cause of the α1-antitrypsin, genetic deficiency leading to the elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema, was proven. It is evident that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with α1-PI impaired functions. The purpose of this review is to systematize scientific data, critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a target in therapy. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of a viral infection: the reception and virus penetration into the cell, the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinins, blood clotting systems imbalance. The ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases role in the virus tropism, proteolytic cascades activation in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is presented. The analysis of scientific reports on the α1-PI implementation in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the links with the infection severity, and comorbidities were carried out. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the patients with the proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases that are accompanied by the risk factors for the comorbidities progression, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 initiation. Analyzed data on the search and proteases inhibitory drugs usage in the bronchopulmonary cardiovascular pathologies therapy are essential. It becomes evident the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anti-apoptotic effect of α1-PI. The prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L V Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia; Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - D A Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Masunova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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8
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Veronez CL, Christiansen SC, Smith TD, Riedl MA, Zuraw BL. COVID-19 and hereditary angioedema: Incidence, outcomes, and mechanistic implications. Allergy Asthma Proc 2021; 42:506-514. [PMID: 34871158 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2021.42.210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) have been postulated to be at increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection due to inherent dysregulation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system. Only limited data have been available to explore this hypothesis. Objective: To assess the interrelationship(s) between COVID-19 and HAE. Methods: Self-reported COVID-19 infection, complications, morbidity, and mortality were surveyed by using an online questionnaire. The participants included subjects with HAE with C1 inhibitor (C1INH) deficiency (HAE-C1INH) and subjects with HAE with normal C1-inhibitor (HAE-nl-C1INH), and household controls (normal controls). The impact of HAE medications was examined. Results: A total of 1162 participants who completed the survey were analyzed, including: 695 subjects with HAE-C1INH, 175 subjects with HAE-nl-C1INH, and 292 normal controls. The incidence of reported COVID-19 was not significantly different between the normal controls (9%) and the subjects with HAE-C1INH (11%) but was greater in the subjects with HAE-nl-C1INH (19%; p = 0.006). Obesity was positively correlated with COVID-19 across the overall population (p = 0.012), with a similar but nonsignificant trend in the subjects with HAE-C1INH. Comorbid autoimmune disease was a risk factor for COVID-19 in the subjects with HAE-C1INH (p = 0.047). COVID-19 severity and complications were similar in all the groups. Reported COVID-19 was reduced in the subjects with HAE-C1INH who received prophylactic subcutaneous C1INH (5.6%; p = 0.0371) or on-demand icatibant (7.8%; p = 0.0016). The subjects with HAE-C1INH and not on any HAE medications had an increased risk of COVID-19 compared with the normal controls (24.5%; p = 0.006). Conclusion: The subjects with HAE-C1INH who were not taking HAE medications had a significantly higher rate of reported COVID-19 infection. Subcutaneous C1INH and icatibant use were associated with a significantly reduced rate of reported COVID-19. The results implicated potential roles for the complement cascade and tissue kallikrein-kinin pathways in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in patients with HAE-C1INH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lopes Veronez
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Sandra C. Christiansen
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Tukisa D. Smith
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Marc A. Riedl
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bruce L. Zuraw
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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9
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Pyrć K, Milewska A, Duran EB, Botwina P, Dabrowska A, Jedrysik M, Benedyk M, Lopes R, Arenas-Pinto A, Badr M, Mellor R, Kalber TL, Fernandez-Reyes D, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. SARS-CoV-2 inhibition using a mucoadhesive, amphiphilic chitosan that may serve as an anti-viral nasal spray. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20012. [PMID: 34625610 PMCID: PMC8501059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no cures for coronavirus infections, making the prevention of infections the only course open at the present time. The COVID-19 pandemic has been difficult to prevent, as the infection is spread by respiratory droplets and thus effective, scalable and safe preventive interventions are urgently needed. We hypothesise that preventing viral entry into mammalian nasal epithelial cells may be one way to limit the spread of COVID-19. Here we show that N-palmitoyl-N-monomethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycolchitosan (GCPQ), a positively charged polymer that has been through an extensive Good Laboratory Practice toxicology screen, is able to reduce the infectivity of SARS-COV-2 in A549ACE2+ and Vero E6 cells with a log removal value of - 3 to - 4 at a concentration of 10-100 μg/ mL (p < 0.05 compared to untreated controls) and to limit infectivity in human airway epithelial cells at a concentration of 500 μg/ mL (p < 0.05 compared to untreated controls). In vivo studies using transgenic mice expressing the ACE-2 receptor, dosed nasally with SARS-COV-2 (426,000 TCID50/mL) showed a trend for nasal GCPQ (20 mg/kg) to inhibit viral load in the respiratory tract and brain, although the study was not powered to detect statistical significance. GCPQ's electrostatic binding to the virus, preventing viral entry into the host cells, is the most likely mechanism of viral inhibition. Radiolabelled GCPQ studies in mice show that at a dose of 10 mg/kg, GCPQ has a long residence time in mouse nares, with 13.1% of the injected dose identified from SPECT/CT in the nares, 24 h after nasal dosing. With a no observed adverse effect level of 18 mg/kg in rats, following a 28-day repeat dose study, clinical testing of this polymer, as a COVID-19 prophylactic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pyrć
- Laboratory of Virology and ABSL3 Animal Facility at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Milewska
- Laboratory of Virology and ABSL3 Animal Facility at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto Duran
- Laboratory of Virology and ABSL3 Animal Facility at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Botwina
- Laboratory of Virology and ABSL3 Animal Facility at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dabrowska
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malwina Jedrysik
- Laboratory of Virology and ABSL3 Animal Facility at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Benedyk
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rui Lopes
- Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London, EC2Y 5AU, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alejandro Arenas-Pinto
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, UCL Institute for Global Health, Mortimer Market Centre, off Capper Street, London, WC1E 6JB, UK
- MRC-Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, 90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK
| | - Moutaz Badr
- Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London, EC2Y 5AU, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ryan Mellor
- Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London, EC2Y 5AU, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Andreas G Schätzlein
- Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London, EC2Y 5AU, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ijeoma F Uchegbu
- Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London, EC2Y 5AU, UK.
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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10
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Pampalakis G, Zingkou E, Panagiotidis C, Sotiropoulou G. Kallikreins emerge as new regulators of viral infections. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6735-6744. [PMID: 34459952 PMCID: PMC8404027 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) or kallikreins have been linked to diverse (patho) physiological processes, such as the epidermal desquamation and inflammation, seminal clot liquefaction, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Recent mounting evidence suggests that KLKs also represent important regulators of viral infections. It is well-established that certain enveloped viruses, including influenza and coronaviruses, require proteolytic processing of their hemagglutinin or spike proteins, respectively, to infect host cells. Similarly, the capsid protein of the non-enveloped papillomavirus L1 should be proteolytically cleaved for viral uncoating. Consequently, extracellular or membrane-bound proteases of the host cells are instrumental for viral infections and represent potential targets for drug development. Here, we summarize how extracellular proteolysis mediated by the kallikreins is implicated in the process of influenza (and potentially coronavirus and papillomavirus) entry into host cells. Besides direct proteolytic activation of viruses, KLK5 and 12 promote viral entry indirectly through proteolytic cascade events, like the activation of thrombolytic enzymes that also can process hemagglutinin, while additional functions of KLKs in infection cannot be excluded. In the light of recent evidence, KLKs represent potential host targets for the development of new antivirals. Humanized animal models to validate their key functions in viral infections will be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 265 04, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Panagiotidis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 265 04, Rion-Patras, Greece
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