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Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Bailey HM, Cookson MR. How Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2 Mutations Affect Different CNS Cell Types. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230432. [PMID: 38905056 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
LRRK2 is a relatively common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), with six coding variants known to cause familial PD. Non-coding variation at the same locus is also associated with sporadic PD. LRRK2 plays a role in many different intracellular signaling cascades including those involved in endolysosomal function, cytoskeletal dynamics, and Ca2+ homeostasis. PD-causing LRRK2 mutations cause hyperactive LRRK2 kinase activity, resulting in altered cellular signaling. Importantly, LRRK2 is lowly expressed in neurons and prominently expressed in non-neuronal cells in the brain. In this review, we will summarize recent and novel findings on the effects of PD-causing LRRK2 mutations in different nervous system cell types. This review will also provide novel insight into future areas of research at the intersection of LRRK2 cell biology, cell type specificity, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Bailey
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Song P, Krainc D. Diverse Functions of Parkin in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38858837 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by preferential degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons that contributes to its typical clinical manifestation. Mutations in the parkin gene (PARK2) represent a relatively common genetic cause of early onset PD. Parkin has been implicated in PINK1-dependent mitochondrial quantity control by targeting dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes via mitophagy. Recent evidence suggests that parkin can be activated in PINK1-independent manner to regulate synaptic function in human dopaminergic neurons. Neuronal activity triggers CaMKII-mediated activation of parkin and its recruitment to synaptic vesicles where parkin promotes binding of synaptojanin-1 to endophilin A1 and facilitates vesicle endocytosis. In PD patient neurons, disruption of this pathway on loss of parkin leads to defective recycling of synaptic vesicles and accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine that at least in part explains preferential vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. These findings suggest a convergent mechanism for PD-linked mutations in parkin, synaptojanin-1, and endophilin A1 and highlight synaptic dysfunction as an early pathogenic event in PD. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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4
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Kumar M, Michael S, Alvarado-Valverde J, Zeke A, Lazar T, Glavina J, Nagy-Kanta E, Donagh J, Kalman Z, Pascarelli S, Palopoli N, Dobson L, Suarez C, Van Roey K, Krystkowiak I, Griffin J, Nagpal A, Bhardwaj R, Diella F, Mészáros B, Dean K, Davey N, Pancsa R, Chemes L, Gibson T. ELM-the Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource-2024 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D442-D455. [PMID: 37962385 PMCID: PMC10767929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs) are the smallest structural and functional components of modular eukaryotic proteins. They are also the most abundant, especially when considering post-translational modifications. As well as being found throughout the cell as part of regulatory processes, SLiMs are extensively mimicked by intracellular pathogens. At the heart of the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) Resource is a representative (not comprehensive) database. The ELM entries are created by a growing community of skilled annotators and provide an introduction to linear motif functionality for biomedical researchers. The 2024 ELM update includes 346 novel motif instances in areas ranging from innate immunity to both protein and RNA degradation systems. In total, 39 classes of newly annotated motifs have been added, and another 17 existing entries have been updated in the database. The 2024 ELM release now includes 356 motif classes incorporating 4283 individual motif instances manually curated from 4274 scientific publications and including >700 links to experimentally determined 3D structures. In a recent development, the InterPro protein module resource now also includes ELM data. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Sushama Michael
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Jesús Alvarado-Valverde
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Germany
| | - András Zeke
- Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Juliana Glavina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CP 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, CP1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eszter Nagy-Kanta
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Juan Mac Donagh
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zsofia E Kalman
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Stefano Pascarelli
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Palopoli
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - László Dobson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Carmen Florencia Suarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CP 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, CP1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kim Van Roey
- Health Services Research, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Izabella Krystkowiak
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Juan Esteban Griffin
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anurag Nagpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Rajesh Bhardwaj
- Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Diella
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Bálint Mészáros
- Department of Structural Biology and Center of Excellence for Data Driven Discovery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kellie Dean
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 3.91 Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Norman E Davey
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rita Pancsa
- Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Lucía B Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CP 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, CP1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Toby J Gibson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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5
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Liu Q, Zhu D, Li N, Chen S, Hu L, Yu J, Xiong Y. Regulation of LRRK2 mRNA stability by ATIC and its substrate AICAR through ARE-mediated mRNA decay in Parkinson's disease. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113410. [PMID: 37366237 PMCID: PMC10390876 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). While the enzymatic activity of LRRK2 has been linked to PD, previous work has also provided support for an important role of elevated LRRK2 protein levels, independent of enzymatic activity, in PD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of LRRK2 protein levels remain unclear. Here, we identify a role for the purine biosynthesis pathway enzyme ATIC in the regulation of LRRK2 levels and toxicity. AICAr, the precursor of ATIC substrate, regulates LRRK2 levels in a cell-type-specific manner in vitro and in mouse tissue. AICAr regulates LRRK2 levels through AUF1-mediated mRNA decay. Upon AICAr treatment, the RNA binding protein AUF1 is recruited to the AU-rich elements (ARE) of LRRK2 mRNA leading to the recruitment of the decapping enzyme complex DCP1/2 and decay of LRRK2 mRNA. AICAr suppresses LRRK2 expression and rescues LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in PD Drosophila and mouse models. Together, this study provides insight into a novel regulatory mechanism of LRRK2 protein levels and function via LRRK2 mRNA decay that is distinct from LRRK2 enzymatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Liu
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Naren Li
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Shifan Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology & NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Yulan Xiong
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
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6
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Müller T. DNL151, DNL201, and BIIB094: experimental agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:787-792. [PMID: 37755071 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2263357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathogenic mutations of the abundant leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene support the onset of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. These genetic variants catalyze kinase activity by substrate phosphorylation. They promote the nigrostriatal neurodegenerative process, i.e. characterized by Lewy body formation. AREAS COVERED This narrative review discusses leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitors as therapeutic concept for beneficial disease modification following a literature search. EXPERT OPINION Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene function contributes to the onset of microglia inflammation, cellular, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibition with oral application of DNL151, respectively DNL201, and intrathecal administration of the antisense oligonucleotide BIIB094 in a single and multiple ascending dose study was safe and well tolerated. Approval of Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitors in case of positive clinical study outcomes will introduce personalized medicine for beneficial modification of progression as the most unmet need for treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition to the currently, preponderantly performed clinical rating with established scales, further clinical trial endpoints, such as dosing of dopamine substitution, may be considered in study designs to demonstrate therapeutic effects on the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Gonzalez-Garcia P, Fiorillo Moreno O, Zarate Peñata E, Calderon-Villalba A, Pacheco Lugo L, Acosta Hoyos A, Villarreal Camacho JL, Navarro Quiroz R, Pacheco Londoño L, Aroca Martinez G, Moares N, Gabucio A, Fernandez-Ponce C, Garcia-Cozar F, Navarro Quiroz E. From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098290. [PMID: 37175995 PMCID: PMC10179575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given the molecular diversity characteristic of each cellular phenotype, the possible cytopathic, tissue and clinical effects are difficult to predict, which determines the heterogeneity of COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on various cell types, focusing on the development of COVID-19, which in turn may lead, in some patients, to a persistence of symptoms after recovery from the disease, a condition known as long COVID. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations in protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, and immune responses. In particular, the article highlights the potential impact of these cytopathies on cellular function and clinical outcomes, such as immune dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and organ damage. The article concludes by discussing future directions for research and implications for the management and treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ornella Fiorillo Moreno
- Clínica Iberoamerica, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Eloina Zarate Peñata
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Lisandro Pacheco Lugo
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Antonio Acosta Hoyos
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | | | - Roberto Navarro Quiroz
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo Aroca Martinez
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Noelia Moares
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Gabucio
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Cozar
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simon Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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8
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Mamais A, Wallings R, Rocha EM. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Lysosomal dysfunction in the endolysosomal Parkinson's disease subtype. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:33-51. [PMID: 36803821 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) remains one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. It has become increasingly recognized that PD is not one disease but a constellation of many, with distinct cellular mechanisms driving pathology and neuronal loss in each given subtype. Endolysosomal trafficking and lysosomal degradation are crucial to maintain neuronal homeostasis and vesicular trafficking. It is clear that deficits in endolysosomal signaling data support the existence of an endolysosomal PD subtype. This chapter describes how cellular pathways involved in endolysosomal vesicular trafficking and lysosomal degradation in neurons and immune cells can contribute to PD. Last, as inflammatory processes including phagocytosis and cytokine release are central in glia-neuron interactions, a spotlight on the role of neuroinflammation plays in the pathogenesis of this PD subtype is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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9
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Zhang Q, Chen B, Yang P, Wu J, Pang X, Pang C. Bioinformatics-based study reveals that AP2M1 is regulated by the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network and affects Alzheimer's disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:1049786. [PMID: 36468008 PMCID: PMC9716081 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1049786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease that worsens with time. The hallmark illnesses include extracellular senile plaques caused by β-amyloid protein deposition, neurofibrillary tangles caused by tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal loss accompanying glial cell hyperplasia. Noncoding RNAs are substantially implicated in related pathophysiology, according to mounting data. However, the function of these ncRNAs is mainly unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) include many miRNA-binding sites (miRNA response elements, MREs), which operate as miRNA sponges or competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). The purpose of this study was to look at the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as possible biomarkers. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain an expression profile of Alzheimer's disease patients (GSE5281, GSE122603, GSE97760, GSE150693, GSE1297, and GSE161435). Through preliminary data deletion, 163 genes with significant differences, 156 miRNAs with significant differences, and 153 circRNAs with significant differences were identified. Then, 10 key genes, led by MAPT and AP2M1, were identified by the mediation center algorithm, 34 miRNAs with obvious prognosis were identified by the cox regression model, and 16 key circRNAs were selected by the database. To develop competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, hub circRNAs and mRNAs were used. Finally, GO analysis and clinical data verification of key genes were carried out. We discovered that a down-regulated circRNA (has_circ_002048) caused the increased expression of numerous miRNAs, which further inhibited the expression of a critical mRNA (AP2M1), leading to Alzheimer's disease pathology. The findings of this work contribute to a better understanding of the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulating processes in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the ncRNAs found here might become novel biomarkers and potential targets for the development of Alzheimer's drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bishuang Chen
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jipan Wu
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinping Pang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Pang
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Xia N, Cabin DE, Fang F, Reijo Pera RA. Parkinson's Disease: Overview of Transcription Factor Regulation, Genetics, and Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:894620. [PMID: 35600613 PMCID: PMC9115107 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.894620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, affecting nearly 7-10 million people worldwide. Over the last decade, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the genetic basis of PD, in the development of stem cell-based and animal models of PD, and in management of some clinical features. However, there remains little ability to change the trajectory of PD and limited knowledge of the underlying etiology of PD. The role of genetics versus environment and the underlying physiology that determines the trajectory of the disease are still debated. Moreover, even though protein aggregates such as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites may provide diagnostic value, their physiological role remains to be fully elucidated. Finally, limitations to the model systems for probing the genetics, etiology and biology of Parkinson's disease have historically been a challenge. Here, we review highlights of the genetics of PD, advances in understanding molecular pathways and physiology, especially transcriptional factor (TF) regulators, and the development of model systems to probe etiology and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninuo Xia
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Deborah E. Cabin
- McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Great Falls, MT, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Renee A. Reijo Pera
- McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Great Falls, MT, United States
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11
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LRRK2 signaling in neurodegeneration: two decades of progress. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:859-872. [PMID: 34897411 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex GTPase/kinase orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics and multiple steps of the endolysosomal pathway through interaction with a host of partners and phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases. Mutations in LRRK2 cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and common variants in the locus containing LRRK2 have been associated with sporadic PD, progressive supranuclear palsy as well as a number of inflammatory diseases. This review encompasses the major discoveries in the field of LRRK2 pathobiology, from the initial gene cloning to the latest progress in LRRK2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to fight neurodegeneration.
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12
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Shin J, Nile A, Oh JW. Role of adaptin protein complexes in intracellular trafficking and their impact on diseases. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8259-8278. [PMID: 34565296 PMCID: PMC8806629 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptin proteins (APs) play a crucial role in intracellular cell trafficking. The 'classical' role of APs is carried out by AP1‒3, which bind to clathrin, cargo, and accessory proteins. Accordingly, AP1-3 are crucial for both vesicle formation and sorting. All APs consist of four subunits that are indispensable for their functions. In fact, based on studies using cells, model organism knockdown/knock-out, and human variants, each subunit plays crucial roles and contributes to the specificity of each AP. These studies also revealed that the sorting and intracellular trafficking function of AP can exert varying effects on pathology by controlling features such as cell development, signal transduction related to the apoptosis and proliferation pathways in cancer cells, organelle integrity, receptor presentation, and viral infection. Although the roles and functions of AP1‒3 are relatively well studied, the functions of the less abundant and more recently identified APs, AP4 and AP5, are still to be investigated. Further studies on these APs may enable a better understanding and targeting of specific diseases.APs known or suggested locations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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