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Sharma KB, Chhabra S, Kalia M. Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:251-281. [PMID: 38159231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus infections have been a leading cause of pandemics. Aided by global warming and increased connectivity, their threat is likely to increase over time. The flaviviruses are one such RNA virus family, and its prototypes such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc., pose a significant health burden on several endemic countries. All viruses start off their life cycle with an infected cell, wherein a series of events are set in motion as the virus and host battle for autonomy. With their remarkable capacity to hijack cellular systems and, subvert/escape defence pathways, viruses are able to establish infection and disseminate in the body, causing disease. Using this strategy, JEV replicates and spreads through several cell types such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, and ultimately breaches the blood-brain barrier to infect neurons and microglia. The neurotropic nature of JEV, its high burden on the paediatric population, and its lack of any specific antivirals/treatment strategies emphasise the need for biomedical research-driven solutions. Here, we highlight the latest research developments on Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cells and discuss how these can aid in the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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Cao J, Liu Y, Zhou M, Dong S, Hou Y, Jia X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Guo J, Xiao G, Wang W. Screening of Botanical Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Entry Reveals Novel Therapeutic Agents to Treat COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020353. [PMID: 35215943 PMCID: PMC8877376 DOI: 10.3390/v14020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An escalating pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely impacted global health. There is a severe lack of specific treatment options for diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we used a pseudotype virus (pv) containing the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein to screen a botanical drug library containing 1037 botanical drugs to identify agents that prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that these four agents inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry by blocking spike (S) protein-mediated membrane fusion. Furthermore, angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B inhibited authentic SARS-CoV-2 with a high selective index (SI; 50% cytotoxic concentration/50% inhibition concentration). Our drug combination studies performed in cellular antiviral assays revealed that angeloylgomisin O has synergistic effects in combination with remdesivir, a drug widely used to treat SARS-CoV-2-mediated infections. We also showed that two hits could inhibit the newly emerged alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) variants. Our findings collectively indicate that angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 efficiently, thereby making them potential therapeutic agents to treat the coronavirus disease of 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
| | - Minmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-87198232
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Butsabong T, Felippe M, Campagnolo P, Maringer K. The emerging role of perivascular cells (pericytes) in viral pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34424156 PMCID: PMC8513640 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses may exploit the cardiovascular system to facilitate transmission or within-host dissemination, and the symptoms of many viral diseases stem at least in part from a loss of vascular integrity. The microvascular architecture is comprised of an endothelial cell barrier ensheathed by perivascular cells (pericytes). Pericytes are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and play crucial roles in angiogenesis and the maintenance of microvascular integrity through complex reciprocal contact-mediated and paracrine crosstalk with endothelial cells. We here review the emerging ways that viruses interact with pericytes and pay consideration to how these interactions influence microvascular function and viral pathogenesis. Major outcomes of virus-pericyte interactions include vascular leakage or haemorrhage, organ tropism facilitated by barrier disruption, including viral penetration of the blood-brain barrier and placenta, as well as inflammatory, neurological, cognitive and developmental sequelae. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms may include direct infection of pericytes, pericyte modulation by secreted viral gene products and/or the dysregulation of paracrine signalling from or to pericytes. Viruses we cover include the herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, Human betaherpesvirus 5), the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, HAND), the flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), and the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19). We touch on promising pericyte-focussed therapies for treating the diseases caused by these important human pathogens, many of which are emerging viruses or are causing new or long-standing global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemapron Butsabong
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mariana Felippe
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Paola Campagnolo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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