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Chao-Pellicer J, Delgado-Hernández S, Arberas-Jiménez I, Sifaoui I, Tejedor D, García-Tellado F, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyanoacrylamides and 5-Iminopyrrol-2-Ones Against Naegleria fowleri. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39116454 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. The lack of standardized treatment has significantly contributed to the high fatality rates observed in reported cases. Therefore, this study aims to explore the anti-Naegleria activity of eight synthesized cyanoacrylamides and 5-iminopyrrol-2-ones. Notably, QOET-109, QOET-111, QOET-112, and QOET-114 exhibited a higher selectivity index against Naegleria compared to those of the rest of the compounds. Subsequently, these chemicals were assessed against the resistant stage of N. fowleri, demonstrating activity similar to that observed in the vegetative stage. Moreover, characteristic events of programmed cell death were evidenced, including chromatin condensation, increased plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial damage, and heightened oxidative stress, among others. Finally, this research demonstrated the in vitro activity of the cyanoacrylamide and 5-iminopyrrol-2-one molecules, as well as the induction of metabolic event characteristics of regulated cell death in Naegleria fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chao-Pellicer
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38200, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38206, Spain
| | - Iñigo Arberas-Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38200, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38200, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Tejedor
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38206, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Tellado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38206, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38200, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38203, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias 38200, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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2
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Gilleran JA, Ashraf K, Delvillar M, Eck T, Fondekar R, Miller EB, Hutchinson A, Dong A, Seitova A, De Souza ML, Augeri D, Halabelian L, Siekierka J, Rotella DP, Gordon J, Childers WE, Grier MC, Staker BL, Roberge JY, Bhanot P. Structure-Activity Relationship of a Pyrrole Based Series of PfPKG Inhibitors as Anti-Malarials. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3467-3503. [PMID: 38372781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Controlling malaria requires new drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. The P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is a validated target whose inhibitors could block multiple steps of the parasite's life cycle. We defined the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a pyrrole series for PfPKG inhibition. Key pharmacophores were modified to enable full exploration of chemical diversity and to gain knowledge about an ideal core scaffold. In vitro potency against recombinant PfPKG and human PKG were used to determine compound selectivity for the parasite enzyme. P. berghei sporozoites and P. falciparum asexual blood stages were used to assay multistage antiparasitic activity. Cellular specificity of compounds was evaluated using transgenic parasites expressing PfPKG carrying a substituted "gatekeeper" residue. The structure of PfPKG bound to an inhibitor was solved, and modeling using this structure together with computational tools was utilized to understand SAR and establish a rational strategy for subsequent lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gilleran
- Rutgers Molecular Design and Synthesis Core, Office for Research, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kutub Ashraf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Melvin Delvillar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Tyler Eck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Sokol Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Raheel Fondekar
- Rutgers Molecular Design and Synthesis Core, Office for Research, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Rutgers School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Edward B Miller
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Ashley Hutchinson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alma Seitova
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mariana Laureano De Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - David Augeri
- Rutgers Molecular Design and Synthesis Core, Office for Research, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Levon Halabelian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John Siekierka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Sokol Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - David P Rotella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Sokol Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - John Gordon
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Wayne E Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Mark C Grier
- Rutgers Molecular Design and Synthesis Core, Office for Research, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Bart L Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jacques Y Roberge
- Rutgers Molecular Design and Synthesis Core, Office for Research, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
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3
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Pandey AR, Singh SP, Joshi P, Srivastav KS, Srivastava S, Yadav K, Chandra R, Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Sanap SN, Bhatta RS, Tripathi R, Barthwal MK, Sashidhara KV. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel pyrrole-hydroxybutenolide hybrids as promising antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115340. [PMID: 37054559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuance of novel scaffolds with promising antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activity, a series of twenty-one compounds embraced with most promising penta-substituted pyrrole and biodynamic hydroxybutenolide in single skeleton was designed and synthesized. These pyrrole-hydroxybutenolide hybrids were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum parasite. Four hybrids 5b, 5d, 5t and 5u exhibited good activity with IC50 of 0.60, 0.88, 0.97 and 0.96 μM for chloroquine sensitive (Pf3D7) strain and 3.92, 4.31, 4.21 and 1.67 μM for chloroquine resistant (PfK1) strain, respectively. In vivo efficacy of 5b, 5d, 5t and 5u was studied against the P. yoelii nigeriensis N67 (a chloroquine-resistant) parasite in Swiss mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 days via oral route. 5u was found to show maximum 100% parasite inhibition with considerably increased mean survival time. Simultaneously, the series of compounds was screened for anti-inflammatory potential. In preliminary assays, nine compounds showed more than 85% inhibition in hu-TNFα cytokine levels in LPS stimulated THP-1 monocytes and seven compounds showed more than 40% decrease in fold induction in reporter gene activity analyzed via Luciferase assay. 5p and 5t were found to be most promising amongst the series, thus were taken up for further in vivo studies. Wherein, mice pre-treated with them showed a dose dependent inhibition in carrageenan induced paw swelling. Moreover, the results of in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the synthesized pyrrole-hydroxybutenolide conjugates abide by the required criteria for the development of orally active drug and thus this scaffold can be used as pharmacologically active framework that should be considered for the development of potential antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Raj Pandey
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Suriya Pratap Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Prince Joshi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Kunwar Satyadeep Srivastav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Smriti Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Renu Tripathi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Barthwal
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P, India.
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4
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Eck T, Laureano de Souza M, Delvillar M, Ashraf K, Yadav Bheemanaboina RR, Chakrasali R, Kreiss T, Siekierka JJ, Rotella DP, Bhanot P, Goodey NM. Characterization of competitive inhibitors of P. falciparum cGMP‐dependent protein kinase. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100704. [PMID: 35044710 PMCID: PMC9132199 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is an enticing antimalarial drug target. Novel chemotypes are needed because existing inhibitors have safety issues that may prevent further development. This work demonstrates isoxazole-based compounds are potent ATP competitive inhibitors of PfPKG and discloses a new analogue in this series. Isoxazoles 3 and 5 had Ki values that are comparable to a known standard, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine. They also exhibited excellent selectivity for PfPKG over the human orthologue and the gatekeeper mutant T618Q PfPKG, which mimics the less accessible binding site of the human orthologue. The human orthologue's larger binding site volume is predicted to explain the selectivity of the inhibitors for the P. falciparum enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Eck
- Montclair State University Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Mariana Laureano de Souza
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics UNITED STATES
| | - Melvin Delvillar
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics UNITED STATES
| | - Kutub Ashraf
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Tamara Kreiss
- Montclair State University Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - John J Siekierka
- Montclair State University Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - David P Rotella
- Montclair State University Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Purnima Bhanot
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics UNITED STATES
| | - Nina M Goodey
- Montclair State University Chemistry and Biochemistry 1 Normal Avenue 07043 Montclair UNITED STATES
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5
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Loubens M, Vincensini L, Fernandes P, Briquet S, Marinach C, Silvie O. Plasmodium sporozoites on the move: Switching from cell traversal to productive invasion of hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:870-881. [PMID: 33191548 PMCID: PMC8247013 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, the etiological agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, which deposit sporozoites into the host skin. Sporozoites migrate through the dermis, enter the bloodstream, and rapidly traffic to the liver. They cross the liver sinusoidal barrier and traverse several hepatocytes before switching to productive invasion of a final one for replication inside a parasitophorous vacuole. Cell traversal and productive invasion are functionally independent processes that require proteins secreted from specialized secretory organelles known as micronemes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how sporozoites traverse through cells and productively invade hepatocytes, and discuss the role of environmental sensing in switching from a migratory to an invasive state. We propose that timely controlled secretion of distinct microneme subsets could play a key role in successful migration and infection of hepatocytes. A better understanding of these essential biological features of the Plasmodium sporozoite may contribute to the development of new strategies to fight against the very first and asymptomatic stage of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Loubens
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Laetitia Vincensini
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Sylvie Briquet
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Carine Marinach
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
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6
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Rotella D, Siekierka J, Bhanot P. Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase - A Novel Chemotherapeutic Target. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610408. [PMID: 33613463 PMCID: PMC7886688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary effector of cGMP signaling in Plasmodium is the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Work in human-infective Plasmodium falciparum and rodent-infective Plasmodium berghei has provided biological validation of P. falciparum PKG (PfPKG) as a drug target for treating and/or protecting against malaria. PfPKG is essential in the asexual erythrocytic and sexual cycles as well as the pre-erythrocytic cycle. Medicinal chemistry efforts, both target-based and phenotype-based, have targeted PfPKG in the past few years. This review provides a brief overview of their results and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rotella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - John Siekierka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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7
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most impacting public health problems in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, with approximately 200 million cases worldwide annually. In the absence of an effective vaccine, rapid treatment is vital for effective malaria control. However, parasite resistance to currently available drugs underscores the urgent need for identifying new antimalarial therapies with new mechanisms of action. Among potential drug targets for developing new antimalarial candidates, protein kinases are attractive. These enzymes catalyze the phosphorylation of several proteins, thereby regulating a variety of cellular processes and playing crucial roles in the development of all stages of the malaria parasite life cycle. Moreover, the large phylogenetic distance between Plasmodium species and its human host is reflected in marked differences in structure and function of malaria protein kinases between the homologs of both species, indicating that selectivity can be attained. In this review, we describe the functions of the different types of Plasmodium kinases and highlight the main recent advances in the discovery of kinase inhibitors as potential new antimalarial drug candidates.
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8
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de Araújo RV, Santos SS, Sanches LM, Giarolla J, El Seoud O, Ferreira EI. Malaria and tuberculosis as diseases of neglected populations: state of the art in chemotherapy and advances in the search for new drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200229. [PMID: 33053077 PMCID: PMC7534959 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and tuberculosis are no longer considered to be neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. However, both are huge challenges and public health problems in the world, which affect poor people, today referred to as neglected populations. In addition, malaria and tuberculosis present the same difficulties regarding the treatment, such as toxicity and the microbial resistance. The increase of Plasmodium resistance to the available drugs along with the insurgence of multidrug- and particularly tuberculosis drug-resistant strains are enough to justify efforts towards the development of novel medicines for both diseases. This literature review provides an overview of the state of the art of antimalarial and antituberculosis chemotherapies, emphasising novel drugs introduced in the pharmaceutical market and the advances in research of new candidates for these diseases, and including some aspects of their mechanism/sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Soraya Silva Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luccas Missfeldt Sanches
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de
Química Fundamental, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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9
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Jillapalli R, Narwal SK, Kolli SK, Mastan BS, Segireddy RR, Dey S, Srivastava PN, Mishra S, Kumar KA. A Plasmodium berghei putative serine-threonine kinase 2 ( PBANKA_0311400) is required for late liver stage development and timely initiation of blood stage infection. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042028. [PMID: 31444161 PMCID: PMC6737972 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Plasmodium, protein kinases govern key biological processes of the parasite life cycle involved in the establishment of infection, dissemination and sexual reproduction. The rodent malaria model Plasmodium berghei encodes for 66 putative eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) as identified through modelling domain signatures and are highly conserved in Plasmodium falciparum. We report here the functional characterisation of a putative serine-threonine kinase PBANKA_0311400 identified in this kinome analysis and designate it as Pbstk2. To elucidate its role, we knocked out Pbstk2 locus and performed a detailed phenotypic analysis at different life cycle stages. The Pbstk2 knockout (KO) was not compromised in asexual blood stage propagation, transmission and development in the mosquito vector. The Pbstk2 KO produced viable salivary gland sporozoites that successfully transformed into exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs) and were morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type GFP (WT GFP) with regard to size and shape until 48 h. An intravenous dose of 1×103Pbstk2 KO sporozoites in C57BL/6 mice failed to establish blood stage infection and a higher dose of 5X103 showed a 2–3 day delay in prepatency as compared to WT GFP parasites. Consistent with such an observation, analysis of in vitro EEF development at 62 h revealed that the hepatic merozoite numbers were reduced to nearly 40% as compared to WT GFP and showed meagre expression of MSP1. Our studies provide evidence for the role of PbSTK2 in late liver stage development and for the successful establishment of a timely blood stage infection. Summary: Requirement of a putative serine threonine kinase 2 (PBANKA_0311400) for Plasmodium berghei liver stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jillapalli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Narwal
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Kolli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Babu S Mastan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rameswara Reddy Segireddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sandeep Dey
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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10
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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11
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Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00523-18. [PMID: 30323024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00523-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which undergoes a complex life cycle in a human host and a mosquito vector. The parasite's cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is essential at multiple steps of the life cycle. Phosphoproteomic studies in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages and Plasmodium berghei ookinetes have identified proteolysis as a major biological pathway dependent on PKG activity. To further understand PKG's mechanism of action, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library for P. falciparum proteins that interact with P. falciparum PKG (PfPKG) and tested peptide libraries to identify its phosphorylation site preferences. Our data suggest that PfPKG has a distinct phosphorylation site and that PfPKG directly phosphorylates parasite RPT1, one of six AAA+ ATPases present in the 19S regulatory particle of the proteasome. PfPKG and RPT1 interact in vitro, and the interacting fragment of RPT1 carries a PfPKG consensus phosphorylation site; a peptide carrying this consensus site competes with the RPT1 fragment for binding to PfPKG and is efficiently phosphorylated by PfPKG. These data suggest that PfPKG's phosphorylation of RPT1 could contribute to its regulation of parasite proteolysis. We demonstrate that proteolysis plays an important role in a biological process known to require Plasmodium PKG: invasion by sporozoites of hepatocytes. A small-molecule inhibitor of proteasomal activity blocks sporozoite invasion in an additive manner when combined with a Plasmodium PKG-specific inhibitor. Mining the previously described parasite PKG-dependent phosphoproteomes using the consensus phosphorylation motif identified additional proteins that are likely to be direct substrates of the enzyme.
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12
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Cabrera DG, Horatscheck A, Wilson CR, Basarab G, Eyermann CJ, Chibale K. Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors: License to Cure? J Med Chem 2018; 61:8061-8077. [PMID: 29771541 PMCID: PMC6166223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Advances
in the genetics, function, and stage-specificity of Plasmodium kinases has driven robust efforts to identify
targets for the design of antimalarial therapies. Reverse genomics
following phenotypic screening against Plasmodia or
related parasites has uncovered vulnerable kinase targets including
PI4K, PKG, and GSK-3, an approach bolstered by access to human disease-directed
kinase libraries. Alternatively, screening compound libraries against Plasmodium kinases has successfully led to inhibitors with
antiplasmodial activity. As with other therapeutic areas, optimizing
compound ADMET and PK properties in parallel with target inhibitory
potency and whole cell activity becomes paramount toward advancing
compounds as clinical candidates. These and other considerations will
be discussed in the context of progress achieved toward deriving important,
novel mode-of-action kinase-inhibiting antimalarial medicines.
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13
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Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box across Multiple Pathogens Reclassifies Starting Points for Open-Source Drug Discovery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00379-17. [PMID: 28674055 PMCID: PMC5571359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00379-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-access drug discovery provides a substantial resource for diseases primarily affecting the poor and disadvantaged. The open-access Pathogen Box collection is comprised of compounds with demonstrated biological activity against specific pathogenic organisms. The supply of this resource by the Medicines for Malaria Venture has the potential to provide new chemical starting points for a number of tropical and neglected diseases, through repurposing of these compounds for use in drug discovery campaigns for these additional pathogens. We tested the Pathogen Box against kinetoplastid parasites and malaria life cycle stages in vitro Consequently, chemical starting points for malaria, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis drug discovery efforts have been identified. Inclusive of this in vitro biological evaluation, outcomes from extensive literature reviews and database searches are provided. This information encompasses commercial availability, literature reference citations, other aliases and ChEMBL number with associated biological activity, where available. The release of this new data for the Pathogen Box collection into the public domain will aid the open-source model of drug discovery. Importantly, this will provide novel chemical starting points for drug discovery and target identification in tropical disease research.
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14
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Abstract
Over the past decade, major advances in imaging techniques have enhanced our understanding of Plasmodium spp. parasites and their interplay with mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors. Cryoelectron tomography, cryo-X-ray tomography and super-resolution microscopy have shifted paradigms of sporozoite and gametocyte structure, the process of erythrocyte invasion by merozoites, and the architecture of Maurer's clefts. Intravital time-lapse imaging has been revolutionary for our understanding of pre-erythrocytic stages of rodent Plasmodium parasites. Furthermore, high-speed imaging has revealed the link between sporozoite structure and motility, and improvements in time-lapse microscopy have enabled imaging of the entire Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic cycle and the complete Plasmodium berghei pre-erythrocytic stages for the first time. In this Review, we discuss the contribution of key imaging tools to these and other discoveries in the malaria field over the past 10 years.
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15
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Govindasamy K, Jebiwott S, Jaijyan DK, Davidow A, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Brochet M, Billker O, Bhanot P. Invasion of hepatocytes by Plasmodium sporozoites requires cGMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium dependent protein kinase 4. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:349-363. [PMID: 27425827 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of hepatocytes by sporozoites is essential for Plasmodium to initiate infection of the mammalian host. The parasite's subsequent intracellular differentiation in the liver is the first developmental step of its mammalian cycle. Despite their biological significance, surprisingly little is known of the signalling pathways required for sporozoite invasion. We report that sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes requires signalling through two second-messengers - cGMP mediated by the parasite's cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and Ca2+ , mediated by the parasite's calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (CDPK4). Sporozoites expressing a mutated form of Plasmodium berghei PKG or carrying a deletion of the CDPK4 gene are defective in invasion of hepatocytes. Using specific and potent inhibitors of Plasmodium PKG and CDPK4, we demonstrate that PKG and CDPK4 are required for sporozoite motility, and that PKG regulates the secretion of TRAP, an adhesin that is essential for motility. Chemical inhibition of PKG decreases parasite egress from hepatocytes by inhibiting either the formation or release of merosomes. In contrast, genetic inhibition of CDPK4 does not significantly decrease the number of merosomes. By revealing the requirement for PKG and CDPK4 in Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, our work enables a better understanding of kinase pathways that act in different Plasmodium stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Govindasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Jebiwott
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - D K Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - A Davidow
- Department of Biostatistics, Rutgers - School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K K Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Brochet
- CNRS UMR5235 -Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier, France.,University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Switzerland
| | - O Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Malaria Programme, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, UK
| | - P Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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16
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Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Perry N, Nava S, White AC. Preassembled Single-Stranded RNA-Argonaute Complexes: A Novel Method to Silence Genes in Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1307-14. [PMID: 26656125 PMCID: PMC4799669 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality worldwide. Research progress on this infection has been slowed by lack of methods to genetically manipulate Cryptosporidium parasites. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is widely used to study gene function, but Cryptosporidium species lack the enzymes necessary to process siRNA. By preassembling complexes with the human enzyme Argonaute 2 (hAgo2) and Cryptosporidium single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), we induced specific slicing in Cryptosporidium RNA targets. We demonstrated the reduction in expression of target genes at the mRNA and protein levels by transfecting live parasites with ssRNA-hAgo2 complexes. Furthermore we used this method to confirm the role of selected molecules during host cell invasion. This novel method provides a novel means of silencing Cryptosporidium genes to study their role in host-parasite interactions and as potential targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Perry
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Samantha Nava
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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17
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Carvalho RC, Martins WA, Silva TP, Kaiser CR, Bastos MM, Pinheiro LC, Krettli AU, Boechat N. New pentasubstituted pyrrole hybrid atorvastatin–quinoline derivatives with antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1881-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Lau AO, Pedroni MJ, Bhanot P. Target specific-trisubstituted pyrrole inhibits Babesia bovis erythrocytic growth. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:365-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Towle T, Chang I, Chang I, Kerns RJ, Bhanot P. Chemical probes of a trisubstituted pyrrole to identify its protein target(s) in Plasmodium sporozoites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1874-7. [PMID: 23395653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that has a major impact in many developing nations, especially on the African continent. There is a need to develop new therapeutics and prophylactic treatments against it. A trisubstituted pyrrole was recently found to inhibit infection of mammalian hepatocytes by Plasmodium sporozoites, but the target of this agent is not known. In this study trisubstituted pyrrole derivatives with different substituents on a piperidinyl nitrogen were prepared. We determined if modifications of the piperidinyl nitrogen would accommodate a drug-biotin linking strategy for affinity purification of the trisubstituted pyrrole's target protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell Towle
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave., S311 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
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20
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LaCrue AN, Sáenz FE, Cross RM, Udenze KO, Monastyrskyi A, Stein S, Mutka TS, Manetsch R, Kyle DE. 4(1H)-Quinolones with liver stage activity against Plasmodium berghei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:417-24. [PMID: 23129047 PMCID: PMC3535941 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00793-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of primaquine, tafenoquine, and atovaquone, there are very few antimalarials that target liver stage parasites. In this study, a transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite (1052Cl1; PbGFP-Luc(con)) that expresses luciferase was used to assess the anti-liver stage parasite activity of ICI 56,780, a 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1H)-quinolone (PEQ), as well as two 3-phenyl-4(1H)-quinolones (P4Q), P4Q-146 and P4Q-158, by using bioluminescent imaging (BLI). Results showed that all of the compounds were active against liver stage parasites; however, ICI 56,780 and P4Q-158 were the most active, with low nanomolar activity in vitro and causal prophylactic activity in vivo. This potent activity makes these compounds ideal candidates for advancement as novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N. LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Fabián E. Sáenz
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R. Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth O. Udenze
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Steven Stein
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tina S. Mutka
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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21
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Hopp CS, Flueck C, Solyakov L, Tobin A, Baker DA. Spatiotemporal and functional characterisation of the Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48206. [PMID: 23139764 PMCID: PMC3489689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling by 3′–5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) exists in virtually all eukaryotes. In the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium, the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) has previously been reported to play a critical role in four key stages of the life cycle. The Plasmodium falciparum isoform (PfPKG) is essential for the initiation of gametogenesis and for blood stage schizont rupture and work on the orthologue from the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei (PbPKG) has shown additional roles in ookinete differentiation and motility as well as liver stage schizont development. In the present study, PfPKG expression and subcellular location in asexual blood stages was investigated using transgenic epitope-tagged PfPKG-expressing P. falciparum parasites. In Western blotting experiments and immunofluorescence analysis (IFA), maximal PfPKG expression was detected at the late schizont stage. While IFA suggested a cytosolic location, a degree of overlap with markers of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was found and subcellular fractionation showed some association with the peripheral membrane fraction. This broad localisation is consistent with the notion that PfPKG, as with the mammalian orthologue, has numerous cellular substrates. This idea is further supported by the global protein phosphorylation pattern of schizonts which was substantially changed following PfPKG inhibition, suggesting a complex role for PfPKG during schizogony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Hopp
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Flueck
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lev Solyakov
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tobin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Hopp CS, Bowyer PW, Baker DA. The role of cGMP signalling in regulating life cycle progression of Plasmodium. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:831-7. [PMID: 22613210 PMCID: PMC3484397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 3′-5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is the main mediator of cGMP signalling in the malaria parasite. This article reviews the role of PKG in Plasmodium falciparum during gametogenesis and blood stage schizont rupture, as well as the role of the Plasmodium berghei orthologue in ookinete differentiation and motility, and liver stage schizont development. The current views on potential effector proteins downstream of PKG and the mechanisms that may regulate cyclic nucleotide levels are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Hopp
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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23
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Rodrigues T, Prudêncio M, Moreira R, Mota MM, Lopes F. Targeting the liver stage of malaria parasites: a yet unmet goal. J Med Chem 2011; 55:995-1012. [PMID: 22122518 DOI: 10.1021/jm201095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are so-called intracellular second messenger molecules used by all cells to transform environmental signals into an appropriate response. Interest in the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP in malaria parasites followed early observations that both molecules might be involved in distinct differentiation events within the sexual phase of the life cycle that is required for transmission of parasites to the mosquito vector. Completed genome sequences combined with biochemical and genetic studies have confirmed the presence of the main enzymatic components of cyclic nucleotide signalling in the parasite. Dissection of their functions is underway and is giving initial insights into some of the cellular processes, which are regulated by these signalling pathways. Malaria parasites occupy terminally differentiated red blood cells for a significant proportion of their life cycle, but although there is some evidence of potential roles for the residual host cell signalling machinery in parasite development, details are few. A major gap in our knowledge is the nature of the cell surface receptors, which might trigger cyclic nucleotide signalling in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Compared with the impressive progress in understanding signal transduction pathways and mechanisms in mammalian systems, advances in protozoan signalling processes, including cyclic nucleotide metabolism, have been very slow. This is in large part connected to the fact that the components of these pathways are very different in the protozoan parasites, as confirmed by the recently completed genome. For instance, kinetoplastids have no equivalents to the mammalian Class I adenylyl cyclases (ACs) in their genomes nor any of the subunits of the associated G-proteins. The cyclases in kinetoplastid parasites contain a single transmembrane domain, a conserved intracellular catalytic domain and a highly variable extracellular domain - consistent with the expression of multiple receptor-activated cyclases - but no receptor ligands, agonists or antagonists have been identified. Apicomplexan AC and guanylyl cyclase (GC) are even more unusual, potentially being bifunctional, harbouring either a putative ion channel (AC) or a P-type ATPase-like domain (GC) alongside the catalytic region. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and cyclic-nucleotide-activated protein kinases are essentially conserved in protozoa, although mostly insensitive to inhibitors of the mammalian proteins. Some of the PDEs have now been validated as promising drug targets. In the following manuscript, we will summarize the existing literature on cAMP and cGMP in protozoa: cyclases, PDEs and cyclic-nucleotide-dependent kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Gould
- Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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