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Kardassis D, Egnell AC, Åstrand M, Daniels SJ, Whatling C, Fjellström O, Gabrielsen A. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of AZD3366 (Optimized Human CD39L3 Apyrase) Alone and in Combination With Ticagrelor and Acetylsalicylic Acid: A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033985. [PMID: 38804212 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADP and ATP are importantly involved in vascular and thrombotic homeostasis, via multiple receptor pathways. Blockade of ADP P2Y12 receptors inhibits platelet aggregation and represents an effective cardiovascular disease prevention strategy. AZD3366 (APT102), a long-acting recombinant form of an optimized CD39L3 human apyrase, has effectively reduced ATP, ADP, and platelet aggregation and provided tissue protection in preclinical models, features that could be very beneficial in treating patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted this phase 1, first-in-human study of single ascending doses of intravenous AZD3366 or placebo, including doses added to dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor and acetylsalicylic acid. The primary objective was safety and tolerability; secondary and exploratory objectives included pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (measured as inhibition of platelet aggregation), adenosine diphosphatase (ADPase) activity, and ATP/ADP metabolism. In total, 104 participants were randomized. AZD3366 was generally well tolerated, with no major safety concerns observed. ADPase activity increased in a dose-dependent manner with a strong correlation to AZD3366 exposure. Inhibition of ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation was immediate, substantial, and durable. In addition, there was a prompt decrease in systemic ATP concentration and an increase in adenosine monophosphate concentrations, whereas ADP concentration appeared generally unaltered. At higher doses, there was a prolongation of capillary bleeding time without detectable changes in the ex vivo thromboelastometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS AZD3366 was well tolerated in healthy participants and demonstrated substantial and durable inhibition of platelet aggregation after single dosing. Higher doses prolonged capillary bleeding time without detectable changes in ex vivo thromboelastometric parameters. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT04588727.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann-Charlotte Egnell
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Magnus Åstrand
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Samuel J Daniels
- ECD, Early CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Granta Park UK
| | - Carl Whatling
- TSEM, Early CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Projects, Early CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Gabrielsen
- ECD, Early CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
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da Rocha Torres Pavione N, de Moraes JVB, Ribeiro IC, de Castro RB, da Silva W, de Souza ACA, da Silva VHF, de Souza Vasconcellos R, da Costa Bressan G, Fietto JLR. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (LbNTPDase2) from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9. [PMID: 37999896 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), an important tropical neglected disease. ENTPDases are nucleotidases that hydrolyze intracellular and/or extracellular nucleotides. ENTPDases are known as regulators of purinergic signalling induced by extracellular nucleotides. Leishmania species have two isoforms of ENTPDase, and, particularly, ENTPDase2 seems to be involved in infectivity and virulence. In this study, we conducted the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant ENTPDase2 of L. braziliensis (rLbNTPDase2). Our results show that this enzyme is a canonical ENTPDase with apyrase activity, capable of hydrolysing triphosphate and diphosphate nucleotides, and it is dependent on divalent cations (calcium or magnesium). Substrate specificity was characterized as UDP>GDP>ADP>GTP>ATP=UTP. The enzyme showed optimal activity at a neutral to basic pH and was partially inhibited by suramin and DIDS. Furthermore, the low apparent Km for ADP suggests that the enzyme may play a role in adenosine-mediated signalling. The biochemical characterization of this enzyme can open new avenues for using LbNTPDase2 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy da Rocha Torres Pavione
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Walmir da Silva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo da Costa Bressan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Fotino C, Molano RD, Ben Nasr M, Umland O, Fraker CA, Ulissi U, Balasubramanian HB, Lunati ME, Usuelli V, Seelam AJ, Khalefa SA, La Sala C, Gimeno J, Mendez AJ, Ricordi C, Bayer AL, Fiorina P, Pileggi A. Reversal of Experimental Autoimmune Diabetes With an sCD39/Anti-CD3 Treatment. Diabetes 2023; 72:1641-1651. [PMID: 37625134 PMCID: PMC10588287 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular (e)ATP, a potent proinflammatory molecule, is released by dying/damaged cells at the site of inflammation and is degraded by the membrane ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. In this study, we sought to unveil the role of eATP degradation in autoimmune diabetes. We then assessed the effect of soluble CD39 (sCD39) administration in prevention and reversal studies in NOD mice as well as in mechanistic studies. Our data showed that eATP levels were increased in hyperglycemic NOD mice compared with prediabetic NOD mice. CD39 and CD73 were found expressed by both α- and β-cells and by different subsets of T cells. Importantly, prediabetic NOD mice displayed increased frequencies of CD3+CD73+CD39+ cells within their pancreata, pancreatic lymph nodes, and spleens. The administration of sCD39 into prediabetic NOD mice reduced their eATP levels, abrogated the proliferation of CD4+- and CD8+-autoreactive T cells, and increased the frequency of regulatory T cells, while delaying the onset of T1D. Notably, concomitant administration of sCD39 and anti-CD3 showed a strong synergism in restoring normoglycemia in newly hyperglycemic NOD mice compared with monotherapy with anti-CD3 or with sCD39. The eATP/CD39 pathway plays an important role in the onset of T1D, and its targeting might represent a potential therapeutic strategy in T1D. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fotino
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oliver Umland
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ulisse Ulissi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Hari Baskar Balasubramanian
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Lunati
- Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salma Ayman Khalefa
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian La Sala
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jennifer Gimeno
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Armando J. Mendez
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Allison L. Bayer
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Birnbaum Y, Ye R, Chen H, Carlsson L, Whatling C, Fjellström O, Ryberg E, Ye Y. Recombinant Apyrase (AZD3366) Against Myocardial Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:625-646. [PMID: 35192075 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant apyrase (AZD3366) increases adenosine production and ticagrelor inhibits adenosine reuptake. We investigated whether intravenous AZD3366 before reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size (IS) and whether AZD3366 and ticagrelor have additive effects. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 30 min ischemia. At 25 min of ischemia, animals received intravenous AZD3366 or vehicle. Additional animals received intravenous CGS15943 (an adenosine receptor blocker) or intraperitoneal ticagrelor. At 24 h reperfusion, IS was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Other rats were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 1 h or 24 h reperfusion. Myocardial samples were assessed for adenosine levels, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. RESULTS AZD3366 and ticagrelor reduced IS. The protective effect was blocked by CGS15943. The effect of AZD3366 + ticagrelor was significantly greater than AZD3366. One hour after infarction, myocardial adenosine levels significantly increased with AZD3366, but not with ticagrelor. In contrast, 24 h after infarction, adenosine levels were equally increased by AZD3366 and ticagrelor, and levels were higher in the AZD3366 + ticagrelor group. One hour after reperfusion, AZD3366 and ticagrelor equally attenuated the increase in interleukin-15 (an early inflammatory marker after ischemic cell death) levels, and their combined effects were additive. AZD3366, but not ticagrelor, significantly attenuated the increase in RIP1, RIP3, and P-MLKL (markers of necroptosis) 1 h after reperfusion. AZD3366, but not ticagrelor, significantly attenuated the increase in IL-6 and GSDMD-N (markers of pyroptosis) 1 h after reperfusion. At 24 h of reperfusion, both agents equally attenuated the increase in these markers, and their effects were additive. CONCLUSIONS AZD3366 attenuated inflammation, necrosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis and limited IS. The effects of AZD3366 and ticagrelor were additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Regina Ye
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Blvd, BSB 648, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Leif Carlsson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Whatling
- Translational Sciences and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Projects, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ryberg
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yumei Ye
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Blvd, BSB 648, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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5
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Vuerich M, Wang N, Kalbasi A, Graham JJ, Longhi MS. Dysfunctional Immune Regulation in Autoimmune Hepatitis: From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746436. [PMID: 34650567 PMCID: PMC8510512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH therapeutic management still relies on the administration of corticosteroids, azathioprine and other immunosuppressants like calcineurin inhibitors and mycophenolate mofetil. Withdrawal of immunosuppression often results in disease relapse, and, in some cases, therapy is ineffective or associated with serious side effects. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AIH pathogenesis is therefore of paramount importance to develop more effective and well tolerated agents capable of restoring immunotolerance to liver autoantigens. Imbalance between effector and regulatory cells permits liver damage perpetuation and progression in AIH. Impaired expression and regulation of CD39, an ectoenzyme key to immunotolerance maintenance, have been reported in Tregs and effector Th17-cells derived from AIH patients. Interference with these altered immunoregulatory pathways may open new therapeutic avenues that, in addition to limiting aberrant inflammatory responses, would also reconstitute immune homeostasis. In this review, we highlight the most recent findings in AIH immunopathogenesis and discuss how these could inform and direct the development of novel therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ahmadreza Kalbasi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathon J Graham
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Yegutkin GG. Adenosine metabolism in the vascular system. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114373. [PMID: 33340515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of extracellular purinergic signaling was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock in the early 1970s. Since then, extracellular ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine have attracted an enormous amount of attention in terms of their involvement in a wide range of immunomodulatory, thromboregulatory, angiogenic, vasoactive and other pathophysiological activities in different organs and tissues, including the vascular system. In addition to significant progress in understanding the properties of nucleotide- and adenosine-selective receptors, recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity of regulatory mechanisms governing the duration and magnitude of the purinergic signaling cascade. This knowledge has led to the development of new paradigms in understanding the entire purinome by taking into account the multitude of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in biological effects of ATP and adenosine and compartmentalization of the adenosine system. Along with the "canonical route" of ATP breakdown to adenosine via sequential ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities, it has now become clear that purine metabolism is the result of concerted effort between ATP release, its metabolism through redundant nucleotide-inactivating and counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathways, as well as cellular nucleoside uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine to ATP through complex phosphotransfer reactions. In this review I provide an overview of key enzymes involved in adenosine metabolic network, with special emphasis on the emerging roles of purine-converting ectoenzymes as novel targets for cancer and vascular therapies.
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7
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Xu Z, Chen W, Zhang R, Wang L, Chen R, Zheng J, Gao F. Human Recombinant Apyrase Therapy Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Preserves Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Rats, as Evaluated by 7T Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J Radiol 2020; 21:647-659. [PMID: 32410404 PMCID: PMC7231619 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The occurrence of intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH) and microvascular obstruction (MVO) in myocardial infarction (MI), known as severe ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), has been associated with adverse remodeling. APT102, a soluble human recombinant ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1, can hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides to attenuate their prothrombotic and proinflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to temporally evaluate the therapeutic effect of APT102 on IRI in rats and to elucidate the evolution of IRI in the acute stage using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). Materials and Methods Fifty-four rats with MI, induced by ligation of the origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 60 minutes, were randomly divided into the APT102 (n = 27) or control (n = 27) group. Intravenous infusion of APT102 (0.3 mg/kg) or placebo was administered 15 minutes before reperfusion, and then 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and on day 4 after reperfusion. CMRI was performed at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and on day 5 post-reperfusion using a 7T system and the hearts were collected for histopathological examination. Cardiac function was quantified using cine imaging and IMH/edema using T2 mapping, and infarct/MVO using late gadolinium enhancement. Results The extent of infarction (p < 0.001), edema (p < 0.001), IMH (p = 0.013), and MVO (p = 0.049) was less severe in the APT102 group than in the control group. IMH size at 48 hours was significantly greater than that at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 5 days after reperfusion (all p < 0.001). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly greater in the APT102 group than in the control group (p = 0.006). There was a negative correlation between LVEF and IMH (r = −0.294, p = 0.010) and a positive correlation between IMH and MVO (r = 0.392, p < 0.001). Conclusion APT102 can significantly alleviate damage to the ischemic myocardium and microvasculature. IMH size peaked at 48 hours post reperfusion and IMH is a downstream consequence of MVO. IMH may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent adverse remodeling in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Xu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ruzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Molecular Drivers of Platelet Activation: Unraveling Novel Targets for Anti-Thrombotic and Anti-Thrombo-Inflammatory Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217906. [PMID: 33114406 PMCID: PMC7662962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally-partly a consequence of increased population size and ageing-and are major contributors to reduced quality of life. Platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While platelet activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis at sites of vascular injury, uncontrolled platelet activation leads to pathological thrombus formation and provokes thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Platelet activation and thrombus formation is a multistage process with different signaling pathways involved to trigger platelet shape change, integrin activation, stable platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation. Apart from thrombotic events, thrombo-inflammation contributes to organ damage and dysfunction in CVDs and is mediated by platelets and inflammatory cells. Therefore, in the past, many efforts have been made to investigate specific signaling pathways in platelets to identify innovative and promising approaches for novel antithrombotic and anti-thrombo-inflammatory strategies that do not interfere with hemostasis. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on different platelet receptors, including GPIb-vWF interactions, GPVI activation, platelet chemokine receptors, regulation of integrin signaling, and channel homeostasis of NMDAR and PANX1.
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Yang J, Li K, Li C, Gu J. Intrinsic Apyrase-Like Activity of Cerium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Dephosphorylation of Adenosine Tri- and Diphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22952-22956. [PMID: 32902900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apyrase is an important family of extracellular enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds (HEPBs) in ATP and ADP, thereby modulating many physiological processes and driving life activities. Herein, we report an unexpected discovery that cerium-based metal-organic frameworks (Ce-MOFs) of UiO-66(Ce) have intrinsic apyrase-like activity for ATP/ADP-related physiological processes. The abundant CeIII /CeIV couple sites of Ce-MOFs endow them with the ability to selectively catalyse the hydrolysis of HEPBs of ATP and ADP under physiological conditions. Compared to natural enzymes, they could resist extreme pH and temperature, and present a broad range of working conditions. Based on this finding, a significant inhibitory effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was observed upon exposing the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to the biomimetic UiO-66(Ce) films, prefiguring their wide application potentials in medicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinlou Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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10
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Yang J, Li K, Li C, Gu J. Intrinsic Apyrase‐Like Activity of Cerium‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Dephosphorylation of Adenosine Tri‐ and Diphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ke Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinlou Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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11
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Faroqi AH, Lim MJ, Kee EC, Lee JH, Burgess JD, Chen R, Di Virgilio F, Delenclos M, McLean PJ. In Vivo Detection of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:655-664. [PMID: 32935624 PMCID: PMC7898407 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is traditionally characterized by primary and secondary injury phases, both contributing to pathological and morphological changes. The mechanisms of damage and chronic consequences of TBI remain to be fully elucidated, but synaptic homeostasis disturbances and impaired energy metabolism are proposed to be a major contributor. It has been proposed that an increase of extracellular (eATP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the area immediately surrounding impact may play a pivotal role in this sequence of events. After tissue injury, rupture of cell membranes allows release of intracellular ATP into the extracellular space, triggering a cascade of toxic events and inflammation. ATP is a ubiquitous messenger; however, simple and reliable techniques to measure its concentration have proven elusive. Here, we integrate a sensitive bioluminescent eATP sensor known as pmeLUC, with a controlled cortical impact mouse model to monitor eATP changes in a living animal after injury. Using the pmeLUC probe, a rapid increase of eATP is observed proximal to the point of impact within minutes of the injury. This event is significantly attenuated when animals are pretreated with an ATP hydrolyzing agent (apyrase) before surgery, confirming the contribution of eATP. This new eATP reporter could be useful for understanding the role of eATP in the pathogenesis in TBI and may identify a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Faroqi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Melina J Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Emma C Kee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jannifer H Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremy D Burgess
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ridong Chen
- APT Therapeutics, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marion Delenclos
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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12
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Robles RJ, Mukherjee S, Vuerich M, Xie A, Harshe R, Cowan PJ, Csizmadia E, Wu Y, Moss AC, Chen R, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Modulation of CD39 and Exogenous APT102 Correct Immune Dysfunction in Experimental Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:818-830. [PMID: 31693091 PMCID: PMC7457187 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CD39/ENTPD1 scavenges pro-inflammatory nucleotides, to ultimately generate immunosuppressive adenosine, which has a central role in immune homeostasis. Global deletion of Cd39 increases susceptibility to experimental colitis while single nucleotide polymorphisms within the human CD39 promoter, and aberrant patterns of expression during experimental hypoxia, predispose to Crohn's disease. We aimed to define the impact of transgenic human CD39 [hTG] overexpression in experimental colitis and to model therapeutic effects using the recombinant apyrase APT102 in vivo. We also determined the in vitro effects of APT102 on phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory T-lymphocytes derived from patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium in wild-type [WT] or hTG mice, and, in another model, by adoptive transfer of CD45RBhigh cells with or without WT or hTG regulatory T cells [Treg]. In additional experiments, mice were treated with APT102. The effects of APT102 on phenotype and function of Treg and type-1 regulatory T [Tr1] cells were also evaluated, after purification from peripheral blood and lamina propria of Crohn's disease patients [n = 38]. RESULTS Overexpression of human CD39 attenuated experimental colitis and protected from the deleterious effects of systemic hypoxia, pharmacologically induced by deferoxamine. Administration of APT102 in vivo enhanced the beneficial effects of endogenous Cd39 boosted by the administration of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR] ligand unconjugated bilirubin [UCB]. Importantly, supplemental APT102 restored responsiveness to AhR stimulation by UCB in Treg and Tr1 cells, obtained from Crohn's disease patients. CONCLUSIONS hCD39 overexpression ameliorated experimental colitis and prevented hypoxia-related damage in vivo. Exogenous administration of APT102 boosted AhR-mediated regulatory effects in vivo while enhancing Treg functions in Crohn's disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- René J Robles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samiran Mukherjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anyan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rasika Harshe
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan C Moss
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence: Maria Serena Longhi, Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel: 617 735 2905; Fax: 617 735 2930;
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13
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Abstract
Platelets - blood cells continuously produced from megakaryocytes mainly in the bone marrow - are implicated not only in haemostasis and arterial thrombosis, but also in other physiological and pathophysiological processes. This Review describes current evidence for the heterogeneity in platelet structure, age, and activation properties, with consequences for a diversity of platelet functions. Signalling processes of platelet populations involved in thrombus formation with ongoing coagulation are well understood. Genetic approaches have provided information on multiple genes related to normal haemostasis, such as those encoding receptors and signalling or secretory proteins, that determine platelet count and/or responsiveness. As highly responsive and secretory cells, platelets can alter the environment through the release of growth factors, chemokines, coagulant factors, RNA species, and extracellular vesicles. Conversely, platelets will also adapt to their environment. In disease states, platelets can be positively primed to reach a pre-activated condition. At the inflamed vessel wall, platelets interact with leukocytes and the coagulation system, interactions mediating thromboinflammation. With current antiplatelet therapies invariably causing bleeding as an undesired adverse effect, novel therapies can be more beneficial if directed against specific platelet responses, populations, interactions, or priming conditions. On the basis of these novel concepts and processes, we discuss several initiatives to target platelets therapeutically.
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14
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Boison D, Yegutkin GG. Adenosine Metabolism: Emerging Concepts for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:582-596. [PMID: 31821783 PMCID: PMC7224341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key metabolic and immune-checkpoint regulator implicated in the tumor escape from the host immune system. Major gaps in knowledge that impede the development of effective adenosine-based therapeutics include: (1) lack of consideration of redundant pathways controlling ATP and adenosine levels; (2) lack of distinction between receptor-dependent and -independent effects of adenosine, and (3) focus on extracellular adenosine without consideration of intracellular metabolism and compartmentalization. In light of current clinical trials, we provide an overview of adenosine metabolism and point out the need for a more careful evaluation of the entire purinome in emerging cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson & New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, 20520, Finland.
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15
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Wang T, Duan YM, Fu Q, Liu T, Yu JC, Sui ZY, Huang L, Wen GQ. IM-12 activates the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway and attenuates rtPA-induced hemorrhagic transformation in rats after acute ischemic stroke. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:702-708. [PMID: 31770017 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a devastating complication for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who are treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). HT is associated with high morbidity and mortality, but no effective treatments are currently available to reduce the risk of HT. Therefore, methods to prevent HT are urgently needed. In this study, we used IM-12, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), to evaluate the role of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in recombinant tPA (rtPA)-induced HT. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke, and then were either administered rtPA, rtPA combined with IM-12, or the vehicle at 4 h after stroke was induced. Our results indicate that rats subjected to HT had more severe neurological deficits, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and had a greater infarction volume than the control group. Rats treated with IM-12 had improved outcomes compared with those of rats treated with rtPA alone. Moreover, IM-12 increased the protein expression of β-catenin and downstream proteins while suppressing the expression of GSK-3β. These results suggest that IM-12 reduces rtPA-induced HT and attenuates BBB disruption, possibly through activation of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway, and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing tPA-induced HT after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yu-Mei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qiao Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Sui
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, Hainan Province, China
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16
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A Coumarin-Benzothiazole Derivative as a FRET-Based Chemosensor of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A coumarin-benzothiazole ratiometric probe of ATP was designed and synthesized. The probe is based on incorporation of benzothiazole scaffold as a donor and coumarin nucleus as an acceptor in a single Förster resonance energy transfer/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensing platform. The sensor can detect ATP in aqueous solution with high selectivity over other nucleotide polyphosphate (NPP) anions. Binding of ATP to the sensor results in modulation of FRET efficiency between the donor and the acceptor which afforded a linear relationship between FRET signal and ATP (0.1–10 μM). A limit of detection (LOD) of 94.5 nM was quantified for FRET sensing of ATP by the probe. In addition, Job plot analysis revealed 1:1 binding interaction between the probe and ATP. The FRET probe was successfully utilized in monitoring ATP hydrolysis by apyrase in aqueous solution.
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17
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Quantitative dynamics of reversible platelet aggregation: mathematical modelling and experiments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6217. [PMID: 30996289 PMCID: PMC6470167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although reversible platelet aggregation observed in response to ADP stimulation in the presence of calcium is a well-known phenomenon, its mechanisms are not entirely clear. To study them, we developed a simple kinetic mass-action-law-based mathematical model to use it in combination with experiments. Light transmission platelet aggregometry (LTA) induced by ADP was performed for platelet-rich plasma or washed platelets using both conventional light transmission and aggregate size monitoring method based on optical density fluctuations. Parameter values of the model were determined by means of parameter estimation techniques implemented in COPASI software. The mathematical model was able to describe reversible platelet aggregation LTA curves without assuming changes in platelet aggregation parameters over time, but with the assumption that platelet can enter the aggregate only once. In the model, the mean size of platelet aggregates correlated with the solution transparency. This corresponded with flow cytometry analysis and with optical density fluctuations data on aggregate size. The predicted values of model parameters correlated with ADP concentration used in experiments. These data suggest that, at the start of the aggregation, when platelet integrins switch “on”, large unstable platelet aggregates are rapidly formed, which leads to an increase in light transmission. However, upon fragmentation of these aggregates, the probability of the post-aggregate platelets’ attachment to each other decreases preventing new aggregation and resulting in the reversible aggregation phenomenon.
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18
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Kishore BK, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal pathophysiology and therapeutics. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:109-120. [PMID: 29332180 PMCID: PMC5940625 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP interacts with purinergic type 2 (P2) receptors and elicits many crucial biological functions. Extracellular ATP is sequentially hydrolyzed to ADP and AMP by the actions of defined nucleotidases, such as CD39, and AMP is converted to adenosine, largely by CD73, an ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Extracellular adenosine interacts with P1 receptors and often opposes the effects of P2 receptor activation. The balance between extracellular ATP and adenosine in the blood and extracellular fluid is regulated chiefly by the activities of CD39 and CD73, which constitute the CD39-adenosinergic axis. In recent years, several studies have shown this axis to play critical roles in transport of water/sodium, tubuloglomerular feedback, renin secretion, ischemia reperfusion injury, renal fibrosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, transplantation, inflammation, and macrophage transformation. Important developments include global and targeted gene knockout and/or transgenic mouse models of CD39 or CD73, biological or small molecule inhibitors, and soluble engineered ectonucleotidases to directly impact the CD39-adenosinergic axis. This review presents a comprehensive picture of the multiple roles of CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Scientific advances and greater understanding of the role of this axis in the kidney, in both health and illness, will direct development of innovative therapies for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K. Kishore
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT 84148 USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Karen M. Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
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19
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Roy C, Tabiasco J, Caillon A, Delneste Y, Merot J, Favre J, Guihot AL, Martin L, Nascimento DC, Ryffel B, Robson SC, Sévigny J, Henrion D, Kauffenstein G. Loss of vascular expression of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1/CD39 in hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2017; 14:73-82. [PMID: 29236227 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1, the major vascular/immune ectonucleotidase, exerts anti-thrombotic and immunomodulatory actions by hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides (danger signals). Hypertension is characterized by vascular wall remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and immune infiltration. Here our aim was to investigate the impact of arterial hypertension on CD39 expression and activity in mice. Arterial expression of CD39 was determined by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR in experimental models of hypertension, including angiotensin II (AngII)-treated mice (1 mg/kg/day, 21 days), deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt mice (1% salt and uninephrectomy, 21 days), and spontaneously hypertensive rats. A decrease in CD39 expression occurred in the resistance and conductance arteries of hypertensive animals with no effect on lymphoid organs. In AngII-treated mice, a decrease in CD39 protein levels (Western blot) was corroborated by reduced arterial nucleotidase activity, as evaluated by fluorescent (etheno)-ADP hydrolysis. Moreover, serum-soluble ADPase activity, supported by CD39, was significantly decreased in AngII-treated mice. Experiments were conducted in vitro on vascular cells to determine the elements underlying this downregulation. We found that CD39 transcription was reduced by proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha on vascular smooth muscle cells and by IL-6 and anti-inflammatory and profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 on endothelial cells. In addition, CD39 expression was downregulated by mechanical stretch on vascular cells. Arterial expression and activity of CD39 were decreased in hypertension as a result of both a proinflammatory environment and mechanical strain exerted on vascular cells. Reduced ectonucleotidase activity may alter the vascular condition, thus enhancing arterial damage, remodeling, or thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Roy
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Julie Tabiasco
- CNRS UMR 6299, INSERM 892, CRCNA, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Antoine Caillon
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CNRS UMR 6299, INSERM 892, CRCNA, University of Angers, Angers, France.,University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean Merot
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anne Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France.,University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniele C Nascimento
- CNRS, UMR 7355, Orleans, France.,CNRS UMR 7355, INEM, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR 7355, Orleans, France.,CNRS UMR 7355, INEM, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France.,University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 University of Angers, Angers, France. .,University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.
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20
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The Differential Effect of Apyrase Treatment and hCD39 Overexpression on Chronic Renal Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2017; 101:e194-e204. [PMID: 28198766 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis. CD39 is a key purinergic enzyme in the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased CD39 enzymatic activity protects from acute IRI but its effect on renal fibrosis is not known. METHODS Using a mouse model of unilateral renal IRI, the effects of increased CD39 activity (using soluble apyrase and mice expressing human CD39 transgene) on acute and chronic renal outcomes were examined. Nucleotide (ATP, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate) and nucleoside (adenosine and inosine) levels were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Soluble apyrase reduced acute renal injury at 24 hours and renal fibrosis at 4 weeks post-IRI, compared with vehicle-treated mice. RESULTS Soluble apyrase reduced renal ATP, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate, but not adenosine levels, during ischemia. In comparison with wild-type littermates, hCD39 transgenic mice were protected from acute renal injury at 24 hours, but had increased renal fibrosis at 4 weeks post-IRI. hCD39 transgene expression was localized to the vascular endothelium at baseline and did not affect total renal nucleotide and nucleoside levels during ischemia. However, hCD39 transgene was more widespread at 4 weeks post-IRI and was associated with higher renal adenosine levels at 4 weeks post-IRI compared with wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of apyrase administration before IRI protects from both acute and chronic renal injuries and may have clinical application in protection from ischemic-induced renal injury. Furthermore, transgenic expression of hCD39 is associated with increased renal fibrosis after ischemia.
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21
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de Andrade Mello P, Bian S, Savio LEB, Zhang H, Zhang J, Junger W, Wink MR, Lenz G, Buffon A, Wu Y, Robson SC. Hyperthermia and associated changes in membrane fluidity potentiate P2X7 activation to promote tumor cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67254-67268. [PMID: 28978031 PMCID: PMC5620171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has the potential to activate purinergic signaling. The eATP evoked signaling effects bolster antitumor immune responses while exerting direct cytotoxicity on tumor cells and vascular endothelial cells, mediated at least in part through P2X7 receptors. Approaches to augment purinergic signaling in TME e.g. by ectonucleotidase CD39 blockade, and/or boosting P2X7 functional responses, might be used as immunomodulatory therapies in cancer treatment. In this study, we delineated the translatable strategy of hyperthermia to demonstrate impacts on P2X7 responsiveness to eATP. Hyperthermia (40°C) was noted to enhance eATP-mediated cytotoxicity on MCA38 colon cancer cells. Increased membrane fluidity induced by hyperthermia boosted P2X7 functionality, potentiating pore opening and modulating downstream AKT/PRAS40/mTOR signaling events. When combined with cisplatin or mitomycin C, hyperthermia and eATP together markedly potentiate cancer cell death. Our data indicate that clinically tolerable hyperthermia with modulated P2X7-purinergic signaling will boost efficacy of conventional cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu Bian
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Haohai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Departamento de Biofísica e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Christopher Robson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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A non-contrast CMR index for assessing myocardial fibrosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 42:69-73. [PMID: 28461132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Safe, sensitive, and non-invasive imaging methods to assess the presence, extent, and turnover of myocardial fibrosis are needed for early stratification of risk in patients who might develop heart failure after myocardial infarction. We describe a non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) approach for sensitive detection of myocardial fibrosis using a canine model of myocardial infarction and reperfusion. METHODS Seven dogs had coronary thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary arteries followed by fibrinolytic reperfusion. CMR studies were performed at 7days after reperfusion. A CMR spin-locking T1ρ mapping sequence was used to acquire T1ρ dispersion data with spin-lock frequencies of 0 and 511Hz. A fibrosis index map was derived on a pixel-by-pixel basis. CMR native T1 mapping, first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging, and post-contrast late gadolinium enhancement imaging were also performed for assessing myocardial ischemia and fibrosis. Hearts were dissected after CMR for histopathological staining and two myocardial tissue segments from the septal regions of adjacent left ventricular slices were qualitatively assessed to grade the extent of myocardial fibrosis. RESULTS Histopathology of 14 myocardial tissue segments from septal regions was graded as grade 1 (fibrosis area, <20% of a low power field, n=9), grade 2 (fibrosis area, 20-50% of field, n=4), or grade 3 (fibrosis area, >50% of field, n=1). A dramatic difference in fibrosis index (183%, P<0.001) was observed by CMR from grade 1 to 2, whereas differences were much smaller for T1ρ (9%, P=0.14), native T1 (5.5%, P=0.12), and perfusion (-21%, P=0.05). CONCLUSION A non-contrast CMR index based on T1ρ dispersion contrast was shown in preliminary studies to detect and correlate with the extent of myocardial fibrosis identified histopathologically. A non-contrast approach may have important implications for managing cardiac patients with heart failure, particularly in the presence of impaired renal function.
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Ji Y, Adeola O, Strawn TL, Jeong SS, Chen R, Fay WP. Recombinant soluble apyrase APT102 inhibits thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts without adversely affecting hemostasis or re-endothelialization. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:814-825. [PMID: 28079982 PMCID: PMC5378664 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essentials New strategies are needed to inhibit thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH) in vein grafts (VG). We studied effects of apyrase (APT102) on VGs and smooth muscle and endothelial cells (SMC/EC). APT102 inhibited thrombosis, SMC migration, and IH without impairing hemostasis or EC recovery. Apyrase APT102 is a single-drug approach to inhibit multiple processes that cause VG failure. SUMMARY Background Occlusion of vein grafts (VGs) after bypass surgery, owing to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), is a major clinical problem. Apyrases are enzymes that scavenge extracellular ATP and ADP, and promote adenosine formation at sites of vascular injury, and hence have the potential to inhibit VG pathology. Objectives To examine the effects of recombinant soluble human apyrase, APT102, on platelets, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro, and on thrombosis and IH in murine VGs. Methods SMC and EC proliferation and migration were studied in vitro. Inferior vena cava segments from donor mice were grafted into carotid arteries of recipient mice. Results APT102 potently inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation and VG thrombosis, but it did not impair surgical hemostasis. APT102 did not directly inhibit SMC or EC proliferation, but significantly attenuated the effects of ATP on SMC and EC proliferation. APT102 significantly inhibited SMC migration, but did not inhibit EC migration, which may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of SMC, but not EC, migration by adenosine. At 4 weeks after surgery, there was significantly less IH in VGs of APT102-treated mice than in control VGs. APT102 significantly inhibited cell proliferation in VGs, but did not inhibit re-endothelialization. Conclusions Systemic administration of a recombinant human apyrase inhibits thrombosis and IH in VGs without increasing bleeding or compromising re-endothelialization. These results suggest that APT102 has the potential to become a novel, single-drug treatment strategy to prevent multiple pathologic processes that drive early adverse remodeling and occlusion of VGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ji
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T L Strawn
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - R Chen
- APT Therapeutics, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - W P Fay
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Liu X, Xu D, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang Q, Zhang J, You T, Zhu L. Glaucocalyxin A Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice by Suppression of Microvascular Thrombosis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3595-3604. [PMID: 27716735 PMCID: PMC5056535 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardio-protective roles of glaucocalyxin A (GLA) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and to explore the underlying mechanism. Material/Methods Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in wild-type C57BL/6J mice was induced by transient ligation of the left anterior descending artery. GLA or vehicle (solvent) was administrated intraperitoneally to the mice before reperfusion started. After 24 h of myocardial reperfusion, ischemic size was revealed by Evans blue/TTC staining. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and microvascular thrombosis was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of affected heart tissue. We also measured the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, P-GSK-3β, and cleaved caspase 3 in the myocardium. Results Compared to the solvent-treated control group, GLA administration significantly reduced infarct size (GLA 13.85±2.08% vs. Control 18.95±0.97%, p<0.05) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (GLA 53.13±1.11% vs. Control 49.99±1.25%, p<0.05) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) (28.34±0.71% vs. Control 25.11±0.74%, p<0.05) in mice subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. GLA also attenuated microvascular thrombosis (P<0.05) and increased the phosphorylation of pro-survival kinase AKT (P<0.05) and GSK-3β (P<0.05) in the myocardium upon reperfusion injury. Conclusions Administration of GLA before reperfusion ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. The cardio-protective roles of GLA may be mediated through the attenuation of microvascular thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Dongzhou Xu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Force, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qi Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Tao You
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Deregulation of ocular nucleotide homeostasis in patients with diabetic retinopathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:193-204. [PMID: 27638339 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clear signaling roles for ATP and adenosine have been established in all tissues, including the eye. The magnitude of signaling responses is governed by networks of enzymes; however, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of purinergic signaling in the eye. By employing thin-layer chromatographic assays with 3H-labeled substrates, this study aimed to evaluate the role of nucleotide homeostasis in the pathogenesis of vitreoretinal diseases in humans. We have identified soluble enzymes ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, adenylate kinase-1, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase in the vitreous fluid that control active cycling between pro-inflammatory ATP and anti-inflammatory adenosine. Strikingly, patients with proliferative form of diabetic retinopathy (DR) had higher adenylate kinase activity and ATP concentration, when compared to non-proliferative DR eyes and non-diabetic controls operated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, macular hole, and pucker. The non-parametric correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between intravitreal adenylate kinase and concentrations of ATP, ADP, and other angiogenic (angiopoietins-1 and -2), profibrotic (transforming growth factor-β1), and proteolytic (matrix metalloproteinase-9) factors but not erythropoietin and VEGF. Immunohistochemical staining of postmortem human retina additionally revealed selective expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 on the rod-and-cone-containing photoreceptor cells. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms that influence purinergic signaling in diseased eye and open up new possibilities in the development of enzyme-targeted therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of DR. KEY MESSAGE Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and adenylate kinase-1 circulate in human vitreous fluid. Adenylate kinase activity is high in diabetic eyes with proliferative retinopathy. Diabetic eyes display higher intravitreal ATP/ADP ratio than non-diabetic controls. Soluble adenylate kinase maintains resynthesis of inflammatory ATP in diabetic eyes.
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Ferrari D, Bianchi N, Eltzschig HK, Gambari R. MicroRNAs Modulate the Purinergic Signaling Network. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:905-918. [PMID: 27623176 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules capable of silencing mRNA targets. miRNA dysregulation has been linked to cancer development, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, lipid metabolism, and impaired immunity. Therefore, miRNAs are gaining interest as putative novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recent studies have shown that purinergic surface receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP), and by nucleosides such as adenosine (ADO), are subject to miRNA regulation. This opens a new and previously unrecognized opportunity to modulate the purinergic network with the aim of avoiding abnormal activation of specific receptor subtypes. miRNA technology will hopefully contribute strategies to prevent purinergic-mediated tissue damage in conditions of neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, transplantation, and even neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Maternal extracellular vesicles and platelets promote preeclampsia via inflammasome activation in trophoblasts. Blood 2016; 128:2153-2164. [PMID: 27589872 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-705434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a placenta-induced inflammatory disease associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying PE remain enigmatic and delivery of the placenta is the only known remedy. PE is associated with coagulation and platelet activation and increased extracellular vesicle (EV) formation. However, thrombotic occlusion of the placental vascular bed is rarely observed and the mechanistic relevance of EV and platelet activation remains unknown. Here we show that EVs induce a thromboinflammatory response specifically in the placenta. Following EV injection, activated platelets accumulate particularly within the placental vascular bed. EVs cause adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from platelets and inflammasome activation within trophoblast cells through purinergic signaling. Inflammasome activation in trophoblast cells triggers a PE-like phenotype, characterized by pregnancy failure, elevated blood pressure, increased plasma soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, and renal dysfunction. Intriguingly, genetic inhibition of inflammasome activation specifically in the placenta, pharmacological inhibition of inflammasome or purinergic signaling, or genetic inhibition of maternal platelet activation abolishes the PE-like phenotype. Inflammasome activation in trophoblast cells of women with preeclampsia corroborates the translational relevance of these findings. These results strongly suggest that EVs cause placental sterile inflammation and PE through activation of maternal platelets and purinergic inflammasome activation in trophoblast cells, uncovering a novel thromboinflammatory mechanism at the maternal-embryonic interface.
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Pryzdial ELG, Meixner SC, Talbot K, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Baylis JR, Lee FMH, Kastrup CJ, Sheffield WP. Thrombolysis by chemically modified coagulation factor Xa. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1844-54. [PMID: 27359348 PMCID: PMC5576980 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Factor Xa (FXa) acquires cleavage-mediated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) cofactor activity. Recombinant (r) tPA is the predominant thrombolytic drug, but it may cause systemic side effects. Chemically modified, non-enzymatic FXa was produced (Xai-K), which rapidly lysed thrombi in mice. Unlike rtPA, Xai-K had no systemic fibrinolysis activation markers, indicating improved safety. SUMMARY Background Enzymatic thrombolysis carries the risk of hemorrhage and re-occlusion must be evaded by co-administration with an anticoagulant. Toward further improving these shortcomings, we report a novel dual-functioning molecule, Xai-K, which is both a non-enzymatic thrombolytic agent and an anticoagulant. Xai-K is based on clotting factor Xa, whose sequential plasmin-mediated fragments, FXaβ and Xa33/13, accelerate the principal thrombolytic agent, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but only when localized to anionic phospholipid. Methods The effect of Xai-K on fibrinolysis was measured in vitro by turbidity, thromboelastography and chromogenic assays, and measured in a murine model of occlusive carotid thrombosis by Doppler ultrasound. The anticoagulant properties of Xai-K were evaluated by normal plasma clotting assays, and in murine liver laceration and tail amputation hemostatic models. Results Xa33/13, which participates in fibrinolysis of purified fibrin, was rapidly inhibited in plasma. Cleavage was blocked at FXaβ by modifying residues at the active site. The resultant Xai-K (1 nm) enhanced plasma clot dissolution by ~7-fold in vitro and was dependent on tPA. Xai-K alone (2.0 μg g(-1) body weight) achieved therapeutic patency in mice. The minimum primary dose of the tPA variant, Tenecteplase (TNK; 17 μg g(-1) ), could be reduced by > 30-fold to restore blood flow with adjunctive Xai-K (0.5 μg g(-1) ). TNK-induced systemic markers of fibrinolysis were not detected with Xai-K (2.0 μg g(-1) ). Xai-K had anticoagulant activity that was somewhat attenuated compared with a previously reported analogue. Conclusion These results suggest that Xai-K may ameliorate the safety profile of therapeutic thrombolysis, either as a primary or tPA/TNK-adjunctive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L G Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - S C Meixner
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K Talbot
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L J Eltringham-Smith
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J R Baylis
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - F M H Lee
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C J Kastrup
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W P Sheffield
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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