1
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Louiz S, Lahbib K, Abderrahim R. Synthesis and Characterization of New
N
‐Pyrazol‐5‐yl) amidine Derivatives: X‐Ray Structure Hirshfeld Surface, and DFT Analyses together with Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Studies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Louiz
- Laboratory Resources materials and ecosystems of Physics Lamellaires Materials and Hybrids Nanomaterials Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte University of Carthage 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte Tunisia
| | - Karima Lahbib
- Department of Biology University of Carthage Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Abderrahim
- Laboratory Resources materials and ecosystems of Physics Lamellaires Materials and Hybrids Nanomaterials Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte University of Carthage 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte Tunisia
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2
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Llanos MA, Alberca LN, Ruiz MD, Sbaraglini ML, Miranda C, Pino-Martinez A, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Alba Soto CD, Gavernet L, Talevi A. A combined ligand and target-based virtual screening strategy to repurpose drugs as putrescine uptake inhibitors with trypanocidal activity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:75-90. [PMID: 36494599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, affecting nearly 7 million people only in the Americas. Polyamines are essential compounds for parasite growth, survival, and differentiation. However, because trypanosomatids are auxotrophic for polyamines, they must be obtained from the host by specific transporters. In this investigation, an ensemble of QSAR classifiers able to identify polyamine analogs with trypanocidal activity was developed. Then, a multi-template homology model of the dimeric polyamine transporter of T. cruzi, TcPAT12, was created with Rosetta, and then refined by enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Using representative snapshots extracted from the trajectory, a docking model able to discriminate between active and inactive compounds was developed and validated. Both models were applied in a parallel virtual screening campaign to repurpose known drugs as anti-trypanosomal compounds inhibiting polyamine transport in T. cruzi. Montelukast, Quinestrol, Danazol, and Dutasteride were selected for in vitro testing, and all of them inhibited putrescine uptake in biochemical assays, confirming the predictive ability of the computational models. Furthermore, all the confirmed hits proved to inhibit epimastigote proliferation, and Quinestrol and Danazol were able to inhibit, in the low micromolar range, the viability of trypomastigotes and the intracellular growth of amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Llanos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas N Alberca
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María D Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Sbaraglini
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Pino-Martinez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina D Alba Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Gavernet
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alan Talevi
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas and Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata (B1900ADU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Nunes JA, Ferreira da Silva-Júnior E. Hybrid-Compounds Against Trypanosomiases. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1319-1329. [PMID: 35579157 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220509202352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a global public health problem associated with approximately 20 conditions. Among these, Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by T. brucei gambiense or T. brucei rhodesiense, affect mainly the populations of the countries from the American continent and sub- Saharan Africa. Pharmacological therapies used for such illnesses are not yet fully effective. In this context, the search for new therapeutic alternatives against these diseases becomes necessary. A drug design tool, recently recognized for its effectiveness in obtaining ligands capable of modulating multiple targets for complex diseases, concerns molecular hybridization. Therefore, this review aims to demonstrate the importance of applying molecular hybridization in facing the challenges of developing prototypes as candidates for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Therefore, studies involving different chemical classes that investigated and used hybrid compounds in recent years were compiled in this work, such as thiazolidinones, naphthoquinones, quinolines, and others. Finally, this review covers several applications of the exploration of molecular hybridization as a potent strategy in the development of molecules potentially active against trypanosomiases, in order to provide information that can help in designing new drugs with trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves Nunes
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil
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4
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Khurana H, Srivastava M, Chaudhary D, Gosain TP, Kumari R, Bean AC, Chugh S, Maiti TK, Stephens CE, Asthana S, Singh R. Identification of diphenyl furan derivatives via high throughput and computational studies as ArgA inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1845-1858. [PMID: 34762917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial amino acid biosynthetic pathways are underexploited for the development of anti-bacterial agents. N-acetyl glutamate synthase (ArgA) catalyses the first committed step in L-arginine biosynthesis and is essential for M. tuberculosis growth. Here, we have purified and optimized assay conditions for the acetylation of l-glutamine by ArgA. Using the optimized conditions, high throughput screening was performed to identify ArgA inhibitors. We identified 2,5-Bis (2-chloro-4-guanidinophenyl) furan, a dicationic diaryl furan derivatives, as ArgA inhibitor, with a MIC99 values of 1.56 μM against M. tuberculosis. The diaryl furan derivative displayed bactericidal killing against both M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Inhibition of ArgA by the lead compound resulted in transcriptional reprogramming and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The lead compound and its derivatives showed micromolar binding with ArgA as observed in surface plasmon resonance and tryptophan quenching experiments. Computational and dynamic analysis revealed that these scaffolds share similar binding site residues with L-arginine, however, with slight variations in their interaction pattern. Partial restoration of growth upon supplementation of liquid cultures with either L-arginine or N-acetyl cysteine suggests a multi-target killing mechanism for the lead compound. Taken together, we have identified small molecule inhibitors against ArgA enzyme from M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Khurana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Mitul Srivastava
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India; Manipal academy of higher education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104. India
| | - Tannu Priya Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Raniki Kumari
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Andrew C Bean
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Chad E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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5
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Torchelsen FKVDS, Silva TM, Milagre MM, Silva RR, Reis LES, Branquinho RT, Silva GN, de Lana M. Evaluation of the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in vitro and in vivo of silibinin and silibinin in association to benznidazole. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:1511-1517. [PMID: 33236174 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is endemic in Latin America. Drugs available for its treatment are benznidazole (BZ)/nifurtimox (NF), both with low efficacy in the late infection and responsible for several side effects. Studies of new drugs for CD among natural products, and using drug combinations with BZ/NF are recommended. Silibinin (SLB) is a natural compound that inhibits the efflux pump (Pgp) of drugs in host cell membranes, causes death of trypanosomatids, has anti-inflammatory activity, and was never assayed against T. cruzi. Here, in vitro and in vivo activities of SLB, SLB+BZ, and BZ against T. cruzi Y strain were evaluated. Cytotoxicity of SLB in VERO cells by the MTT method revealed IC50 of 250.22 μM. The trypanocidal activity evaluated by resazurin method in epimastigotes showed that SLB 25 μM inhibited parasite growth. SLB IC50 and selectivity index (SI) for amastigote were 79.81 μM and 3.13, respectively. SLB100+BZ10 showed higher parasite inhibition (91.44%) than SLB or BZ. Swiss mice infected with Y strain were treated with SLB, SLB+BZ, and BZ. Parasitemia was evaluated daily and 90, 180, and 240 days after treatment in surviving animals by hemoculture, blood qPCR, and after euthanasia, by qPCR in heart tissue. SLB monotherapy was not able to control the parasitemia/mortality of the animals. Parasitological negativation of 85.7-100% was observed in the experimental groups treated with SLB+BZ. Although SLB had shown activity against T. cruzi in vitro, it was not active in mice. Thus, the results of the therapeutic effect observed with SLB+BZ may be interpreted as a result from BZ action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karoline Vieira da Silva Torchelsen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Thaila Martins Silva
- Departamento de Analises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Marques Milagre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Glenda Nicioli Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.,Departamento de Analises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil. .,Departamento de Analises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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6
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Impact of diminazene aceturate on renin-angiotensin system, infectious myocarditis and skeletal myositis in mice: An in vitro and in vivo study. Life Sci 2020; 257:118067. [PMID: 32652140 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance is manifested in cardiomyopathies with different etiologies, the impact of RAS effectors on Chagas cardiomyopathy and skeletal myositis is poorly understood. Given that diminazene aceturate (DMZ) shares trypanocidal, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin-(1-7) stimulatory effects, we investigated the impact of DMZ on cardiomyocytes infection in vitro, renin-angiotensin system, Chagas cardiomyopathy and skeletal myositis in vivo. Cardiomyocytes and T. cruzi were used to evaluate DMZ toxicity in vitro. The impact of 20-days DMZ treatment (1 mg/kg) was also investigated in uninfected and T. cruzi-infected mice as follows: control uninfected and untreated, uninfected treated with DMZ, infected untreated and infected treated with DMZ. DMZ had low toxicity on cardiomyocytes, induced dose-dependent antiparasitic activity on T. cruzi trypomastigotes, and reduced parasite load but not infection rates in cardiomyocytes. DMZ increased ACE2 activity and angiotensin-(1-7) plasma levels but exerted no interference on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, ACE, ACE2 and angiotensin II levels in uninfected and infected mice. DMZ treatment also reduced IFN-γ and IL-2 circulating levels but was ineffective in attenuating parasitemia, MCP-1, IL-10, anti-T. cruzi IgG, nitrite/nitrate and malondialdehyde production, myocarditis and skeletal myositis compared to infected untreated animals. As the antiparasitic effect of DMZ in vitro did not manifest in vivo, this drug exhibited limited relevance to the treatment of Chagas disease. Although DMZ is effective in upregulating angiotensin-(1-7) levels, this molecule does not act as a potent modulator of T. cruzi infection, which can establish heart and skeletal muscle parasitism, lipid oxidation and inflammatory damage, even in the presence of high concentrations of this RAS effector.
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7
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Fonseca-Berzal C, Arán VJ, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A. Experimental models in Chagas disease: a review of the methodologies applied for screening compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3367-3380. [PMID: 30232605 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the main problems of Chagas disease (CD), the parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the lack of a completely satisfactory treatment, which is currently based on two old nitroheterocyclic drugs (i.e., nifurtimox and benznidazole) that show important limitations for treating patients. In this context, many laboratories look for alternative therapies potentially applicable to the treatment, and therefore, research in CD chemotherapy works in the design of experimental protocols for detecting molecules with activity against T. cruzi. Phenotypic assays are considered the most valuable strategy for screening these antiparasitic compounds. Among them, in vitro experiments are the first step to test potential anti-T. cruzi drugs directly on the different parasite forms (i.e., epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes) and to detect cytotoxicity. Once the putative trypanocidal drug has been identified in vitro, it must be moved to in vivo models of T. cruzi infection, to explore (i) acute toxicity, (ii) efficacy during the acute infection, and (iii) efficacy in the chronic disease. Moreover, in silico approaches for predicting activity have emerged as a supporting tool for drug screening procedures. Accordingly, this work reviews those in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods that have been routinely applied during the last decades, aiming to discover trypanocidal compounds that contribute to developing more effective CD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Escario
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Al-Otaibi MSA, Al-Quraishy S, Al-Malki ES, Abdel-Baki AAS. Therapeutic potential of the methanolic extract of Lepidium sativum seeds on mice infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1473-1477. [PMID: 31762612 PMCID: PMC6864210 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of the methanolic extract of Lepidium sativum seeds in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. A total of thirty-two male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into four groups: the first group was the normal control, while the second, third and fourth groups were infected intraperitoneally with 1 × 104 trypanosomes. The third and fourth groups were treated with 100 μl of Lepidium sativum seed extract (LSSE) at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally (infected + LSSEI) and orally (infected + LSSEO) respectively, once a day, for a period of four days. Parasitaemia was found to be significantly raised in the untreated infected group, reaching 2 × 107 at day 4 post-infection, but was significantly reduced by 65.5% and 88% in the mice treated orally and intraperitoneally with LSSE, respectively. The erythrocyte count, HCT, haemoglobin content, leucocyte count and the percentage of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the untreated infected group, while the treatment with LSSE returned these parameters to their pre-infection values. In addition, our study proved that LSSE provided protection against liver tissue damage and decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The present study also established that intraperitoneal injection of LSSE is more effective than oral administration in the treatment of trypanosome infection in mice. In conclusion, the infection caused haematological, biochemical and histological changes that were ameliorated following treatment with LSSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh S A Al-Otaibi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam S Al-Malki
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Sales Junior PA, Molina I, Fonseca Murta SM, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Salvador F, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Carneiro CM. Experimental and Clinical Treatment of Chagas Disease: A Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1289-1303. [PMID: 29016289 PMCID: PMC5817734 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that infects a broad range of triatomines and mammalian species, including man. It afflicts 8 million people in Latin America, and its incidence is increasing in nonendemic countries owing to rising international immigration and nonvectorial transmission routes such as blood donation. Since the 1960s, the only drugs available for the clinical treatment of this infection have been benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox (NFX). Treatment with these trypanocidal drugs is recommended in both the acute and chronic phases of CD. These drugs have low cure rates mainly during the chronic phase, in addition both drugs present side effects that may result in the interruption of the treatment. Thus, more efficient and better-tolerated new drugs or pharmaceutical formulations containing BZ or NFX are urgently needed. Here, we review the drugs currently used for CD chemotherapy, ongoing clinical assays, and most-promising new experimental drugs. In addition, the mechanism of action of the commercially available drugs, NFX and BZ, the biodistribution of the latter, and the potential for novel formulations of BZ based on nanotechnology are discussed. Taken together, the literature emphasizes the urgent need for new therapies for acute and chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Knubel CP, Insfran C, Martinez FF, Diaz Lujan C, Fretes RE, Theumer MG, Cervi L, Motran CC. 3-Hydroxykynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite Generated during the Infection, Is Active Against Trypanosoma cruzi. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:757-761. [PMID: 28740612 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiparasitic activity of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), one of the major tryptophan catabolites of the kynurenine pathway, against both Trypanosoma cruzi evolutive forms that are important for human infection, trypomastigotes (Tps) and amastigotes (Am), possible targets in the parasite and the drug toxicity to mammalian cells have been investigated. 3-HK showed a potent activity against Am with IC50 values in the micromolar concentration range, while the IC50 values to cause Tps death was ∼6000-times higher, indicating that the replicative form present in the vertebrate hosts is much more susceptible to 3-HK than bloodstream Tps. In addition, 3-HK showed activity against Tps and Am, at concentrations that did not exhibit toxicity to mammalian cells. Ultrastructural analysis and flow cytometry studies indicated that Am and Tps mitochondrion and nuclei contain 3-HK targets. The potency and selectivity of 3-HK, which is generated during T. cruzi infection in human and mice, suggest that 3-HK may be a suitable candidate for drug research and development for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina P. Knubel
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Constanza Insfran
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Fernando F. Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Cintia Diaz Lujan
- Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Ricardo E. Fretes
- Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Martin G. Theumer
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudia C. Motran
- Centro de Investigaciones
en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI),
CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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11
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da Silva CF, Batista DDGJ, de Araújo JS, Cunha-Junior EF, Stephens CE, Banerjee M, Farahat AA, Akay S, Fisher MK, Boykin DW, Soeiro MDNC. Phenotypic evaluation and in silico ADMET properties of novel arylimidamides in acute mouse models of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1095-1105. [PMID: 28435221 PMCID: PMC5388221 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arylimidamides (AIAs), previously termed as reversed amidines, present a broad spectrum of activity against intracellular microorganisms. In the present study, three novel AIAs were evaluated in a mouse model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The bis-AIAs DB1957, DB1959 and DB1890 were chosen based on a previous screening of their scaffolds that revealed a very promising trypanocidal effect at nanomolar range against both the bloodstream trypomastigotes (BTs) and the intracellular forms of the parasite. This study focused on both mesylate salts DB1957 and DB1959 besides the hydrochloride salt DB1890. Our current data validate the high activity of these bis-AIA scaffolds that exhibited EC50 (drug concentration that reduces 50% of the number of the treated parasites) values ranging from 14 to 78 nM and 190 to 1,090 nM against bloodstream and intracellular forms, respectively, also presenting reasonable selectivity indexes and no mutagenicity profile predicted by in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Acute toxicity studies using murine models revealed that these AIAs presented only mild toxic effects such as reversible abdominal contractions and ruffled fur. Efficacy assays performed with Swiss mice infected with the Y strain revealed that the administration of DB1957 for 5 consecutive days, with the first dose given at parasitemia onset, reduced the number of BTs at the peak, ranging between 21 and 31% of decrease. DB1957 was able to provide 100% of animal survival, while untreated animals showed 70% of mortality rates. DB1959 and DB1890B did not reduce circulating parasitism but yielded >80% of survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chad E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta
| | - Moloy Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abdelbasset A Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Senol Akay
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Moreno-Viguri E, Jiménez-Montes C, Martín-Escolano R, Santivañez-Veliz M, Martin-Montes A, Azqueta A, Jimenez-Lopez M, Zamora Ledesma S, Cirauqui N, López de Ceráin A, Marín C, Sánchez-Moreno M, Pérez-Silanes S. In Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of New Arylamine Mannich Base-Type Derivatives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10929-10945. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez-Montes
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Alvaro Martin-Montes
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra
Institute for Health Research, Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de
Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marina Jimenez-Lopez
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Salvador Zamora Ledesma
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Nuria Cirauqui
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Adela López de Ceráin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra
Institute for Health Research, Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de
Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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13
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An Aromatic Diamidine That Targets Kinetoplast DNA, Impairs the Cell Cycle in Trypanosoma cruzi, and Diminishes Trypomastigote Release from Infected Mammalian Host Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5867-77. [PMID: 27431229 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01595-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, affecting approximately 10 million people in the Americas and with some 40 million people at risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-T. cruzi activity of three new diamidines that have a 3,4-ethylenedioxy extension of the thiophene core, designated MB17, MB19, and MB38. All three diamidines exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of epimastigote replication. The mechanisms of action of these diamidines were investigated. Unlike MB17 and MB19, MB38 exhibited a significant increase in the number of annexin-propidium iodide double-labeled cells compared to levels in control parasites. As MB17 had shown a lower 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) against epimastigote growth, the mechanism of action of this drug was studied in more detail. MB17 triggered a decrease in the intracellular ATP levels. As a consequence, MB17 affected the genomic DNA and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and impaired the parasite cell cycle. Moreover, MB17 caused DNA fragmentation, with a more severe effect on kDNA than on nuclear DNA, resulting in dyskinetoplastic cells. MB17 was tested for toxicity and effectiveness for the treatment of infected CHO-K1 cells, exhibiting a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 13.47 ± 0.37 μM and an IC50 of 0.14 ± 0.12 μM against trypomastigote release. MB17 also diminished the infection index by 60% at 0.5 μM. In conclusion, despite belonging to the same family, these diamidines have different efficiencies. To summarize, MB17 was the most potent of these diamidines against epimastigotes, producing DNA damage preferentially in kDNA, impairing the parasite cell cycle, and decreasing the infection index and trypomastigote release from infected mammalian host cells, with a high selectivity index (SI) (<90). These data suggest that MB17 could be an interesting lead compound against T. cruzi.
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14
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Biological approaches to characterize the mode of action of two 5-nitroindazolinone prototypes on Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes. Parasitology 2016; 143:1469-78. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe phenotypic activity of two 5-nitroindazolinones, i.e. 2-benzyl-1-propyl (22) and 2-benzyl-1-butyl (24) derivatives, previously proposed as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi prototypes, was presently assayed on bloodstream trypomastigotes (BT) of the moderately drug-resistant Y strain. Further exploration of putative targets and cellular mechanisms involved in their activity was also carried out. Therefore, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution respirometry and flow cytometry procedures were performed on BT treated for up to 24 h with the respective EC50 value of each derivative. Results demonstrated that although 22 and 24 were not as active as benznidazole in this in vitro assay on BT, both compounds triggered important damages in T. cruzi that lead to the parasite death. Ultrastructural alterations included shedding events, detachment of plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, loss of mitochondrial integrity, besides the occurrence of a large number of intracellular vesicles and profiles of endoplasmic reticulum surrounding cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondrion. Moreover, both derivatives affected mitochondrion leading to this organelle dysfunction, as reflected by the inhibition in oxygen consumption and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Altogether, the findings exposed in the present study propose autophagic processes and mitochondrial machinery as part of the mode of action of both 5-nitroindazolinones 22 and 24 on T. cruzi trypomastigotes.
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15
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Olmo F, Costas M, Marín C, Rosales MJ, Martín-Escolano R, Cussó O, Gutierrez-Sánchez R, Ribas X, Sánchez-Moreno M. Tetradentate polyamines as efficient metallodrugs for Chagas disease treatment in murine model. J Chemother 2016; 29:83-93. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1190536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Olmo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Química, Institut de Quimica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria José Rosales
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Química, Institut de Quimica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS Research Group, Departament de Química, Institut de Quimica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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In vitro and in vivo identification of tetradentated polyamine complexes as highly efficient metallodrugs against Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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In Vitro and In Vivo Trypanosomicidal Action of Novel Arylimidamides against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2425-34. [PMID: 26856830 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01667-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylimidamides (AIAs) have been shown to have considerable biological activity against intracellular pathogens, includingTrypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. In the present study, the activities of 12 novel bis-AIAs and 2 mono-AIAs against different strains ofT. cruziin vitroandin vivowere analyzed. The most active wasm-terphenyl bis-AIA (35DAP073), which had a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.5 μM for trypomastigotes (Y strain), which made it 26-fold more effective than benznidazole (Bz; 13 μM). It was also active against the Colombiana strain (EC50= 3.8 μM). Analysis of the activity against intracellular forms of the Tulahuen strain showed that this bis-AIA (EC50= 0.04 μM) was about 100-fold more active than Bz (2 μM). The trypanocidal effect was dissociated from the ability to trigger intracellular lipid bodies within host cells, detected by oil red labeling. Both an active compound (35DAP073) and an inactive compound (26SMB060) displayed similar activation profiles. Due to their high selectivity indexes, two AIAs (35DAP073 and 35DAP081) were moved toin vivostudies, but because of the results of acute toxicity assays, 35DAP081 was excluded from the subsequent tests. The findings obtained with 35DAP073 treatment of infections caused by the Y strain revealed that 2 days of therapy induced a dose-dependent action, leading to 96 to 46% reductions in the level of parasitemia. However, the administration of 10 daily doses in animals infected with the Colombiana strain resulted in toxicity, preventing longer periods of treatment. The activity of the combination of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day 35DAP073 with 100 mg/kg/day Bz for 10 consecutive days was then assayed. Treatment with the combination resulted in the suppression of parasitemia, the elimination of neurological toxic effects, and survival of 100% of the animals. Quantitative PCR showed a considerable reduction in the parasite load (60%) compared to that achieved with Bz or the amidine alone. Our results support further investigations of this class with the aim of developing novel alternatives for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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18
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Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Balcazar D, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Medeiros A, Benitez D, Comini M, Talevi A. Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:305-21. [PMID: 26891837 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi that affects about 6 million people in Latin America. Despite its sanitary importance, there are currently only two drugs available for treatment: benznidazole and nifurtimox, both exhibiting serious adverse effects and limited efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease. Polyamines are ubiquitous to all living organisms where they participate in multiple basic functions such as biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, proliferation and cell differentiation. T. cruzi is auxotroph for polyamines, which are taken up from the extracellular medium by efficient transporters and, to a large extent, incorporated into trypanothione (bis-glutathionylspermidine), the major redox cosubstrate of trypanosomatids. From a 268-compound database containing polyamine analogs with and without inhibitory effect on T. cruzi we have inferred classificatory models that were later applied in a virtual screening campaign to identify anti-trypanosomal compounds among drugs already used for other therapeutic indications (i.e. computer-guided drug repositioning) compiled in the DrugBank and Sweetlead databases. Five of the candidates identified with this strategy were evaluated in cellular models from different pathogenic trypanosomatids (T. cruzi wt, T. cruzi PAT12, T. brucei and Leishmania infantum), and in vitro models of aminoacid/polyamine transport assays and trypanothione synthetase inhibition assay. Triclabendazole, sertaconazole and paroxetine displayed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T. cruzi (epimastigotes) and the uptake of putrescine by the parasite. They also interfered with the uptake of others aminoacids and the proliferation of infective T. brucei and L. infantum (promastigotes). Trypanothione synthetase was ruled out as molecular target for the anti-parasitic activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas N Alberca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Sbaraglini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Balcazar
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benitez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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Roy S, Bhattacharya S, Chattopadhyay S. A zinc(II) amidine complex: tandem synthesis, structure, and self assembly. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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20
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Olmo F, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Yunta MJ, Cano C, Campayo L, Martín-Oliva D, Rosales MJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal properties of a new imidazole-containing nitrophthalazine derivative. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:106-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Díaz MV, Miranda MR, Campos-Estrada C, Reigada C, Maya JD, Pereira CA, López-Muñoz R. Pentamidine exerts in vitro and in vivo anti Trypanosoma cruzi activity and inhibits the polyamine transport in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2014; 134:1-9. [PMID: 24560964 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pentamidine is an antiprotozoal and fungicide drug used in the treatment of leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Despite its extensive use as antiparasitic drug, little evidence exists about the effect of pentamidine in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Recent studies have shown that pentamidine blocks a polyamine transporter present in Leishmania major; consequently, its might also block these transporters in T. cruzi. Considering that T. cruzi lacks the ability to synthesize putrescine de novo, the inhibition of polyamine transport can bring a new therapeutic target against the parasite. In this work, we show that pentamidine decreases, not only the viability of T. cruzi trypomastigotes, but also the parasite burden of infected cells. In T. cruzi-infected mice pentamidine decreases the inflammation and parasite burden in hearts from infected mice. The treatment also decreases parasitemia, resulting in an increased survival rate. In addition, pentamidine strongly inhibits the putrescine and spermidine transport in T. cruzi epimastigotes and amastigotes. Thus, this study points to reevaluate the utility of pentamidine and introduce evidence of a potential new action mechanism. In the quest of new therapeutic strategies against Chagas disease, the extensive use of pentamidine in human has led to a well-known clinical profile, which could be an advantage over newly synthesized molecules that require more comprehensive trials prior to their clinical use.
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22
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In vitro and in vivo studies of the biological activity of novel arylimidamides against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4191-5. [PMID: 24590476 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01403-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen novel arylimidamides (AIAs) (6 bis-amidino and 9 mono-amidino analogues) were assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. All the bis-AIAs were more effective than the mono-AIAs, and two analogues, DB1967 and DB1989, were further evaluated in vivo. Although both of them reduced parasitemia, protection against mortality was not achieved. Our results show that the number of amidino-terminal units affects the efficacy of arylimidamides against T. cruzi.
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23
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Olmo F, Rotger C, Ramírez-Macías I, Martínez L, Marín C, Carreras L, Urbanová K, Vega M, Chaves-Lemaur G, Sampedro A, Rosales MJ, Sánchez-Moreno M, Costa A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N,N'-squaramides with high in vivo efficacy and low toxicity: toward a low-cost drug against Chagas disease. J Med Chem 2014; 57:987-99. [PMID: 24410674 DOI: 10.1021/jm4017015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Access to basic drugs is a major issue in developing countries. Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is a paradigmatic example of a chronic disease without an effective treatment. Current treatments based on benznidazole and nifurtimox are expensive, ineffective, and toxic. N,N'-Squaramides are amide-type compounds that feature both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups and are capable of multiple interactions with complementary sites. When combined with amine and carboxylic groups, squaramide compounds have increased solubility and therefore make suitable therapeutic agents. In this work, we introduce a group of Lipinski's rule of five compliant squaramides as candidates for treating Chagas disease. The in vivo studies confirmed the positive expectations arising from the preliminary in vitro studies, revealing compound 17 to be the most effective for both acute and chronic phases. The activity, stability, low cost of starting materials, and straightforward synthesis make amino squaramides appropriate molecules for the development of an affordable anti-Chagasic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Olmo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada , E-18071 Granada, Spain
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24
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Olmo F, Clares MP, Marín C, González J, Inclán M, Soriano C, Urbanová K, Tejero R, Rosales MJ, Krauth-Siegel RL, Sánchez-Moreno M, García-España E. Synthetic single and double aza-scorpiand macrocycles acting as inhibitors of the antioxidant enzymes iron superoxide dismutase and trypanothione reductase in Trypanosoma cruzi with promising results in a murine model. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic scorpiand-like azamacrocycles selectively inhibit SOD and TR enzymes of Trypanosoma cruzi in mice causing death of the parasites and increasing the mouse survival rate after infection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Olmo
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada, Spain
| | - M. P. Clares
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada, Spain
| | - J. González
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Inclán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Soriano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
| | - K. Urbanová
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada, Spain
| | - R. Tejero
- Departamento de Química Física
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
| | - M. J. Rosales
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada, Spain
| | | | - M. Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada, Spain
| | - E. García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia, Spain
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25
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In vitro and in vivoactivity of the chloroaryl-substituted imidazole viniconazole againstTrypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology 2013; 141:367-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYChagas disease (CD) is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma cruziand affects more than 10 million people in poor areas of Latin America. There is an urgent need for alternative drugs with better safety, broader efficacy, lower costs and shorter time of administration. Thus the biological activity of viniconazole, a chloroaryl-substituted imidazole was investigated usingin vitroandin vivoscreening models ofT. cruziinfection. Ultrastructural findings demonstrated that the most frequent cellular damage was associated with plasma membrane (blebs and shedding events), Golgi (swelling aspects) and the appearance of large numbers of vacuoles suggesting an autophagic process. Our data demonstrated that although this compound is effective against bloodstream and intracellular forms (16 and 24 μm, respectively)in vitro, it does not presentin vivoefficacy. Due to the urgent need for novel agents againstT. cruzi, the screening of natural and synthetic products must be further supported with the aim of finding more selective and affordable drugs for CD.
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Activities of psilostachyin A and cynaropicrin against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5307-14. [PMID: 23939901 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00595-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo activities against Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated for two sesquiterpene lactones: psilostachyin A and cynaropicrin. Cynaropicrin had previously been shown to potently inhibit African trypanosomes in vivo, and psilostachyin A had been reported to show in vivo effects against T. cruzi, albeit in another test design. In vitro data showed that cynaropicrin was more effective than psilostachyin A. Ultrastructural alterations induced by cynaropicrin included shedding events, detachment of large portions of the plasma membrane, and vesicular bodies and large vacuoles containing membranous structures, suggestive of parasite autophagy. Acute toxicity studies showed that one of two mice died at a cynaropicrin dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Although no major plasma biochemical alterations could be detected, histopathology demonstrated that the liver was the most affected organ in cynaropicrin-treated animals. Although cynaropicrin was as effective as benznidazole against trypomastigotes in vitro, the treatment (once or twice a day) of T. cruzi-infected mice (up to 50 mg/kg/day cynaropicrin) did not suppress parasitemia or protect against mortality induced by the Y and Colombiana strains. Psilostachyin A (0.5 to 50 mg/kg/day given once a day) was not effective in the acute model of T. cruzi infection (Y strain), reaching 100% animal mortality. Our data demonstrate that although it is very promising against African trypanosomes, cynaropicrin does not show efficacy compared to benznidazole in acute mouse models of T. cruzi infection.
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27
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In vitro and in vivo activities of dicationic diguanidino compounds against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3829-35. [PMID: 23716058 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02569-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a disease predominantly affecting the liver, with metacestodes (larvae) of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis proliferating and exhibiting tumor-like infiltrative growth. For many years, chemotherapeutical treatment against alveolar echinococcosis has relied on the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole, which require long treatment durations and exhibit parasitostatic rather than parasiticidal efficacy. Although benzimidazoles have been and still are beneficial for the patients, there is clearly a demand for alternative and more efficient treatment options. Aromatic dications, more precisely a small panel of di-N-aryl-diguanidino compounds, were screened for efficacy against E. multilocularis metacestodes in vitro. Only those with a thiophene core group were active against metacestodes, while furans were not. The most active compound, DB1127, was further investigated in terms of in vivo efficacy in mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. This diguanidino compound was effective against AE when administered intraperitoneally but not when applied orally. Thus, thiophene-diguanidino derivatives with improved bioavailability when administered orally could lead to treatment options against AE.
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28
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Berneman A, Montout L, Goyard S, Chamond N, Cosson A, d’Archivio S, Gouault N, Uriac P, Blondel A, Minoprio P. Combined approaches for drug design points the way to novel proline racemase inhibitor candidates to fight Chagas' disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60955. [PMID: 23613764 PMCID: PMC3628851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted to humans by blood-feeding insects, blood transfusion or congenitally. Previous research led us to discover a parasite proline racemase (TcPRAC) and to establish its validity as a target for the design of new chemotherapies against the disease, including its chronic form. A known inhibitor of proline racemases, 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid (PYC), is water-insoluble. We synthesized soluble pyrazole derivatives, but they proved weak or inactive TcPRAC inhibitors. TcPRAC catalytic site is too small and constrained when bound to PYC to allow efficient search for new inhibitors by virtual screening. Forty-nine intermediate conformations between the opened enzyme structure and the closed liganded one were built by calculating a transition path with a method we developed. A wider range of chemical compounds could dock in the partially opened intermediate active site models in silico. Four models were selected for known substrates and weak inhibitors could dock in them and were used to screen chemical libraries. Two identified soluble compounds, (E)-4-oxopent-2-enoic acid (OxoPA) and its derivative (E)-5-bromo-4-oxopent-2-enoic acid (Br-OxoPA), are irreversible competitive inhibitors that presented stronger activity than PYC on TcPRAC. We show here that increasing doses of OxoPA and Br-OxoPA hamper T. cruzi intracellular differentiation and fate in mammalian host cells. Our data confirm that through to their binding mode, these molecules are interesting and promising as lead compounds for the development of chemotherapies against diseases where active proline racemases play essential roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Berneman
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lory Montout
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, CNRS-UMR 3528, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon d’Archivio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gouault
- Equipe Produits Naturels, Synthèses et Chimie Médicinale, UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Uriac
- Equipe Produits Naturels, Synthèses et Chimie Médicinale, UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, CNRS-UMR 3528, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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29
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Novel amidines and analogues as promising agents against intracellular parasites: a systematic review. Parasitology 2013; 140:929-51. [PMID: 23561006 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa comprise diverse aetiological agents responsible for important diseases in humans and animals including sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis and others. They are major causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries, and are also responsible for important economic losses. However, up to now, for most of these parasitic diseases, effective vaccines are lacking and the approved chemotherapeutic compounds present high toxicity, increasing resistance, limited efficacy and require long periods of treatment. Many of these parasitic illnesses predominantly affect low-income populations of developing countries for which new pharmaceutical alternatives are urgently needed. Thus, very low research funding is available. Amidine-containing compounds such as pentamidine are DNA minor groove binders with a broad spectrum of activities against human and veterinary pathogens. Due to their promising microbicidal activity but their rather poor bioavailability and high toxicity, many analogues and derivatives, including pro-drugs, have been synthesized and screened in vitro and in vivo in order to improve their selectivity and pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the knowledge on amidines and analogues with respect to their synthesis, pharmacological profile, mechanistic and biological effects upon a range of intracellular protozoan parasites. The bulk of these data may contribute to the future design and structure optimization of new aromatic dicationic compounds as novel antiparasitic drug candidates.
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30
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Arya S, Kumar N, Roy P, Sondhi SM. Synthesis of amidine and bis amidine derivatives and their evaluation for anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 59:7-14. [PMID: 23202484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
2-Cyanopyridine (1a), 4-cyanopyridine (1b), 2-cyanopyrazine (1c) on condensation with mono amines (2a-c) and diamines (4a-c) in the presence of sodium methoxide as catalyst gave amidine derivatives (3a-i) and bis amidine derivatives (5a-i) in good yields. All these compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic means and elemental analysis. On screening for anti-inflammatory activity and for in vitro anticancer activity compounds 5c and 5d exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity whereas compounds 5d breast (T47D), 5h, 5i lung (NCI H-522), 5i colon (HCT-15), 3c, 3h, 5i ovary (PA-1) and 3c, 5b, 5h liver (HepG2) exhibited good anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Arya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 UK, India
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31
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Olmo F, Yunta MJR, Sanz AM, Rosales MJ, Cano C, Campayo L. Phthalazine derivatives containing imidazole rings behave as Fe-SOD inhibitors and show remarkable anti-T. cruzi activity in immunodeficient-mouse mode of infection. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9900-13. [PMID: 23043291 DOI: 10.1021/jm3011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new phthalazine derivatives 1-4 containing imidazole rings were prepared. The monoalkylamino substituted derivatives 2 and 4 were more active in vitro against T. cruzi and less toxic against Vero cells than both their disubstituted analogues and the reference drug benznidazole. Compounds 2 and 4 highly inhibited the antioxidant parasite enzyme Fe-SOD, and molecular modeling suggested that they interact with the H-bonding system of the iron atom moiety. In vivo tests on the acute phase of Chagas disease gave parasitemia inhibition values twice those of benznidazole, and a remarkable decrease in the reactivation of parasitemia was found in the chronic phase for immunodeficient mice. Glucose metabolism studies showed that compounds 1-4 did not affect the succinate pathway but originated important changes in the excretion of pyruvate metabolites. The morphological alterations found in epimastigotes treated with 1-4 confirmed extensive cytoplasm damage and a high mortality rate of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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32
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Ramírez-Macías I, Marín C, Chahboun R, Messouri I, Olmo F, Rosales MJ, Gutierrez-Sánchez R, Alvarez-Manzaneda E, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro and in vivo studies of the trypanocidal activity of four terpenoid derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:481-8. [PMID: 22802442 PMCID: PMC3435351 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Four terpenoid derivatives were examined for their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Our results show that two compounds were very active in vitro against both extra- and intracellular forms. These compounds, non-toxic for the host cells, are more effective than the reference drug benznidazole. The capacity to infect cells was negatively affected and the number of amastigotes and trypomastigotes was reduced. A wide range of ultrastructural alterations was found in the epimastigote forms treated with these compounds. Some metabolic changes occurred presumably at the level of succinate and acetate production, perhaps caused by the disturbance of the enzymes involved in sugar metabolism inside the mitochondria. In vivo results were consistent with those observed in vitro. The parasitic load was significantly lower than in the control assay with benznidazole. The effects of these products showed the reduction of the anti-T. cruzi antibodies level during the chronic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biothenology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Statistics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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33
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Hargrove TY, Kim K, de Nazaré Correia Soeiro M, da Silva CF, Batista DDGJ, Batista MM, Yazlovitskaya EM, Waterman MR, Sulikowski GA, Lepesheva GI. CYP51 structures and structure-based development of novel, pathogen-specific inhibitory scaffolds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:178-186. [PMID: 23504044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CYP51 (sterol 14α-demethylase) is a cytochrome P450 enzyme essential for sterol biosynthesis and the primary target for clinical and agricultural antifungal azoles. The azoles that are currently in clinical use for systemic fungal infections represent modifications of two basic scaffolds, ketoconazole and fluconazole, all of them being selected based on their antiparasitic activity in cellular experiments. By studying direct inhibition of CYP51 activity across phylogeny including human pathogens Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum, we identified three novel protozoa-specific inhibitory scaffolds, their inhibitory potency correlating well with antiprotozoan activity. VNI scaffold (carboxamide containing β-phenyl-imidazoles) is the most promising among them: killing T. cruzi amastigotes at low nanomolar concentration, it is also easy to synthesize and nontoxic. Oral administration of VNI (up to 400 mg/kg) neither leads to mortality nor reveals significant side effects up to 48 h post treatment using an experimental mouse model of acute toxicity. Trypanosomatidae CYP51 crystal structures determined in the ligand-free state and complexed with several azole inhibitors as well as a substrate analog revealed high rigidity of the CYP51 substrate binding cavity, which must be essential for the enzyme strict substrate specificity and functional conservation. Explaining profound potency of the VNI inhibitory scaffold, the structures also outline guidelines for its further development. First steps of the VNI scaffold optimization have been undertaken; the results presented here support the notion that CYP51 structure-based rational design of more efficient, pathogen-specific inhibitors represents a highly promising direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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34
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C, Navarro P, Lamarque L, García-España E, Miranda C, Huertas O, Olmo F, Gómez-Contreras F, Pitarch J, Arrebola F. In Vitro and in Vivo Trypanosomicidal Activity of Pyrazole-Containing Macrocyclic and Macrobicyclic Polyamines: Their Action on Acute and Chronic Phases of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4231-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2017144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurent Lamarque
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Carlos Miranda
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pitarch
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
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35
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da Silva CF, Batista DDGJ, Oliveira GM, de Souza EM, Hammer ER, da Silva PB, Daliry A, Araujo JS, Britto C, Rodrigues ACM, Liu Z, Farahat AA, Kumar A, Boykin DW, de Nazaré Correia Soeiro M. In vitro and in vivo investigation of the efficacy of arylimidamide DB1831 and its mesylated salt form--DB1965--against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30356. [PMID: 22291940 PMCID: PMC3264605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. At present, nifurtimox and benznidazole, both compounds developed empirically over four decades ago, represent the chemotherapeutic arsenal for treating this highly neglected disease. However, both drugs present variable efficacy depending on the geographical area and the occurrence of natural resistance, and are poorly effective against the later chronic stage. As a part of a search for new therapeutic opportunities to treat chagasic patients, pre-clinical studies were performed to characterize the activity of a novel arylimidamide (AIA--DB1831 (hydrochloride salt) and DB1965 (mesylate salt)) against T. cruzi. These AIAs displayed a high trypanocidal effect in vitro against both relevant forms in mammalian hosts, exhibiting a high selectivity index and a very high efficacy (IC(50) value/48 h of 5-40 nM) against intracellular parasites. DB1965 shows high activity in vivo in acute experimental models (mouse) of T. cruzi, showing a similar effect to benznidazole (Bz) when compared under a scheme of 10 daily consecutive doses with 12.5 mg/kg. Although no parasitological cure was observed after treating with 20 daily consecutive doses, a combined dosage of DB1965 (5 mg/kg) with Bz (50 mg/kg) resulted in parasitaemia clearance and 100% animal survival. In summary, our present data confirmed that aryimidamides represent promising new chemical entities against T. cruzi in therapeutic schemes using the AIA alone or in combination with other drugs, like benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane França da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Melo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elen Mello de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erica Ripoll Hammer
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julianna Siciliano Araujo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Mondaine Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zongying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abdelbasset A. Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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36
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Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the in vitro biological efficacy and selectivity of 7 novel AIAs upon bloodstream trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The biological activity of these aromatic compounds was assayed for 48 and 24 h against intracellular parasites and bloodstream forms of T. cruzi (Y strain), respectively. Additional assays were also performed to determine their potential use in blood banks by treating the bloodstream parasites with the compounds diluted in mouse blood for 24 h at 4°C. Toxicity against mammalian cells was evaluated using primary cultures of cardiac cells incubated for 24 and 48 h with the AIAs and then cellular death rates were determined by MTT colorimetric assays. Our data demonstrated the outstanding trypanocidal effect of AIAs against T. cruzi, especially DB1853, DB1862, DB1867 and DB1868, giving IC50 values ranging between 16 and 70 nanomolar against both parasite forms. All AIAs presented superior efficacy to benznidazole and some, such as DB1868, also demonstrated promising activity as a candidate agent for blood prophylaxis. The excellent anti-trypanosomal efficacy of these novel AIAs against T. cruzi stimulates further in vivo studies and justifies the screening of new analogues with the goal of establishing a useful alternative therapy for Chagas disease.
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The trypanocidal activity of amidine compounds does not correlate with their binding affinity to Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4765-73. [PMID: 21807972 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00229-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to limited efficacy and considerable toxicity, the therapy for Chagas' disease is far from being ideal, and thus new compounds are desirable. Diamidines and related compounds such as arylimidamides have promising trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. To better understand the mechanism of action of these heterocyclic cations, we investigated the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) binding properties and trypanocidal efficacy against T. cruzi of 13 compounds. Four diamidines (DB75, DB569, DB1345, and DB829), eight arylimidamides (DB766, DB749, DB889, DB709, DB613, DB1831, DB1852, and DB2002), and one guanylhydrazone (DB1080) were assayed in thermal denaturation (T(m)) and circular dichroism (CD) studies using whole purified T. cruzi kDNA and a conserved synthetic parasite sequence. The overall CD spectra using the whole kDNA were similar to those found for the conserved sequence and were indicative of minor groove binding. Our findings showed that some of the compounds that exhibited the highest trypanocidal activities (e.g., DB766) caused low or no change in the T(m) measurements. However, while some active compounds, such as DB766, induced profound alterations of kDNA topology, others, like DB1831, although effective, did not result in altered T(m) and CD measurements. Our data suggest that the strong affinity of amidines with kDNA per se is not sufficient to generate and trigger their trypanocidal activity. Cell uptake differences and possibly distinct cellular targets need to be considered in the final evaluation of the mechanisms of action of these compounds.
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38
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Batista DDGJ, Batista MM, de Oliveira GM, Britto CC, Rodrigues ACM, Stephens CE, Boykin DW, Soeiro MDNC. Combined treatment of heterocyclic analogues and benznidazole upon Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22155. [PMID: 21814568 PMCID: PMC3144210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Latin America but no vaccines or safe chemotherapeutic agents are available. Combined therapy is envisioned as an ideal approach since it may enhance efficacy by acting upon different cellular targets, may reduce toxicity and minimize the risk of drug resistance. Therefore, we investigated the activity of benznidazole (Bz) in combination with the diamidine prodrug DB289 and in combination with the arylimidamide DB766 upon T. cruzi infection in vivo. The oral treatment of T.cruzi-infected mice with DB289 and Benznidazole (Bz) alone reduced the number of circulating parasites compared with untreated mice by about 70% and 90%, respectively. However, the combination of these two compounds decreased the parasitemia by 99% and protected against animal mortality by 100%, but without providing a parasitological cure. When Bz (p.o) was combined with DB766 (via ip route), at least a 99.5% decrease in parasitemia levels was observed. DB766+Bz also provided 100% protection against mice mortality while Bz alone provided about 87% protection. This combined therapy also reduced the tissular lesions induced by T. cruzi infection: Bz alone reduced GPT and CK plasma levels by about 12% and 78% compared to untreated mice group, the combination of Bz with DB766 resulted in a reduction of GPT and CK plasma levels of 56% and 91%. Cure assessment through hemocultive and PCR approaches showed that Bz did not provide a parasitological cure, however, DB766 alone or associated with Bz cured ≥13% of surviving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Meuser Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Melo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Carvalho Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Chad E. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta State University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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de Castro SL, Batista DGJ, Batista MM, Batista W, Daliry A, de Souza EM, Menna-Barreto RFS, Oliveira GM, Salomão K, Silva CF, Silva PB, Soeiro MDNC. Experimental Chemotherapy for Chagas Disease: A Morphological, Biochemical, and Proteomic Overview of Potential Trypanosoma cruzi Targets of Amidines Derivatives and Naphthoquinones. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:306928. [PMID: 22091400 PMCID: PMC3195292 DOI: 10.4061/2011/306928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects approximately eight million individuals in Latin America and is emerging in nonendemic areas due to the globalisation of immigration and nonvectorial transmission routes. Although CD represents an important public health problem, resulting in high morbidity and considerable mortality rates, few investments have been allocated towards developing novel anti-T. cruzi agents. The available therapy for CD is based on two nitro derivatives (benznidazole (Bz) and nifurtimox (Nf)) developed more than four decades ago. Both are far from ideal due to substantial secondary side effects, limited efficacy against different parasite isolates, long-term therapy, and their well-known poor activity in the late chronic phase. These drawbacks justify the urgent need to identify better drugs to treat chagasic patients. Although several classes of natural and synthetic compounds have been reported to act in vitro and in vivo on T. cruzi, since the introduction of Bz and Nf, only a few drugs, such as allopurinol and a few sterol inhibitors, have moved to clinical trials. This reflects, at least in part, the absence of well-established universal protocols to screen and compare drug activity. In addition, a large number of in vitro studies have been conducted using only epimastigotes and trypomastigotes instead of evaluating compounds' activities against intracellular amastigotes, which are the reproductive forms in the vertebrate host and are thus an important determinant in the selection and identification of effective compounds for further in vivo analysis. In addition, due to pharmacokinetics and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics, several compounds that were promising in vitro have not been as effective as Nf or Bz in animal models of T. cruzi infection. In the last two decades, our team has collaborated with different medicinal chemistry groups to develop preclinical studies for CD and investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy, toxicity, selectivity, and parasite targets of different classes of natural and synthetic compounds. Some of these results will be briefly presented, focusing primarily on diamidines and related compounds and naphthoquinone derivatives that showed the most promising efficacy against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange L. de Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise G. J. Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos M. Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elen M. de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kelly Salomão
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane F. Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia B. Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazaré C. Soeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Marín C, Ramírez-Macías I, López-Céspedes A, Olmo F, Villegas N, Díaz JG, Rosales MJ, Gutiérrez-Sánchez R, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of flavonoids from Delphinium staphisagria against Chagas disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:744-750. [PMID: 21466157 DOI: 10.1021/np1008043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities of nine flavonoids (1-9) isolated from the aerial parts of Delphinium staphisagria have been studied in both the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. The antiproliferative activity of these substances against Trypanosoma cruzi (epimastigote, amastigote, and trypomastigote forms) in some cases exhibited more potent antitrypanosomatid activity and lower toxicity than the reference drug, benznidazole. Studies in vitro using ultrastructural analysis together with metabolism-excretion studies were also performed in order to identify the possible action mechanism of the compounds tested. Alterations mainly at the level of the mitochondria may explain metabolic changes in succinate and acetate production, perhaps due to the disturbance of the enzymes involved in sugar metabolism within the mitochondrion. In vivo studies provided results consistent with those observed in vitro. No signs of toxicity were detected in mice treated with the flavonoids tested, and the parasitic charge was significantly lower than in the control assay with benznidazole. The effects of these compounds were also demonstrated with the change in the anti-T. cruzi antibody levels during the chronic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Sondhi SM, Rani R, Roy P, Agrawal SK, Saxena AK. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity evaluation of some heterocyclic amidine and bis-amidine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Caballero AB, Marín C, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Ramírez-Macías I, Barea E, Sánchez-Moreno M, Salas JM. In vitro and in vivo antiparasital activity against Trypanosoma cruzi of three novel 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one-based complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:770-6. [PMID: 21497152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional reactions of the versatile multidentate ligand 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (HmtpO) with metallic(II) perchlorate salts lead to three novel multidimensional complexes [Cu(HmtpO)(2)(H(2)O)(3)](ClO(4))(2)·H(2)O (1), {[Cu(HmtpO)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) ·2HmtpO}(n) (2) and {[Co(HmtpO)(H(2)O)(3)](ClO(4))(2)·2H(2)O}(n) (3). We have tested the antiparasital activity in vitro and in vivo of the three new complexes against Trypanosoma cruzi showing very promising results and overcoming clearly the reference drug commonly used for the Chagas disease treatment, benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Caballero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, Granada, Spain
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43
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Soeiro MDNC, de Castro SL. Screening of Potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Candidates: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2011; 5:21-30. [PMID: 21629508 PMCID: PMC3103897 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a parasitic illness endemic in Latin America. In the centennial after CD discovery by Carlos Chagas (1909), although it still represents an important public health problem in these affected areas, the existing chemotherapy, based on benznidazole and nifurtimox (both introduced more than four decades ago), is far from being considered ideal due to substantial toxicity, variable effect on different parasite stocks and well-known poor activity on the chronic phase. CD is considered one of the major "neglected" diseases of the world, as commercial incentives are very limited to guarantee investments for developing and discovering novel drugs. In this context, our group has been pursuing, over the last years, the efficacy, selectivity, toxicity, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of new potential anti-T. cruzi candidates screened from an in-house compound library of different research groups in the area of medicinal chemistry. A brief review regarding these studies will be discussed, mainly related to the effect on T. cruzi of (i) diamidines and related compounds, (ii) natural naphthoquinone derivatives, and (iii) megazol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solange Lisboa de Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Sanz AM, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Ramírez-Macias I, Rosales MJ, Olmo F, Garcia-Aranda I, Campayo L, Cano C, Arrebola F, Yunta MJR. In Vivo Trypanosomicidal Activity of Imidazole- or Pyrazole-Based Benzo[g]phthalazine Derivatives against Acute and Chronic Phases of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2011; 54:970-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Jose Rosales
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Garcia-Aranda
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Campayo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - María J. R. Yunta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Maldonado CR, Marín C, Olmo F, Huertas O, Quirós M, Sánchez-Moreno M, Rosales MJ, Salas JM. In Vitro and in Vivo Trypanocidal Evaluation of Nickel Complexes with an Azapurine Derivative against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6964-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100581z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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da Silva CF, da Silva PB, Batista MM, Daliry A, Tidwell RR, Soeiro MDNC. The biological in vitro effect and selectivity of aromatic dicationic compounds on Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:239-45. [PMID: 20512235 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite that causes Chagas disease, which affects millions of individuals in endemic areas of Latin America. One hundred years after the discovery of Chagas disease, it is still considered a neglected illness because the available drugs are unsatisfactory. Aromatic compounds represent an important class of DNA minor groove-binding ligands that exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. This study focused on the in vitro activity of 10 aromatic dicationic compounds against bloodstream trypomastigotes and intracellular forms of T. cruzi. Our data demonstrated that these compounds display trypanocidal effects against both forms of the parasite and that seven out of the 10 compounds presented higher anti-parasitic activity against intracellular parasites compared with the bloodstream forms. Additional assays to determine the potential toxicity to mammalian cells showed that the majority of the dicationic compounds did not considerably decrease cellular viability. Fluorescent microscopy analysis demonstrated that although all compounds were localised to a greater extent within the kinetoplast than the nucleus, no correlation could be found between compound activity and kDNA accumulation. The present results stimulate further investigations of this class of compounds for the rational design of new chemotherapeutic agents for Chagas disease.
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Arylimidamide DB766, a potential chemotherapeutic candidate for Chagas' disease treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2940-52. [PMID: 20457822 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01617-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, a neglected tropical illness for which current therapy is unsatisfactory, is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The goal of this work is to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the arylimidamide (AIA) DB766 against T. cruzi. This arylimidamide exhibits strong trypanocidal activity and excellent selectivity for bloodstream trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes (Y strain), giving IC(50)s (drug concentrations that reduce 50% of the number of the treated parasites) of 60 and 25 nM, respectively. DB766 also exerts striking effects upon different parasite stocks, including those naturally resistant to benznidazole, and displays higher activity in vitro than the reference drugs. By fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy analyses, we found that this AIA localizes in DNA-enriched compartments and induces considerable damage to the mitochondria. DB766 effectively reduces the parasite load in the blood and cardiac tissue and presents efficacy similar to that of benznidazole in mouse models of T. cruzi infection employing the Y and Colombian strains, using oral and intraperitoneal doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day that were given after the establishment of parasite infection. This AIA ameliorates electrocardiographic alterations, reduces hepatic and heart lesions induced by the infection, and provides 90 to 100% protection against mortality, which is similar to that provided by benznidazole. Our data clearly show the trypanocidal efficacy of DB766, suggesting that this AIA may represent a new lead compound candidate to Chagas' disease treatment.
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Cerecetto H, González M. Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry in Chagas' Disease: Compounds at The Final Stage of "Hit-To-Lead" Phase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:810-838. [PMID: 27713281 PMCID: PMC4034012 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, or American trypanosomosiasis, has been the most relevant illness produced by protozoa in Latin America. Synthetic medicinal chemistry efforts have provided an extensive number of chemodiverse hits at the "active-to-hit" stage. However, only a more limited number of these have been studied in vivo in models of Chagas' disease. Herein, we survey some of the cantidates able to surpass the "hit-to-lead" stage discussing their limitations or merit to enter in clinical trials in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Mercedes González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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Soeiro MDNC, Dantas AP, Daliry A, Silva CFD, Batista DGJ, de Souza EM, Oliveira GM, Salomão K, Batista MM, Pacheco MGO, Silva PBD, Santa-Rita RM, Barreto RFSM, Boykin DW, Castro SLD. Experimental chemotherapy for Chagas disease: 15 years of research contributions from in vivo and in vitro studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:301-10. [PMID: 19753489 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected illness with 12-14 million reported cases in endemic geographic regions of Latin America. While the disease still represents an important public health problem in these affected areas, the available therapy, which was introduced more than four decades ago, is far from ideal due to its substantial toxicity, its limited effects on different parasite stocks, and its poor activity during the chronic phase of the disease. For the past 15 years, our group, in collaboration with research groups focused on medicinal chemistry, has been working on experimental chemotherapies for Chagas disease, investigating the biological activity, toxicity, selectivity and cellular targets of different classes of compounds on T. cruzi. In this report, we present an overview of these in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on the most promising classes of compounds with the aim of contributing to the current knowledge of the treatment of Chagas disease and aiding in the development of a new arsenal of candidates with anti-T. cruzi efficacy.
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50
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Coutinho L, Ferreira MA, Cosson A, Batista MM, Batista DDGJ, Minoprio P, Degrave WM, Berneman A, Soeiro MDNC. Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi proline racemase affects host-parasite interactions and the outcome of in vitro infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Coutinho
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Brasil
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