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Si L, Xiong B, Xu S, Zhu L, Liu Y, Xu W, Tang KW. Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of P(O)−H Compounds with O-/S-nucleophiles. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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2
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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3
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Choudhary R, Singh P, Bai R, Sharma MC, Badsara SS. Highly atom-economical, catalyst-free, and solvent-free phosphorylation of chalcogenides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9757-9765. [PMID: 31696899 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica gel promoted, catalyst-free and solvent-free S-P, Se-P and Te-P bond formations are described. A variety of disulfides coupled with diarylphosphine oxides provide the corresponding phosphinothioates in excellent yields. For the first time, diselenides and ditellurides reacted with dialkyl phosphites under catalyst-free conditions to provide the corresponding phosphoroselenoates and phosphorotelluroates, respectively, in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Choudhary
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
| | - Pratibha Singh
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
| | - Rekha Bai
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
| | - Mahesh C Sharma
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.
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4
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Mondal M, Saha A. Benign synthesis of thiophosphates, thiophosphinates and selenophosphates in neat condition using N-chalcogenoimides as the source of electrophilic sulfur/selenium. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Guo W, Tao K, Tan W, Zhao M, Zheng L, Fan X. Recent advances in photocatalytic C–S/P–S bond formation via the generation of sulfur centered radicals and functionalization. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have focused on the recent advances in photocatalytic C–S/P–S bond formation via the generation of thioyl/sulfonyl radicals and further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Wen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
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6
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Chang CZ, Liu X, Zhu H, Wu L, Dong ZB. Copper-Catalyzed and Air-Mediated Mild Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Aryl Thioureas and Dialkyl H-Phosphonates: The Synthesis of Thiophosphonates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:13530-13535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Zhu Chang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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7
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Zhang H, Zhan Z, Lin Y, Shi Y, Li G, Wang Q, Deng Y, Hai L, Wu Y. Visible light photoredox catalyzed thiophosphate synthesis using methylene blue as a promoter. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel efficient method for the synthesis of thiophosphate derivatives catalyzed by methylene blue with blue light irradiation under an air atmosphere is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Zhen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yuesen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Guobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Qiantao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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8
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Song S, Zhang Y, Yeerlan A, Zhu B, Liu J, Jiao N. Cs2
CO3
-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates and Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Adeli Yeerlan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Bencong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Song S, Zhang Y, Yeerlan A, Zhu B, Liu J, Jiao N. Cs 2 CO 3 -Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates and Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2487-2491. [PMID: 28112850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Cs2 CO3 -catalyzed oxidative coupling of thiols with phosphonates and arenes that uses molecular oxygen as the oxidant is described. These reactions provide not only a novel alkali metal salt catalyzed aerobic oxidation, but also an efficient approach to thiophosphates and sulfenylarenes, which are ubiquitously found in pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The reaction proceeds under simple and mild reaction conditions, tolerates a wide range of functional groups, and is applicable to the late-stage synthesis and modification of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Adeli Yeerlan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bencong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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10
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Lee J, Byeon SE, Jung JY, Kang MH, Park YJ, Jung KE, Bae YS. Azasugar-containing phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (AZPSON) DBM-2198 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by blocking HIV-1 gp120 without affecting the V3 region. Mol Cells 2015; 38:122-9. [PMID: 25623024 PMCID: PMC4332031 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DBM-2198, a six-membered azasugar nucleotide (6-AZN)-containing phosphorothioate (P = S) oligonucleotide (AZPSON), was described in our previous publication [Lee et al. (2005)] with regard to its antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants. This report describes the mechanisms underlying the anti-HIV-1 properties of DBM-2198. The LTR-mediated reporter assay indicated that the anti-HIV-1 activity of DBM-2198 is attributed to an extracellular mode of action rather than intracellular sequence-specific antisense activity. Nevertheless, the antiviral properties of DBM-2198 and other AZPSONs were highly restricted to HIV-1. Unlike other P = S oligonucleo-tides, DBM-2198 caused no host cell activation upon administration to cultures. HIV-1 that was pre-incubated with DBM-2198 did not show any infectivity towards host cells whereas host cells pre-incubated with DBM-2198 remained susceptible to HIV-1 infection, suggesting that DBM-2198 acts on the virus particle rather than cell surface molecules in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Competition assays for binding to HIV-1 envelope protein with anti-gp120 and anti-V3 antibodies revealed that DBM-2198 acts on the viral attachment site of HIV-1 gp120, but not on the V3 region. This report provides a better understanding of the antiviral mechanism of DBM-2198 and may contribute to the development of a potential therapeutic drug against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjoo Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
| | - Se Eun Byeon
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
| | - Ju Yeol Jung
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-740, Korea
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11
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Fraietta JA, Mueller YM, Lozenski KL, Ratner D, Boesteanu AC, Hancock AS, Lackman-Smith C, Zentner IJ, Chaiken IM, Chung S, LeGrice SFJ, Snyder BA, Mankowski MK, Jones NM, Hope JL, Gupta P, Anderson SH, Wigdahl B, Katsikis PD. Abasic phosphorothioate oligomers inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription and block virus transmission across polarized ectocervical organ cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7056-71. [PMID: 25224013 PMCID: PMC4249537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02991-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of universally available antiretroviral (ARV) drugs or a vaccine against HIV-1, microbicides may offer the most immediate hope for controlling the AIDS pandemic. The most advanced and clinically effective microbicides are based on ARV agents that interfere with the earliest stages of HIV-1 replication. Our objective was to identify and characterize novel ARV-like inhibitors, as well as demonstrate their efficacy at blocking HIV-1 transmission. Abasic phosphorothioate 2' deoxyribose backbone (PDB) oligomers were evaluated in a variety of mechanistic assays and for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection and virus transmission through primary human cervical mucosa. Cellular and biochemical assays were used to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of action of PDB oligomers against both lab-adapted and primary CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains, including a multidrug-resistant isolate. A polarized cervical organ culture was used to test the ability of PDB compounds to block HIV-1 transmission to primary immune cell populations across ectocervical tissue. The antiviral activity and mechanisms of action of PDB-based compounds were dependent on oligomer size, with smaller molecules preventing reverse transcription and larger oligomers blocking viral entry. Importantly, irrespective of molecular size, PDBs potently inhibited virus infection and transmission within genital tissue samples. Furthermore, the PDB inhibitors exhibited excellent toxicity and stability profiles and were found to be safe for vaginal application in vivo. These results, coupled with the previously reported intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of PDBs, support further investigations in the development of PDB-based topical microbicides for preventing the global spread of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karissa L Lozenski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deena Ratner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aidan S Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Isaac J Zentner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irwin M Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suhman Chung
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart F J LeGrice
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth A Snyder
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon H Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Main Line Fertility Center, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Kumaraswamy G, Raju R. Copper(I)-Induced Sulfenylation of H-Phosphonates, H-Phosphonites and Phosphine Oxides with Aryl/alkylsulfonylhydrazides as a Thiol Surrogate. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Type I interferon upregulates Bak and contributes to T cell loss during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003658. [PMID: 24130482 PMCID: PMC3795023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Type I interferon (IFN) during pathogenic HIV and SIV infections remains unclear, with conflicting observations suggesting protective versus immunopathological effects. We therefore examined the effect of IFNα/β on T cell death and viremia in HIV infection. Ex vivo analysis of eight pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules in chronic HIV-1 infection revealed that pro-apoptotic Bak was increased in CD4+ T cells and correlated directly with sensitivity to CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis and inversely with CD4+ T cell counts. Apoptosis sensitivity and Bak expression were primarily increased in effector memory T cells. Knockdown of Bak by RNA interference inhibited CD95/Fas-induced death of T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. In HIV-1-infected patients, IFNα-stimulated gene expression correlated positively with ex vivo T cell Bak levels, CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis and viremia and negatively with CD4+ T cell counts. In vitro IFNα/β stimulation enhanced Bak expression, CD95/Fas expression and CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis in healthy donor T cells and induced death of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-infected patients. HIV-1 in vitro sensitized T cells to CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis and this was Toll-like receptor (TLR)7/9- and Type I IFN-dependent. This sensitization by HIV-1 was due to an indirect effect on T cells, as it occurred in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures but not purified CD4+ T cells. Finally, peak IFNα levels and viral loads correlated negatively during acute SIV infection suggesting a potential antiviral effect, but positively during chronic SIV infection indicating that either the virus drives IFNα production or IFNα may facilitate loss of viral control. The above findings indicate stage-specific opposing effects of Type I IFNs during HIV-1 infection and suggest a novel mechanism by which these cytokines contribute to T cell depletion, dysregulation of cellular immunity and disease progression.
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Buitendijk M, Eszterhas SK, Howell AL. Gardiquimod: a Toll-like receptor-7 agonist that inhibits HIV type 1 infection of human macrophages and activated T cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:907-18. [PMID: 23316755 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response modifiers are being studied as therapeutic agents for viral infections and cancer. These molecules include agonists for the Toll-like receptors (TLR), a family of innate immune receptors. TLR7 and 8, located in cellular endosomes, bind single-stranded RNA characteristic of viral genomes, and trigger intracellular signaling pathways that induce inflammatory cytokines and antiviral innate immune factors. We studied the anti-HIV-1 effects of gardiquimod, a specific TLR7 agonist when used at concentrations below 10 μM, in macrophages and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Gardiquimod, added prior to or within 2 days after infection with X4, R5, or dual-tropic (R5/X4) strains of HIV-1, significantly reduced infection in these cells. Cocultures of activated PBMCs added to gardiquimod-treated and HIV-1-exposed macrophages demonstrated minimal HIV-1 replication for up to 10 days, suggesting that gardiquimod inhibited activated PBMCs viral amplification from HIV-1-exposed macrophages. Gardiquimod treatment of both activated PBMCs and macrophages induced interferon-alpha (IFN-α) transcription within hours of addition, and sustained IFN-α protein secretion for several days. Treatment of cells with a peptide inhibitor to the MyD88 adaptor protein blocked the induction of IFN-α by gardiquimod, and partially reversed the anti-HIV effects in activated PBMCs. Blocking the IFN-α receptor with a neutralizing antibody also reduced the anti-HIV effect of gardiquimod. Gardiquimod inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, an early step in the life cycle of HIV-1. These findings suggest that gardiquimod, functioning as both an immune system modifier and a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, could be developed as a novel therapeutic agent to block systemic and mucosal transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Buitendijk
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Susan K. Eszterhas
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Alexandra L. Howell
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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15
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Shukla NM, Mutz CA, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Balakrishna R, David SA. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -8 modulatory activities of dimeric imidazoquinolines. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1106-16. [PMID: 22239408 DOI: 10.1021/jm2010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific molecular patterns present in molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but are structurally distinct from host molecules. The TLR7-agonistic imidazoquinolines are of interest as vaccine adjuvants given their ability to induce pronounced Th1-skewed humoral responses. Minor modifications on the imidazoquinoline scaffold result in TLR7-antagonistic compounds which may be of value in addressing innate immune activation-driven immune exhaustion observed in HIV. We describe the syntheses and evaluation of TLR7 and TLR8 modulatory activities of dimeric constructs of imidazoquinoline linked at the C2, C4, C8, and N(1)-aryl positions. Dimers linked at the C4, C8, and N(1)-aryl positions were agonistic at TLR7; only the N(1)-aryl dimer with a 12-carbon linker was dual TLR7/8 agonistic. Dimers linked at C2 position showed antagonistic activities at TLR7 and TLR8; the C2 dimer with a propylene spacer was maximally antagonistic at both TLR7 and TLR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj M Shukla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Room 320D, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence Kansas 66047, United States
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Ukani R, Lewis TC, Day TP, Wu W, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, David SA. Potent adjuvantic activity of a CCR1-agonistic bis-quinoline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:293-5. [PMID: 22104149 PMCID: PMC3248955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A bis-quinoline compound, (7-chloro-N-(4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)butyl)quinolin-4-amine; RE-660) was found to have C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1)-agonistic properties. RE-660 displayed strong adjuvantic activity in mice when co-administered with bovine α-lactalbumin used as a model subunit protein antigen. RE-660 evoked a balanced Th1 (IgG2)/Th2 (IgG1) antibody profile, and the quality of antibodies elicited by the bis-quinoline was found to be superior to that evoked by glucopyranosyl lipid A by surface plasmon resonance experiments. No evidence of proinflammatory activity was observed in human blood ex vivo models. In preliminary acute toxicity studies, the compound was found to be of lower toxicity than chloroquine in mice, and was non-mutagenic in an Ames screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ukani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:71-107. [PMID: 22975872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are innate immune cells that are specialized to produce interferon-alpha (IFNα) and participate in activating adaptive immune responses. Although IFNα inhibits HIV-1 (HIV) replication in vitro, pDCs may act as inflammatory and immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs) rather than classical antigen-presenting cells during chronic HIV infection in vivo, contributing more to HIV pathogenesis than to protection. Improved understanding of HIV-pDC interactions may yield potential new avenues of discovery to prevent HIV transmission, to blunt chronic immune activation and exhaustion, and to enhance beneficial adaptive immune responses. In this chapter we discuss pDC biology, including pDC development from progenitors, trafficking and localization of pDCs in the body, and signaling pathways involved in pDC activation. We focus on the role of pDCs in HIV transmission, chronic disease progression and immune activation, and immunosuppression through regulatory T cell development. Lastly, we discuss potential future directions for the field which are needed to strengthen our current understanding of the role of pDCs in HIV transmission and pathogenesis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The early stage of HIV-1 infection is when the virus is most vulnerable, and should therefore offer the best opportunity for therapeutic interventions. This review addresses the recent progress in the understanding of innate immune responses against HIV-1 with focus on the potential targets for prevention of viral acquisition, replication and dissemination. RECENT FINDINGS Research indicates that the host-derived factor trappin-2/elafin is protective against HIV, whereas semen-derived enhancer of viral infection and defensins 5 and 6 enhance viral transmission. Further, studies suggest that stimulation of TLR4 and inhibition of TLR7-9 pathways may be HIV suppressive. The regulation and function of viral restriction factors tetherin and APOBEC3G have been investigated and a molecule mimicking the premature uncoating achieved by TRIM5α, PF74, has been identified. Chloroquine has been shown to inhibit plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and suppress negative modulators of T-cell responses. Blockade of HMBG1 has been found to restore natural-killer-cell-mediated killing of infected dendritic cells, normally suppressed by HIV-1. Interestingly, when used as adjuvants, EAT-2 and heat shock protein gp96 reportedly enhance innate immune responses. SUMMARY Several targets for innate immunity-mediated therapeutics have been identified. Nonetheless, more research is required to unveil their underlying mechanisms and interactions before testing these molecules in clinical trials.
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