1
|
Shrestha RK, Shrestha D, Kunwar AJ, Thapa S, Shrestha N, Dhoubhadel BG, Parry CM. The overlap of accessory virulence factors and multidrug resistance among clinical and surveillance Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a neonatal intensive care unit in Nepal: a single-centre experience in a resource-limited setting. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:30. [PMID: 38589977 PMCID: PMC11000294 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of data on the characteristics of overlap between acquired antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae in high-risk settings, especially with the inclusion of surveillance isolates along with the clinical. We investigated K. pneumoniae isolates, from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Nepal, for the presence of both accessory virulence factors and acquired antimicrobial resistance. METHODS Thirty-eight clinical and nineteen surveillance K. pneumoniae isolates obtained between January 2017 and August 2022 in the NICU of Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal were investigated with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based detection of β-lactamases and virulence factors, and genetic similarity by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS K. pneumoniae was found positive in 37/85 (43.5%) blood culture-positive neonatal bloodstream infections, 34/954 (3.6%) patient surveillance cultures, and 15/451 (3.3%) environmental surveillance samples. Among 57 isolates analyzed in this study, we detected multidrug resistance in 37/57 (64.9%), which was combined with at least one accessory virulence factor in 21/37 (56.8%). This overlap was mostly among β-lactamase producing isolates with accessory mechanisms of iron acquisition. These isolates displayed heterogenous ERIC-PCR patterns suggesting genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS The clinical significance of this overlap between acquired antimicrobial resistance and accessory virulence genes in K. pneumoniae needs further investigation. Better resource allocation is necessary to strengthen infection prevention and control interventions in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ajaya Jang Kunwar
- Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sandeep Thapa
- Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nipun Shrestha
- Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhimsensthan-7, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Christopher M Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shrestha RK, Shrestha D, Sah AK, Thapa A, Shrestha N, Raya GB, Furushima K, Dhoubhadel BG, Parry CM. The causes of bacterial bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns in children attending a secondary care hospital in Bhaktapur, Nepal, 2017-2022: a retrospective study. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae035. [PMID: 38476771 PMCID: PMC10928669 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among children in Nepal are limited. Here we have characterized the causes of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), antimicrobial resistance patterns and the mechanisms of β-lactamase production in Enterobacterales among children attending outpatient and inpatient departments of a secondary care paediatric hospital in Nepal. Methods We retrospectively collected demographic and clinical data of culture-proven bacterial BSIs between January 2017 and December 2022 among children <18 years attending a 50-bedded paediatric hospital. Stored isolates were subcultured for antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antimicrobials. Enterobacterales displaying non-susceptibility to β-lactams were phenotypically and genotypically investigated for ESBLs, plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases and carbapenemases. Results A total of 377 significant bacteria were isolated from 27 366 blood cultures. Among 91 neonates with a BSI, Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 39, 42.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 15, 16.3%) and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (n = 13, 14.1%) were most common. In the non-neonates, 275/285 (96.5%) infections were community-acquired including Staphylococcus aureus (n = 89, 32.4%), Salmonella Typhi (n = 54, 19.6%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 32, 11.6%). Among the 98 S. aureus, 29 (29.6%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli demonstrated non-susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems in both community and hospital-acquired cases. For E. coli and K. pneumoniae, blaCTX-M (45/46), blaEBC (7/10) and blaOXA-48 (5/6) were common among their respective groups. Conclusions We determined significant levels of AMR among children attending a secondary care paediatric hospital with BSI in Nepal. Nationwide surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship policies are needed to combat the challenge imposed by AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhruba Shrestha
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Ashok Kumar Sah
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Ashmita Thapa
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Nipun Shrestha
- Department of Research, Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | | | - Kenshi Furushima
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christopher M Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shrestha RK, Thapa A, Shrestha D, Pokhrel S, Aryal A, Adhikari R, Shrestha N, Dhoubhadel BG, Parry CM. Characterization of Transferrable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance (TMQR) among Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing Urinary Tract Infection in Nepalese Children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:458. [PMID: 37704964 PMCID: PMC10498618 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) can lead to fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility in addition to chromosomal mechanisms. Some evidence suggests that fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing among the pediatric population. We sought to determine the occurrence of TMQR genes among quinolone-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing urinary tract infections among Nepalese outpatient children (< 18 years) and identify molecular characteristics of TMQR-harboring isolates. METHODS We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phenotypic extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and modified carbapenem inactivation method tests, and investigated the presence of six TMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qepA), three ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV), and five carbapenemase genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM). The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC were sequenced for 35 TMQR-positive isolates. RESULTS A total of 74/147 (50.3%) isolates were TMQR positive by multiplex PCR [aac(6')-Ib-cr in 48 (32.7%), qnrB in 23 (15.7%), qnrS in 18 (12.3%), qnrA in 1 (0.7%), and oqxAB in 1 (0.7%) isolate]. The median ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration of TMQR-positive isolates (64 µg/mL) was two-fold higher than those without TMQR (32 µg/mL) (p = 0.004). Ser-83→Leu and Asp-87→Asn in GyrA and Ser-80→Ile in ParC were the most common QRDR mutations (23 of 35). In addition, there was a statistically significant association between TMQR and two β-lactamase genes; blaCTX-M (p = 0.037) and blaTEM (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION This study suggests a high prevalence of TMQR among the quinolone-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates causing urinary tract infection in children in this area of Nepal and an association with the carriage of ESBL gene. This is a challenge for the management of urinary infections in children. Comprehensive prospective surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in these common pathogens will be necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the emergence of further resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christopher M Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Osińska M, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P, Gnat S, Łagowski D, Trościańczyk A. A rich mosaic of resistance in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Poland as a potential effect of increasing synanthropization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151834. [PMID: 34808162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In our research, we analyzed the resistance of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli strains to antimicrobial agents. The strains were collected during five years from wild animal species commonly inhabiting Poland. We have identified the type of β-lactamases produced and the multidrug-resistance profile. Most strains (73.8%) had genes encoding ESBL enzymes, mainly CTX-M-1 and TEM. Almost all AmpC-β-lactamase-producing isolates had the blaCMY-2 gene. Almost 70% of the strains tested showed a multi-drug resistance profile. The dominant phenotype was resistance to tetracycline (69.05%), and/or sulfamethoxazole (57.1%). We also found high resistance to quinolones: ciprofloxacin 35.7% and nalidixic acid 52.4%. The phenotypic resistance of the strains was in most cases confirmed by the presence of corresponding genes. Among strains, 26.2% were carriers of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR). MLST analysis revealed a large clonal variation of the strains, which was reflected in 28 different sequence types. More than half of the strains (54.7%) were classified into the following sequence complexes: 10, 23, 69, 101, 155, 156, 168, 354, 398, 446, and 648. Only one strain in the studied group was assigned to the ExPEC pathotype and represented sequence type 117. The results of our research have confirmed that isolates obtained from wild animals possess many resistance determinants and sequence types, which are also found in food-producing animals and humans. This reflects the doctrine of "One health", which clearly indicates that human health is inextricably linked with animal health as well as degree of environmental contamination. We conclude that the resistance and virulence profiles of strains isolated from wildlife animals may be a resultant of various sources encountered by animals, creating a rich and varied mosaic of genes, which is very often unpredictable and not reflected in the correlation between the sequence type and the gene profile of resistance or virulence observed in epidemic clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Osińska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Davis M, Midwinter AC, Cosgrove R, Death RG. Detecting genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and pathogen virulence in three New Zealand rivers. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12440. [PMID: 34950535 PMCID: PMC8647715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of clinically significant antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is frequently attributed to the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock and is often found concurrently with human and animal pathogens. However, the incidence and natural drivers of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic virulence in the environment, including waterways and ground water, are poorly understood. Freshwater monitoring for microbial pollution relies on culturing bacterial species indicative of faecal pollution, but detection of genes linked to antimicrobial resistance and/or those linked to virulence is a potentially superior alternative. We collected water and sediment samples in the autumn and spring from three rivers in Canterbury, New Zealand; sites were above and below reaches draining intensive dairy farming. Samples were tested for loci associated with the AMR-related group 1 CTX-M enzyme production (blaCTX-M) and Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The blaCTX-M locus was only detected during spring and was more prevalent downstream of intensive dairy farms. Loci associated with STEC were detected in both the autumn and spring, again predominantly downstream of intensive dairying. This cross-sectional study suggests that targeted testing of environmental DNA is a useful tool for monitoring waterways. Further studies are now needed to extend our observations across seasons and to examine the relationship between the presence of these genetic elements and the incidence of disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Davis
- School of Agriculture and the Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand.,Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory - Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory - Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
| | | | - Russell G Death
- School of Agriculture and the Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cave R, Cole J, Mkrtchyan HV. Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: Challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106836. [PMID: 34479136 PMCID: PMC8443212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria present one of the biggest threats to public health; this must not be forgotten while global attention is focussed on the COVID-19 pandemic. Resistant bacteria have been demonstrated to be transmittable to humans in many different environments, including public settings in urban built environments where high-density human activity can be found, including public transport, sports arenas and schools. However, in comparison to healthcare settings and agriculture, there is very little surveillance of AMR in the built environment outside of healthcare settings and wastewater. In this review, we analyse the existing literature to aid our understanding of what surveillance has been conducted within different public settings and identify what this tells us about the prevalence of AMR. We highlight the challenges that have been reported; and make recommendations for future studies that will help to fill knowledge gaps present in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Health Studies, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Atlaw NA, Keelara S, Correa M, Foster D, Gebreyes W, Aidara-Kane A, Harden L, Thakur S, Cray PJF. Identification of CTX-M Type ESBL E. coli from Sheep and Their Abattoir Environment Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2021; 10:1480. [PMID: 34832635 PMCID: PMC8618867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (E. coli) in animals, retail meats, and patients has been reported worldwide except for limited information on small ruminants. Our study focused on the genotypic characterization of ESBL E. coli from healthy sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina, USA. A total of 113 ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep (n = 65) and their abattoir environment (n = 48) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the WGS data. Multiple CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes were detected, namely blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65. Other beta-lactamase genes detected included blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1A/B/C, and blaCARB-2. In addition, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and/or point mutations that confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and folate-pathway antagonists were identified. The majority of the detected plasmids were shared between isolates from sheep and the abattoir environment. Sequence types were more clustered around seasonal sampling but dispersed across sample types. In conclusion, our study reported wide dissemination of ESBL E. coli in sheep and the abattoir environment and associated AMR genes, point mutations, and plasmids. This is the first comprehensive AMR and WGS report on ESBL E. coli from sheep and abattoir environments in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigatu Aklilu Atlaw
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Correa
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Derek Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Awa Aidara-Kane
- Department Food Safety and Zoonoses, Foodborne Diseases, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Lyndy Harden
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Paula J. Fedorka Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (N.A.A.); (S.K.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (L.H.); (S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carroll LM, Buehler AJ, Gaballa A, Siler JD, Cummings KJ, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M. Monitoring the Microevolution of Salmonella enterica in Healthy Dairy Cattle Populations at the Individual Farm Level Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:763669. [PMID: 34733267 PMCID: PMC8558520 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock represent a possible reservoir for facilitating the transmission of the zoonotic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica to humans; there is also concern that strains can acquire resistance to antimicrobials in the farm environment. Here, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize Salmonella strains (n = 128) isolated from healthy dairy cattle and their associated environments on 13 New York State farms to assess the diversity and microevolution of this important pathogen at the level of the individual herd. Additionally, the accuracy and concordance of multiple in silico tools are assessed, including: (i) two in silico serotyping tools, (ii) combinations of five antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinant detection tools and one to five AMR determinant databases, and (iii) one antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) prediction tool. For the isolates sequenced here, in silico serotyping methods outperformed traditional serotyping and resolved all un-typable and/or ambiguous serotype assignments. Serotypes assigned in silico showed greater congruency with the Salmonella whole-genome phylogeny than traditional serotype assignments, and in silico methods showed high concordance (99% agreement). In silico AMR determinant detection methods additionally showed a high degree of concordance, regardless of the pipeline or database used (≥98% agreement among susceptible/resistant assignments for all pipeline/database combinations). For AMR detection methods that relied exclusively on nucleotide BLAST, accuracy could be maximized by using a range of minimum nucleotide identity and coverage thresholds, with thresholds of 75% nucleotide identity and 50-60% coverage adequate for most pipeline/database combinations. In silico characterization of the microevolution and AMR dynamics of each of six serotype groups (S. Anatum, Cerro, Kentucky, Meleagridis, Newport, Typhimurium/Typhimurium variant Copenhagen) revealed that some lineages were strongly associated with individual farms, while others were distributed across multiple farms. Numerous AMR determinant acquisition and loss events were identified, including the recent acquisition of cephalosporin resistance-conferring bla CMY- and bla CTX-M-type beta-lactamases. The results presented here provide high-resolution insight into the temporal dynamics of AMR Salmonella at the scale of the individual farm and highlight both the strengths and limitations of WGS in tracking zoonotic pathogens and their associated AMR determinants at the livestock-human interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ariel J. Buehler
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Julie D. Siler
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farzi S, Ranjbar R, Niakan M, Ahmadi MH. Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Associated with TEM and CTX-M ESBL in Uropathogenic E. coli Strains Isolated from Outpatients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:386-391. [PMID: 34567187 PMCID: PMC8463749 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.20201.521669.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a leading cause of urinary tract infections becoming resistant against beta-lactams and cephalosporins through different mechanisms, including ESBL production due to the presence of ESBL specific genes, including blaCTX-M and blaTEM. The purpose of the present study was to detect the uropathogenic E. coli strains producing the ESBL. Methods A total of 100 isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were randomly selected in a period of 6 months and their resistances to a number of antibiotics including amoxicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin were determined. Then, DDT test was used to detect the presence of ESBL. Finally, the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM resistance genes was analyzed by PCR method. Results The resistance profile of bacterial isolates to the antibiotics was as follows: amoxicillin: 16.7%, amikacin: 7.8%, gentamicin: 20.3%, ciprofloxacin: 35.5/%, ceftazidime: 35.0%, cefotaxime: 40.0%, ceftriaxone: 41.3%, nalidixic acid: 64.0%, nitrofurantoin: 9.7%, and ceftizoxime: 100%. Of these, 28 isolates (28%) were reported to be resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. In DDT test, 21 ESBL positive cases (21%) were detected. PCR results showed that the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in the isolates were 21% and 20%, respectively. Conclusion Regarding the production of ESBL by some E. coli isolates, phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates is routinely suggested in the laboratories. Likewise, the treatment regimen should be selected regarding the ESBL production to avoid treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Farzi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Niakan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castanheira M, Simner PJ, Bradford PA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab092. [PMID: 34286272 PMCID: PMC8284625 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative pathogens are a major cause of resistance to expanded-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. Since their discovery in the early 1980s, they have spread worldwide and an are now endemic in Enterobacterales isolated from both hospital-associated and community-acquired infections. As a result, they are a global public health concern. In the past, TEM- and SHV-type ESBLs were the predominant families of ESBLs. Today CTX-M-type enzymes are the most commonly found ESBL type with the CTX-M-15 variant dominating worldwide, followed in prevalence by CTX-M-14, and CTX-M-27 is emerging in certain parts of the world. The genes encoding ESBLs are often found on plasmids and harboured within transposons or insertion sequences, which has enabled their spread. In addition, the population of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli is dominated globally by a highly virulent and successful clone belonging to ST131. Today, there are many diagnostic tools available to the clinical microbiology laboratory and include both phenotypic and genotypic tests to detect β-lactamases. Unfortunately, when ESBLs are not identified in a timely manner, appropriate antimicrobial therapy is frequently delayed, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Several analyses of clinical trials have shown mixed results with regards to whether a carbapenem must be used to treat serious infections caused by ESBLs or whether some of the older β-lactam-β-lactamase combinations such as piperacillin/tazobactam are appropriate. Some of the newer combinations such as ceftazidime/avibactam have demonstrated efficacy in patients. ESBL-producing Gram-negative pathogens will continue to be major contributor to antimicrobial resistance worldwide. It is essential that we remain vigilant about identifying them both in patient isolates and through surveillance studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardoso O, Osório S, Ramos F, Donato MM. Plasmid-Encoded AmpC and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Piglets in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1742-1749. [PMID: 34191606 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the concept of "One Health," the aim of this study was to determine susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli in piglets' intestinal microbiota from different farms in Portugal. Beyond antimicrobial susceptibility, the occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and detection of phenotypic/genotypic extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid mediated AmpC beta-lactamases (pAmpC) were done. From 10 different pig farms, 340 E. coli isolates were obtained from 75 feces samples. Susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), piperacillin (PIP), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (FEP), aztreonam (AZT), imipenem (IP), amikacin (AK), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was determined. Five-gene panel for amplification of bla genes was used for ESBL (TEM, SHV, CTX-M) and pAmpC (CMY-2, ACC). Among E. coli isolates, 209 were distributed in three resistance profiles: 57.7% MDR, 3.5% extensively drug-resistance (XDR) (resistant to CIP, SXT, and beta-lactams, except IP, with variability to AK) and 0.3% pandrug-resistance (PDR) (resistant to all antibiotics used). pAmpC and/or ESBLs genes were presented in 65% of the isolates. Presence of different associations of bla genes in the same isolate was the most observed (31%), and the most common were an ESBL (TEM) and a pAmpC (CMY-2). Presence of three or four bla genes in various associations were detected. These isolates were very resistant, especially those with four genes, which were resistant to beta-lactams (except IP), CIP, and SXT. This study showed a surprisingly high rate of MDR E. coli isolated in Portuguese piglets, with enzymes that impair activity of the most used antibiotics in human therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Ramos
- Univ Coimbra, FFUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Univ Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mathers AJ, Lewis JS. CON: Testing for ESBL production is unnecessary for ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacterales. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab020. [PMID: 34223109 PMCID: PMC8210140 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic testing for Enterobacterales that harbour ESBLs is not additive to accurate in vitro β-lactam MICs for clinical decision-making. ESBL testing is an outdated practice established in an era of higher cephalosporin breakpoints to prevent resistant Enterobacterales carrying Ambler class A β-lactamases with affinity for later-generation β-lactams from being reported as susceptible to later-generation cephalosporins, leading to clinical failures. ESBL testing is problematic because of inaccuracies when multiple classes of β-lactamases are produced by the same organism, thus limiting the testing application to specific species and resistance types. Clinical laboratories should instead focus finite resources on accurate susceptibility testing using contemporary interpretative criteria to help guide therapeutic decisions. With continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance and in the setting of accurate susceptibility testing and current breakpoints the use of ESBL phenotypic testing is not helpful in clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Mathers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James S Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adler A, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The Continuing Plague of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterbacterales Infections: An Update. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 34:677-708. [PMID: 33011052 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of modern life and medical care. One of the most demonstrative examples is the exponential increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production among Enterobacteriaceae, that is, the most common human pathogens outside of the hospital setting. Infections resulting from ESBL-producing bacteria are associated with devastating outcomes, now affecting even previously healthy individuals. This poses an enormous burden and threat to public health. This article aims to narrate the evolving epidemiology of ESBL infections and highlights current challenges in terms of management and prevention of these common infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel-Aviv 6423906 Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David E Katz
- Division of Internal Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Shmuel Bait Street, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Dror Marchaim
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Unit of Infection Control, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo X, Zhai Y, He D, Cui X, Yang Y, Yuan L, Liu J, Hu G. Molecular characterization of a novel bla CTX-M-3-carrying Tn 6741 transposon in Morganella morganii isolated from swine. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1089-1094. [PMID: 32692646 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The bla CTX-M-3 gene has rarely been reported in Morganella morganii strains and its genetic environment has not yet been investigated.Aim. To identify the bla CTX-M-3 gene in M. morganii isolated from swine and characterize its genetic environment.Methodology. A M. morganii isolate (named MM1L5) from a deceased swine was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The bla genes were detected and then the genetic location and environment of bla CTX-M-3 were investigated by Southern blot and PCR mapping, respectively. The M. morganii bla CTX-M-3 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.Results. Isolate MM1L5 harboured the bla CTX-M-3 and bla TEM-1 genes. The bla CTX-M-3 gene, located on the chromosome, was co-carried with an IS26 and bla TEM-1 gene by a novel 6361 bp IS26-flanked composite transposon, designated Tn6741. This transposon consisted of a novel bla CTX-M-3-containing module, IS26-ΔISEcp1-bla CTX-M-3-Δorf477-IS26 (named Tn6710), and a bla TEM-1-containing module, IS26-Δorf477-bla TEM-1-tnpR-IS26, differing from previous reports. Phylogenetic analysis showed a significant variation based on the sequence of Tn6741, as compared to those of other related transposons. Interestingly, although the cloned bla CTX-M-3 gene could confer resistance to ceftiofur, cefquinome, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, one amino acid substitution (Ile-142-Thr) resulted in a significant reduction of resistance to these antimicrobials.Conclusion. This is the first time that bla CTX-M-3 has been identified on a chromosome from a M. morganii isolate. Furthermore, the bla CTX-M-3 gene was located with an IS26 element and bla TEM-1 gene on a novel IS26-flanked composite transposon, Tn6741, suggesting that Tn6741 might act as a reservoir for the bla CTX-M-3 and bla TEM-1 genes and may become an important vehicle for their dissemination among M. morganii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yajun Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Dandan He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaodie Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cwengros LN, Mynatt RP, Timbrook TT, Mitchell R, Salimnia H, Lephart P, Pogue JM. Minimizing Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bloodstream Infections: A Retrospective, Hypothetical Application of Predictive Scoring Tools vs Rapid Diagnostics Tests. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa278. [PMID: 32875001 PMCID: PMC7452369 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to ceftriaxone (CRO)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are associated with delays in time to appropriate therapy and worse outcomes compared with infections due to susceptible isolates. However, treating all at-risk patients with empiric carbapenem therapy risks overexposure. Strategies are needed to appropriately balance these competing interests. The purpose of this study was to compare 4 methods for achieving this balance. Methods This was a retrospective hypothetical observational study of patients at the Detroit Medical Center with monomicrobial BSIs due to E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, or P. mirabilis. This study compared the effectiveness of 4 methods to predict CRO resistance at the time of organism isolation. Three methods were based on applying published extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) scoring tools. The fourth method was based on the presence or absence of the CTX-M marker from Verigene. Results Four hundred fifty-one Enterobacteriaceae BSIs were included, 73 (16%) of which were CRO-resistant. Verigene accurately predicted ceftriaxone susceptibility for 97% of isolates, compared with 70%-81% using the scoring tools (P < .001). Verigene was associated with fewer cases of treatment with CRO when the isolate was CRO-resistant (15% vs 63%-71% with scoring tools) and fewer cases of overtreatment with a carbapenem for CRO-susceptible strains (0.3% vs 10%-12%). Conclusions Verigene significantly outperformed published ESBL scoring tools for identifying CRO-resistant Enterobacteriaceae BSI. Institutions should validate scoring tools before implementation. Stewardship programs should consider adoption of rapid diagnostic tests to optimize early therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Cwengros
- Department of Pharmacy Services, CJW Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan P Mynatt
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky Healthcare, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Robert Mitchell
- Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul Lephart
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason M Pogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Multicenter Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia/Pneumonia Plus Panel for Detection and Quantification of Agents of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00128-20. [PMID: 32350043 PMCID: PMC7315029 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00128-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to provide timely identification of the causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections can promote better patient outcomes and support antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Current diagnostic testing options include culture, molecular testing, and antigen detection. These methods may require collection of various specimens, involve extensive sample treatment, and can suffer from low sensitivity and long turnaround times. This study assessed the performance of the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel (PN panel) and Pneumonia Plus Panel (PNplus panel), an FDA-cleared sample-to-answer assay that enables the detection of viruses, atypical bacteria, bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance marker genes from lower respiratory tract specimens (sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid). Semiquantitative results are also provided for the bacterial targets. This paper describes selected analytical and clinical studies that were conducted to evaluate performance of the panel for regulatory clearance. Prospectively collected respiratory specimens (846 BAL and 836 sputum specimens) evaluated with the PN panel were also tested by quantitative reference culture and molecular methods for comparison. The PN panel showed a sensitivity of 100% for 15/22 etiologic targets using BAL specimens and for 10/24 using sputum specimens. All other targets had sensitivities of ≥75% or were unable to be calculated due to low prevalence in the study population. Specificity for all targets was ≥87.2%, with many false-positive results compared to culture that were confirmed by alternative molecular methods. Appropriate adoption of this test could provide actionable diagnostic information that is anticipated to impact patient care and antimicrobial stewardship decisions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jin C, Zhou F, Cui Q, Qiang J, An C. Molecular Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae in a Tertiary Hospital in China. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1575-1581. [PMID: 32547127 PMCID: PMC7266308 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s254056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections caused by the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae (CREC) bring great challenges to the clinical treatment and pose a serious threat to public health. In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics of CREC in a tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods A total of 12 non-duplicate CREC strains isolated during the period of November 2016 to July 2019 were subjected to automated microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using the BD Phoenix-100 identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ID/AST) system. The strains were also subjected to phenotypic screening for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes such as the carbapenemase and other β-lactamase genes, with the use of the polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). Finally, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)-based homology analysis were applied. Results Four types of carbapenemases namely IMP-26, NDM-5, NDM-1, and KPC-2 were identified in 12 CREC strains. IMP-26 was the most prevalent type (6/12 strains, 50 %), followed by NDM-5 (3/12 strains, 25 %). The results of MLST revealed that these 12 strains could be divided into five sequence types (STs) among which ST544 was the dominant type (6/12 strains, 50 %). The PFGE results divided the 12 strains into four clusters. Conclusion Our study indicated that the epidemics of the IMP-26-producing E. cloacae ST544 strain did occur in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. Therefore, early surveillance and strict implementation of control measures are crucial for the prevention of nosocomial infections and transmissions in hospitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshan An
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ranaei MA, Shahraki-Zahedan S, Mohagheghi-Fard AH, Salimizand H, Ordoni R, Amini Y. Prevalence of the blaCTX-M and antibiotic resistance pattern among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Zahedan, Southeast Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Jin C, Shi R, Jiang X, Zhou F, Qiang J, An C. Epidemic Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Yanbian University Hospital, China. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1439-1446. [PMID: 32547112 PMCID: PMC7244351 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s245397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a serious threat to clinical patient management and public health, as they are generally resistant to most antibiotics and cause infections with high mortality rates. Klebsiella pneumoniae ranks second among Enterobacteriaceae species that cause nosocomial infections. In this study, we investigated the epidemic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Yanbian University Hospital. Materials and Methods A total of 14 non-duplicate CRKP strains, collected from March 2015 to November 2019, were subjected to automated microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests using the Phoenix-100 ID/AST system. The strains were also subjected to genotypic resistance testing, polymerase chain reaction assays to detect genes encoding carbapenemases and other β-lactamases, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)-based homology analysis. Results Two carbapenemase genes, KPC-2 and NDM-1 (in eight and six strains, respectively), were detected. MLST enabled the division of the strains into two sequence types, ST11 and ST1224 (containing eight and six strains, respectively). PFGE results classified the 14 strains into clonotypes A–D, of which clonotypes A and B belonged to ST11, while clonotypes C and D belonged to ST1224. Conclusion Our study reveals that epidemics of the KPC-2-ST11 and NDM-1-ST1224 strains occurred in the PICU of Yanbian University Hospital. Surveillance and strict implementation of prevention and control measures are crucial to prevent the occurrence and rapid spread of nosocomial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshan An
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
LE Huy H, Koizumi N, Ung TTH, LE TT, Nguyen HLK, Hoang PVM, Nguyen CN, Khong TM, Hasebe F, Haga T, LE MTQ, Hirayama K, Miura K. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urban rodents in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:653-660. [PMID: 32224554 PMCID: PMC7273608 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern for both clinical and veterinary medicine. Rodent feces are one of the major infectious sources of zoonotic pathogens including AMR bacteria. So far, there are limited studies reported focused on Escherichia coli isolated in rodent feces from rural and suburban areas in Vietnam. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from feces samples of 144 urban rodents caught in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 59 AMR E. coli was isolated from urban rodents of which 42 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents), four were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates and five were colistin-resistant isolates. The highest prevalence of the resistance was against ampicillin (79.7%: 47/59), followed by tetracycline (78.0%: 46/59), nalidixic acid (67.8%: 40/59), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (59.3%: 35/59), chloramphenicol (45.8%: 27/59), ciprofloxacin (44.1%: 26/59), cefotaxime (30.5%: 18/59), cefodizime (23.7%: 14/59), amoxicillin-clavulanate (22.0%: 13/59), and gentamicin (22.0%: 13/59). With regard to the virulence genes associated with diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), only aaiC gene found in one AMR isolate. In general, the use of antimicrobials does not aim to treat rodents except for companion animals. However, our findings show the carriage of AMR and MDR E. coli in urban rodents and highlight the potential risk of rodents in Hanoi acting as a reservoir of transferable MDR E. coli, including ESBL-producing, colistin-resistant E. coli, and virulence-associated with DEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang LE Huy
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Thanh Thi LE
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Cam Nhat Nguyen
- Hanoi Center for Disease Control, No 70 Nguyen Chi Thanh, Dong Da district, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Minh Khong
- Hanoi Center for Disease Control, No 70 Nguyen Chi Thanh, Dong Da district, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Futoshi Hasebe
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mai Thi Quynh LE
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Kazuhiro Hirayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin ZW, Zheng JX, Bai B, Xu GJ, Lin FJ, Chen Z, Sun X, Qu D, Yu ZJ, Deng QW. Characteristics of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: Does Low Expression of rmpA Contribute to the Absence of Hypervirulence? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:436. [PMID: 32256482 PMCID: PMC7090111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-hvKP) has been increasingly reported and is now recognized as a significant threat to public health; however, characterization of MDR-hvKP has not been systematically investigated. In the present study, 124 of 428 (28.92%) K. pneumoniae clinical isolates collected from January 2010 to December 2016 were identified with aerobactin and defined as hvKP; these included 94 non-MDR-KP, 20 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae (ESBL-KP), and 10 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) isolates. The remaining 304 isolates without presence of virulence factor aerobactin were defined as classic K. pneumoniae (cKP). The antimicrobial resistance rate of cKP was significantly higher than that of the hvKP isolates in the non-MDR-KP group, but showed no significant differences in the ESBL-KP and CR-KP groups. The detection frequencies of capsular serotype K1 (magA), hypermucoviscosity, sequence type 23 (ST23), and the virulence gene rmpA were significantly higher in the hvKP than cKP isolates in all three groups (P < 0.05). Most of the hypervirulent ESBL-KP and CR-KP isolates were K non-typeable (16/30) and harbored at least one gene for virulence (26/30). The hypervirulent ESBL-KP isolates primarily carried blaCTX–M (12/20, 60%) genes, and the hypervirulent CR-KP isolates mainly carried blaNDM–1 (8/10, 80%) genes. Moreover, three hypervirulent ESBL-KP and two hypervirulent CR-KP isolates showed resistance to tigecycline but were sensitive to colistin. The transcriptional levels of rmpA in cKP were much lower than that in hvKP isolates in all three groups. Furthermore, overexpression of rmpA in the rmpA-low-expression cKP isolates could enhance bacterial virulence in the mouse infection experiment. In conclusion, our data suggest that the capsular serotype K1 (magA), rmpA, hypermucoviscosity, and ST23 were strongly associated with hvKP in non-MDR-KP, ESBL-KP, and CR-KP groups, and low rmpA expression levels contributed to the absence of hypervirulent phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Lin
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Xin Zheng
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang-Jian Xu
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fo-Jun Lin
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Yu
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi-Wen Deng
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Critchley IA, Cotroneo N, Pucci MJ, Mendes R. The burden of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in the United States in 2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220265. [PMID: 31821338 PMCID: PMC6903708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli have been historically managed with oral antibiotics including the cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The use of these agents is being compromised by the increase in extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms, mostly caused by the emergence and clonal expansion of E. coli multilocus sequence typing (ST) 131. In addition, ESBL isolates show co-resistance to many of oral agents. Management of UTIs caused by ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms is becoming increasingly challenging to treat outside of the hospital setting with clinicians having to resort to intravenous agents. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ESBL phenotypes and genotypes among UTI isolates of E. coli collected in the US during 2017 as well as the impact of co-resistance to oral agents such as the fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The national prevalence of ESBL phenotypes of E. coli was 15.7% and was geographically distributed across all nine Census regions. Levofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistance rates were ≥ 24% among all isolates and this co-resistance phenotype was considerably higher among isolates showing an ESBL phenotype (≥ 59.2%) and carrying blaCTX-M-15 (≥ 69.5%). The agents with the highest potency against UTI isolates of E. coli, including ESBL isolates showing cross-resistance across oral agents, were the intravenous carbapenems. The results of this study indicate that new oral options with the spectrum and potency similar to the intravenous carbapenems would address a significant unmet need for the treatment of UTIs in an era of emergence and clonal expansion of ESBL isolates resistant to several classes of antimicrobial agents, including oral options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Critchley
- Spero Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Cotroneo
- Spero Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pucci
- Spero Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Mendes
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Gaza Strip, Palestine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4041801. [PMID: 31737661 PMCID: PMC6815577 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4041801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organisms causing urinary tract infections are increasing in incidence and pose a major impendence to health-care facility, having limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing urinary tract infections in Gaza strip, Palestine, and to characterize β-lactamase types and associated resistance genes. Methods Eighty-five Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from urinary tract infections within three months in Gaza Strip hospitals. The characterization of β-lactamase genes and the genetic environments of CTX-M, the identification of associated resistance genes, and the presence and characterization of integrons were tested by PCR and sequencing. Results The occurrence rate of ESBL among tested isolates was 30 (35.3%), and among ESBL-positive isolates, blaCTX-M was the highest followed by blaTEM. ESBL-CTX-M-1 group was confirmed in 93.3%, and the remaining carried CTX-M-9 group. CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-37 enzymes were demonstrated among the isolates with the majority (73%) being CTX-M-15. ISEcp-1 was demonstrated in 27 (90%, high incidence) of ESBL isolates. Class 1 integrons have been detected in higher rates (53.3%) in ESBL-positive isolates in comparison with non-ESBL isolates (6, 33.3%). Cassettes of integron-1 contain (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, and dfrA17) genes. The aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene was demonstrated in 36.7% of ESBL-positive isolates. Conclusions This study indicates that blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent β-lactamase in this region. Our study demonstrates for the first time in Palestine the identification of blaCTX-M-15 in P. rettgeri and S. liquefaciens, also blaCTX-M-37 in E. cloacae. The coexpression of multiple β-lactamase genes with aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qnr in the presence of ISEcp-1 and integrons in individual strains will increase the dissemination of highly resistant strains. ESBL producers were more resistant than non-ESBLs producers for almost all tested antibiotics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Dias RCB, Vieira MA, Moro AC, Ribolli DFM, Monteiro ACM, Camargo CH, Tiba-Casas MR, Soares FB, Dos Santos LF, Montelli AC, da Cunha MDLRDS, Barretti P, Hernandes RT. Characterization of Escherichia coli obtained from patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and diagnosed with peritonitis in a Brazilian centre. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1330-1340. [PMID: 31347999 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to characterize 27 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis that occurred at the University Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Brazil, between 1997 and 2015.Methodology. These isolates were characterized regarding the occurrence of 22 virulence factor-encoding genes, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production. We then evaluated whether these factors influenced the clinical outcome.Results. Over an 18-year period, 726 episodes of PD-related peritonitis were diagnosed, with 27 of them (3.7 %) being due to E. coli. The majority of the isolates were classified in phylogroups B1 (33.3 %), B2 (30.0 %) or F (18.0 %). fimH (100.0 %), ompT (66.7 %) and irp2 (51.9 %) were the most prevalent genes, while papA, papC, iha, sat, irp2, iucD, ireA, ibe10, ompT and kpsMTII were significantly more prevalent among isolates belonging to phylogroups B2 and F (P<0.05). Non-susceptibility to quinolones was detected in six isolates, which harboured chromosomal and/or plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, while two CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli were identified. Virulence factor-encoding genes (alone or in combination) and antimicrobial resistance were not associated with non-resolution outcomes. However, there was a trend for the ability to produce biofilm to be associated with treatment failure, although this association was not statistically significant.Conclusion. The E. coli isolates were heterogeneous in terms of the features investigated, and were susceptible to most of the antimicrobial drugs tested, despite the unsuccessful treatment observed in more than 50.0 % of the patients. Studies including more cases could help to clarify if biofilm production can influence the outcome in patients with PD-related peritonitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regiane C B Dias
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Melissa A Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Moro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo F M Ribolli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Aydir C M Monteiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Camargo
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia B Soares
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F Dos Santos
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto C Montelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes R de S da Cunha
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Pasqual Barretti
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghasemian A, Mohabati Mobarez A, Najar Peerayeh S, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Khodaparast S, Mahmood SS. Expression of adhesin genes and biofilm formation among Klebsiella oxytoca clinical isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:978-985. [PMID: 31136296 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biofilm formation and resistance to last-line antibiotics have restricted chemotherapy options toward infection eradication. METHODOLOGY Fifty K. oxytoca isolates were collected from patients with antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted and phenotypic biofilm formation was assessed using microtitre tissue plate (MTP) assay. PCR was employed to amplify the adhesins, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemase and colistin resistance genes. The expression of adhesin genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).Results/Key findings. The previous antibiotic consumption and hospitalization (P<0.05) and older ages (P=0.0033) were significantly associated with AAHC. None of the isolates produced biofilm strongly, but 70% of them produced moderate-level biofilm. The blaCTX-M (12/14), the blaIMP (8/14 MICIMI =4 µg ml-1 ) and blaOXA-48-like (5/14) and mcr-1 (4/14) genes were predominant, three of which harbouring all the genes. The expression of matB (0.023) and mrkA (0.011) was significantly different between multidrug-resistant and susceptible isolates. Furthermore, moderately biofilm producer isolates significantly exhibited higher expression of fimA (P=.0117), pilQ (P=0.002) and mrkA (P=0.020) genes compared to biofilm non-producers. No significant difference regarding gene expression was observed among ESBL alleles. CONCLUSION Bacterial attachment by adhesins and biofilm formation among extensive drug-resistant K. oxytoca isolates hinder the efficient infection eradication. Hence, control and surveillance studies should be performed and other therapeutic auspicious approaches must be taken into account against AAHC, biofilm formation and drug resistance spread. Furthermore, previous antibiotic consumption and long-term hospitalization should be controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Najar Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khodaparast
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Suhad Saad Mahmood
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Baghdad, AL Mansour City, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Q, Chang W, Zhang H, Hu D, Wang X. The Role of Plasmids in the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Transfer in ESBLs-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Wastewater Treatment Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:633. [PMID: 31001218 PMCID: PMC6456708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in wastewater of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This was done by analyzing multiple antibiotic resistant phenotypes and genotypes. Also, we investigated the antibiotic resistance transfer mechanism of the plasmid by comparing the antibiotic resistance gene linked transfer using a conjugative test, and by analyzing the full-length DNA sequence of one plasmid. The results showed that 50 ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates were isolated from 80 wastewater samples at the rate of 62.5% (50/80), out of which 35 transconjugants were obtained with the multiple antibiotic resistant transfer rate as high as 70.0% (35/50). Multiple antibiotic resistance was shown in all transconjugants and donor bacteria, which were capable of resistance to 11 out of 15 kinds of antibiotics. Both transconjugants and donors were capable of resistance to the Ampicillin and Cefalotin at a rate of 100.00% (35/35), while the total antibiotic resistant spectrum of transconjugants narrowed at the rate of 94.29% (33/35) and broadened at the rate of 5.71% (2/35) after conjugate to the donor bacteria. PCR showed that the resistant genotypes decreased or remained unchanged when compared to donor bacteria with transconjugants while the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes were transferred and linked at a rate of 100.00% (35/35) and the blaSHV gene was at the rate as high as 94.29% (33/35). However, the qnrS gene was transferred at a low rate of 4.17% (1/24). In addition, the major resistance gene subtypes were blaTEM- 1, blaSHV -11 , and blaCTX-M-15 according to sequencing and Blast comparison. Plasmid wwA8 is a closed-loop DNA molecule with 83157 bp, and contains 45 predicted genes, including three antibiotic resistant resistance genes, blaCTX-M-15 , blaTEM-1 and qnrS1, which can be transferred with E. coli in vitro. This study shows that E. coli isolated from wastewater was capable of transferring resistance genes and producing antibiotic resistant phenotypes. The plasmids containing different resistance genes in E. coli play an important role in the multiple antibiotic resistant transfer. Most importantly, antibiotic resistant resistance genes have different transfer efficiencies, the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes transferred at a rate of 100.00% and linked transfer in all 35 transconjugants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Weishan Chang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Department of Teaching Affairs, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dong Hu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Genomic Diversity, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains from Cows and Humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02654-18. [PMID: 30610074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02654-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of severe infections in humans and dairy cows, and these infections are rapidly becoming untreatable due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. However, little is known about the relationship between bovine and human K. pneumoniae isolates at the genome population level. Here, we investigated the genomic structures, pangenomic profiles, virulence determinants, and resistomes of 308 K. pneumoniae isolates from humans and dairy cows, including 96 newly sequenced cow isolates. We identified 177 functional protein families that were significantly different across human and bovine isolates; genes expressing proteins related to metal ion (iron, zinc, and calcium) metabolism were significantly more prevalent among the bovine isolates. Siderophore systems were found to be prevalent in both the bovine and the human isolates. In addition, we found that the Klebsiella ferric uptake operon kfuABC was significantly more prevalent in clinical mastitis cases than in healthy cows. Furthermore, on two dairy farms, we identified a unique IncN-type plasmid, pC5, coharboring bla CTX-M-1 and mph(A) genes, which confer resistance to cephalosporins and macrolides, respectively. We provide here the complete annotated sequence of this plasmid.IMPORTANCE We demonstrate here the genetic diversity of K. pneumoniae isolates from dairy cows and the mixed phylogenetic lineages between bovine and human isolates. The ferric uptake operon kfuABC genes were more prevalent in strains from clinical mastitis cows. Furthermore, we report the emergence of an IncN-type plasmid carrying the bla CTX-M-1 and mph(A) genes among dairy farms in the United States. Our study evaluated the genomic diversity of the bovine and human isolates, and the findings uncovered different profiles of virulence determinants among bovine and human K. pneumoniae isolates at the genome population level.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Used for Typing of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamases- Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Infant ҆S Respiratory and Digestive System. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Escherichia coli infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because of emerging antimicrobial resistance, mostly to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).Despite extensive studies of ESBL- producing E.coli in adult patients, there is a lack of information about the epidemiology and spread of ESBL organisms in pediatric population. The aim of this study was to examine the gastrointestinal tract as an endogenous reservoir for the respiratory tract colonization with ESBL- E. coli in children, hospitalized because of the severity of the respiratory illness. The study group consists of 40 children with ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from the sputum and from the rectal samples. A control group of 15 E. coli isolated from rectal swabs of healthy children were included in the analysis. The comparison of the strains was done by using antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the stains, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed for molecular typing, using XbaI digestion. 90% of the compared pairs of strains in the study group were with identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and indistinguishable in 79.2% by the obtained PFGE – profiles.33.3% (5/15) of confirmed E. coli strains from the control group were found to be ESBL – producers. Resulting band profiles of all isolates demonstrated presence of 12 pulsotypes, with 100% similarity within the pulsotypes. Although, some isolates obtained from different patients were genetically indistinguishable, these strains were not hospital acquired, as none of the patients satisfied the criteria for hospital acquired pneumonia, and there was a lack of an obvious transmission chain. All ESBL –E. coli isolated from sputum in clinical cases were obtained from patients under the age of one. According to the resistance profile of the compared pairs and the PFGE comparison of all isolates, it can be concluded that the gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir of ESBL-E. coli. Small age in infants is a risk factor for translocation of bacteria, enabling the colonization of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
|
29
|
Identification of novel DNA sequence associated with pathogenicity island III536 locus in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate and distribution of virulence determinants in β-lactam resistant isolates. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:393-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Tadesse DA, Li C, Mukherjee S, Hsu CH, Bodeis Jones S, Gaines SA, Kabera C, Loneragan GH, Torrence M, Harhay DM, McDermott PF, Zhao S. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of CTX-M Containing Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Meats and Cattle in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:939-948. [PMID: 30148698 PMCID: PMC6154757 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been increased reports on the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains from food-producing animals and animal products in the United States. We characterized 18 ESBL E. coli isolates from cattle (n = 5), chicken breast (n = 5), ground turkey (n = 6), ground beef (n = 1), and pork chops (n = 1) that were collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) between 2011 and 2015. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done against a panel of 14 antimicrobials followed by a secondary panel of 9 β-lactam agents. Whole-genome sequencing was used to characterize the resistome, plasmids, and the genetic structures of the ESBL genes. All ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes and carried various blaCTX-M genes. Most of the cattle and ground turkey isolates carried blaCTX-M-27. In chicken breast isolates, blaCTX-M-1 was present as part of an ISEcp1 transposition unit carried on a plasmid that shares sequence similarity with the backbone structure of the IncI plasmid. Isolates carrying the blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 genes, widely distributed in human clinical isolates, were also isolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the widely distributed blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 in E. coli isolates from retail meat samples in the United States. Different insertional sequences were identified upstream of these blaCTX-Ms, including ISEcp1, IS26, and IS903-D. CTX-M in E. coli from food animals and retail chicken breast were often present on plasmids with other resistance genes. Other resistance genes identified included aadA, strA, strB, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-VIa, aph(3′)-Ic, blaTEM, blaHERA-3, floR, sul1, sul2, catA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA, and qacE. These data describe the emergence of CTX-M-carrying E. coli isolates in food animals and animal products monitored by NARMS program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Tadesse
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Cong Li
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Sampa Mukherjee
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Sonya Bodeis Jones
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Stuart A Gaines
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Claudine Kabera
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- 2 Texas Tech University , Department of Animal and Food Science, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mary Torrence
- 3 U.S. FDA-CFSAN, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA) , Laurel, Maryland
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- 4 USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, Clay Center , Nebraska
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- 1 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology , U.S. FDA, CVM, Laurel, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jin C, Zhang J, Wang Q, Chen H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae in 11 Chinese Cities. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1597. [PMID: 30065717 PMCID: PMC6056727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are usually resistant to most of antibiotics. Infections caused by such bacteria have a high mortality and pose a serious threat to clinical management and public health. Enterobacter cloacae ranks third among Enterobacteriaceae that cause nosocomial infections. In this study, the molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae in China were investigated. From November 2012 to August 2016, 55 non-repetitive strains of carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae were collected from 12 hospitals in 11 Chinese cities. The bacteria were identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined by agar dilution method. Carbapenemase and other β-lactamase genes were detected with PCR and sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing and plasmid conjugation tests were performed. Among the 55 E. cloacae strains, 50 strains were detected to produce 8 types of carbapenemase including NDM-1, NDM-5, IMP-4, IMP-26, IMP-1, KPC-2, and VIM-1. NDM-1 accounted for 68.0% (34/50) among the carbapenemase-producing E. cloacae. A total of 24 sequence types were identified and ST418 was the most common, accounting for 20% (11/55). For further investigation, a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assay was conducted to identify the PFGE patterns of the strains. These 23 isolates yielded 13 PFGE patterns, which were designated as type A–M. Eight isolates obtained from Shenzhen had the same PFGE pattern (type A) and the remaining 15 isolates belonged to the other 12 PFGE patterns (type B–M). The observation that 8 of the 15 blaNDM−1-positive E. cloacae isolates obtained from Shenzhen with the same PFGE pattern (type A) suggested a transmission outbreak of a common strain. S1-nuclease PFGE and Southern blotting were also conducted to estimate the size of plasmids harbored by blaNDM−1-positive strains. The results showed that the plasmids harboring the blaNDM−1 gene ranged in size from approximately 52–58 kilobases. Our study indicates that carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae strains that produce NDM carbapenemase have strong resistance. Early detection and monitoring of the prevalence of these strains are urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Molecular Epidemiology of Dairy Cattle-Associated Escherichia coli Carrying blaCTX-M Genes in Washington State. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02430-17. [PMID: 29305512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02430-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of commensal Escherichia coli carrying blaCTX-M genes among dairy cattle was observed between 2008 and 2012 in Washington State. To study the molecular epidemiology of this change, we selected 126 blaCTX-M-positive and 126 blaCTX-M-negative isolates for determinations of the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and antibiotic resistance phenotypes from E. coli obtained during a previous study. For 99 isolates, we also determined the blaCTX-M alleles using PCR and sequencing and identified the replicon types of blaCTX-M-carrying plasmids. The blaCTX-M-negative E. coli isolates comprised 76 sequence types (STs) compared with 32 STs in blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates. The blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates formed three MLST clonal complexes, accounting for 83% of these isolates; 52% of blaCTX-M-negative E. coli isolates clustered into 10 clonal complexes, and the remainder were singletons. Overall, blaCTX-M-negative E. coli isolates had more diverse genotypes that were distinct to farms, whereas blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates had a clonal population structure and were widely disseminated on farms in both regions included in the study. Plasmid replicon types included IncI1 which predominated, followed by IncFIB and IncFIA/FIB. blaCTX-M-15 was the predominant CTX-M gene allele, followed by blaCTX-M-27 and blaCTX-M-14 There was no significant association between plasmid replicon types and bacterial STs, and neither clonal complexes nor major plasmid groups were associated with two discrete dairy-farming regions of Washington State.IMPORTANCE Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli occur globally and present treatment challenges because of their resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs. Cattle are potential reservoirs of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and so understanding the causes of successful dissemination of blaCTX-M genes in commensal bacteria will inform future approaches for the prevention of antibiotic-resistant pathogen emergence.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ghotaslou R, Sadeghi MR, Akhi MT, Hasani A, Asgharzadeh M. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobactericeae Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Azerbaijan, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2018; 17:79-88. [PMID: 29796032 PMCID: PMC5958327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to determine prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase- producers among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Three hundred and seven non-duplicative clinical isolates were collected from hospitalized patients in five medical centers in Azerbaijan, Iran. Initial screening for β-lactamase production was performed using disc agar diffusion according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Phenotypic confirmatory tests was done using total ESBL/AmpC confirm kit, KPC/MBL and OXA-48 confirm kit according to manufacturer's instructions. The overall prevalence of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing strains were 42.7% (131/307), 14.0%(43/307) and 4.9% (15/307), respectively. The prevalence of ESBLs was 38.35%, 64.9% and 35.7% for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae, respectively. Carbapenemase activity was only observed among 15 K. pneumoniae isolates and detected phenotypes include MBL (9/57, 15.8%), KPC (4/57, 7.0%), and OXA-48 (2/57, 3.5%). Fourteen out of 307 isolates (4.6%) were recognized to have ESBL or AmpC hyper-producer with decreased cell wall permeability phenotype. All 4 shigella strains were positive for ESBL and 4 isolates of P. mirabilis, 2 isolates of M. morganii and 1 seratia spp. were detected as AmpC producer. The only C. freundii strain isolated was positive for both ESBL and AmpC. This study reveals high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) β-lactamase-producing Enterobactericeae reaching 89.5%. Imipenem and meropenem showed potent antibacterial activities against all MDR β-lactamase-producers except for carbapenemase producers. After carbapenems, amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were second the most effective drugs against β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghotaslou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory sciences, Islamic Azad University, Urmia branch, Urmia, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Taghi Akhi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alka Hasani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical Faculty and Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hutchinson H, Finney S, Muñoz-Vargas L, Feicht S, Masterson M, Habing G. Prevalence and Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Vertically Integrated Veal Calf Production System. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:711-718. [PMID: 28915068 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from animal production systems to humans through the food supply is a public health concern. Currently, little is known about the prevalence of AMR among veal calves in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this prospective cohort study was to estimate the prevalence of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) among Escherichia coli within a vertically integrated production system. In addition, this study aimed to identify genes associated with phenotypic resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (3GC and 4GC). Calves from four veal cohorts were randomly sampled resulting in a total of 166 farm fecal samples, 159 harvest fecal swabs, 164 preevisceration swabs, and 122 final carcass swabs. The prevalence of MDR among random-pick E. coli isolates recovered from the respective samples was 97% (161/166), 35% (55/159), 61% (51/84), and 24% (5/21). A selective isolation protocol found cefotaxime (a 3GC)-resistant isolates in 91% (127/140) of farm fecal samples, 34% (55/164) of preevisceration swabs, and 19% (23/122) of final carcass swabs tested. Isolates resistant to cefepime, a 4GC, were found among 24% (33/140), 6.7% (11/164), and 0.8% (1/122) of the same, respective samples. Isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, were recovered from 75% (73/98) of farm fecal samples, 23% (38/164) of preevisceration swabs, and 6.6% (8/122) of final carcass swabs. The blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M resistance genes were found in 89% (93/105) and 100% (42/42) of tested subsets of 3GC- and 4GC-resistant isolates, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis conducted on 3GC- and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates showed three indistinguishable PFGE patterns from cefotaxime-resistant isolates recovered at farm and from two preevisceration carcass swabs. Although the prevalence of resistance declined between initial farm fecal samples and final carcass swabs, resistant bacteria recovered from carcasses illustrate the potential transmission of AMR to the human food supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holden Hutchinson
- 1 Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah Finney
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lohendy Muñoz-Vargas
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sydnee Feicht
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Margaret Masterson
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory Habing
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Adler A, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The Continuing Plague of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 30:347-375. [PMID: 27208763 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of modern life and medical care. One of the most demonstrative examples is the exponential increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production among Enterobacteriaceae, which is the most common human pathogens outside of the hospital settings. Infections resulting from ESBL-producing bacteria are associated with devastating outcomes, now affecting even previously healthy individuals. This development poses an enormous burden and threat to public health. This paper aims to narrate the evolving epidemiology of ESBL infections, and highlight current challenges in terms of management and prevention of these common infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David E Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Marchaim
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Infectious Diseases, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Katakweba AAS, Muhairwa AP, Lupindu AM, Damborg P, Rosenkrantz JT, Minga UM, Mtambo MMA, Olsen JE. First Report on a Randomized Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria from Livestock, Poultry, and Humans in Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:260-268. [PMID: 28759321 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides an estimate of antimicrobial resistance in intestinal indicator bacteria from humans (n = 97) and food animals (n = 388) in Tanzania. More than 70% of all fecal samples contained tetracycline (TE), sulfamethoxazole (STX), and ampicillin (AMP)-resistant coliforms, while cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms were observed in 40% of all samples. The average Log10 colony forming units/g of CTX-resistant coliforms in samples from humans were 2.20. Of 390 Escherichia coli tested, 66.4% were resistant to TE, 54.9% to STX, 54.9% to streptomycin, and 36.4% to CTX. Isolates were commonly (65.1%) multiresistant. All CTX-resistant isolates contained blaCTX-M gene type. AMP- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were rare, and the average concentrations in positive samples were low (log10 0.9 and 0.4, respectively). A low-to-moderate resistance (2.1-15%) was detected in 240 enterococci isolates to the drugs tested, except for rifampicin resistance (75.2% of isolates). The average number of sulII gene copies varied between Log10 5.37 and 5.68 with no significant difference between sample source, while cattle had significantly higher number of tetW genes than humans. These findings, based on randomly obtained samples, will be instrumental in designing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) intervention strategies for Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A S Katakweba
- 1 Department of Public Health, Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Athumani M Lupindu
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter Damborg
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Rosenkrantz
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Uswege M Minga
- 4 Provost's Office, Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College (TUDARCo) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Madundo M A Mtambo
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John E Olsen
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abdelkader MM, Aboshanab KM, El-Ashry MA, Aboulwafa MM. Prevalence of MDR pathogens of bacterial meningitis in Egypt and new synergistic antibiotic combinations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171349. [PMID: 28207768 PMCID: PMC5312949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was identifying bacterial pathogens involved in meningitis, studying their antibiotic resistance profiles, investigating the antibiotic resistance genes as well as evaluating the use of various antibiotic combinations. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were evaluated according to CLSI guidelines. Antibiotic combinations were evaluated by calculating the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. A total of 71 bacterial isolates were recovered from 68 culture positive CSF specimens. Sixty five of these isolates (91.5%) were recovered from single infection specimens, while 6 isolates (8.4%) were recovered from mixed infection specimens. Out of the 71 recovered isolates, 48 (67.6%) were Gram-positive, and 23 (32.4%) were Gram-negative. Thirty one of the Gram positive isolates were S. pneumoniae (64.6%, n = 48). Out of the recovered 71 isolates; 26 (36.6%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of which, 18 (69.2%) were Gram-negative and 8 (30.8%) were Gram-positive. All MDR isolates (100%) showed resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, however, they showed lower resistance to meropenem (50%), levofloxacin (50%), amikacin (48%), pipercillin-tazobactam (45.8%). Most common antibiotic resistance genes were investigated including: tem (21.1%), shv (15.8%), ctx-m (15.8%) coding for TEM-, SHV, CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), respectively; aac(6')-I b(26.3%) coding for aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase type Ib ciprofloxacin resistant variant; and qnrA (5.3%) gene coding for quinolone resistance. The DNA sequences of the respective resistance genes of some selected isolates were PCR amplified, analyzed and submitted to the GenBank database under the accession numbers, KX214665, KX214664, KX214663, KX214662, respectively. The FIC values for ampicillin/sulbactam plus cefepime showed either additive or synergistic effect against ten tested Gram-negative MDR isolates, while doxycycline plus levofloxacin combination revealed synergism against two MDR Gram-positive isolates. The results indicate high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among MDR isolates. Therefore, new guidelines should be implemented in Egypt to rationalize the use and avoid the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Abdelkader
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. El-Ashry
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M. Aboulwafa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Röderova M, Halova D, Papousek I, Dolejska M, Masarikova M, Hanulik V, Pudova V, Broz P, Htoutou-Sedlakova M, Sauer P, Bardon J, Cizek A, Kolar M, Literak I. Characteristics of Quinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans, Animals, and the Environment in the Czech Republic. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2147. [PMID: 28119674 PMCID: PMC5220107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common commensal bacterial species of humans and animals that may become a troublesome pathogen causing serious diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the quinolone resistance phenotypes and genotypes in E. coli isolates of different origin from one area of the Czech Republic. E. coli isolates were obtained from hospitalized patients and outpatients, chicken farms, retailed turkeys, rooks wintering in the area, and wastewaters. Susceptibility of the isolates grown on the MacConkey agar with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg/L) to 23 antimicrobial agents was determined. The presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and ESBL genes was tested by PCR and sequencing. Specific mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE were also examined. Multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed to assess the clonal relationship. In total, 1050 E. coli isolates were obtained, including 303 isolates from humans, 156 from chickens, 105 from turkeys, 114 from the rooks, and 372 from wastewater samples. PMQR genes were detected in 262 (25%) isolates. The highest occurrence was observed in isolates from retailed turkey (49% of the isolates were positive) and inpatients (32%). The qnrS1 gene was the most common PMQR determinant identified in 146 (56%) followed by aac(6')-Ib-cr in 77 (29%), qnrB19 in 41 (16%), and qnrB1 in 9 (3%) isolates. All isolates with high level of ciprofloxacin resistance (>32 mg/L) carried double or triple mutations in gyrA combined with single or double mutations in parC. The most frequently identified substitutions were Ser(83)Leu; Asp(87)Asn in GyrA, together with Ser(80)Ile, or Glu(84)Val in ParC. Majority of these isolates showed resistance to beta-lactams and multiresistance phenotype was found in 95% isolates. Forty-eight different sequence types among 144 isolates analyzed were found, including five major clones ST131 (26), ST355 (19), ST48 (13), ST95 (10), and ST10 (5). No isolates sharing 100% relatedness and originating from different areas were identified. In conclusion, our study identified PMQR genes in E. coli isolates in all areas studied, including highly virulent multiresistant clones such as ST131 producing CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Röderova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dana Halova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivo Papousek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno, Czechia
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Martina Masarikova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Hanulik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Vendula Pudova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Broz
- Institute of Applied Biotechnologies (IAB) Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Htoutou-Sedlakova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Sauer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Jan Bardon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alois Cizek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Milan Kolar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jung Y, Matthews KR. Potential transfer of extended spectrum β-lactamase encoding gene, blashv18 gene, between Klebsiella pneumoniae in raw foods. Food Microbiol 2016; 60:39-48. [PMID: 27554144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the transfer frequency of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding gene (blaSHV18) among Klebsiella pneumoniae in tryptic soy broth (TSB), pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, alfalfa sprouts and chopped lettuce at defined temperatures. All transconjugants were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. KP04(ΔKM) and KP08(ΔKM) isolated from seed sprouts and KP342 were used as recipients in mating experiments with K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 serving as the donor. In mating experiments, no transconjugants were detected at 4 °C in liquid media or chopped lettuce, but detected in all media tested at 15 °C, 24 °C, and 37 °C. At 24 °C, the transfer of blaSHV18 gene occurred more frequently in alfalfa sprouts (5.15E-04 transconjugants per recipient) and chopped lettuce (3.85E-05) than liquid media (1.08E-05). On chopped lettuce, transconjugants were not detected at day 1 post-mating at 15 °C, but observed on day 2 (1.43E-05). Transconjugants carried the blaSHV18 gene transferred from the donor and the virulence gene harbored by recipient. More importantly, a class 1 integrase gene and resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were co-transferred during mating. These quantitative results suggest that fresh produce exposed to temperature abuse may serve as a competent vehicle for the spread of gene encoding for antibiotic resistance, having a potential negative impact on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Karl R Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bukhari AA, Arshad MI, Raza S, Azam M, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, Mohsin M. Emergence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing strains belonging to cefotaxime-M-1 class from intensive care units patients and environmental surfaces in Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2016.69-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
41
|
da Silva KC, Cunha MPV, Cerdeira L, de Oliveira MGX, de Oliveira MCV, Gomes CR, Lincopan N, Knöbl T, Moreno AM. High-virulence CMY-2- and CTX-M-2-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from commercial turkeys. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 87:64-67. [PMID: 27773543 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the high-virulence phylogenetic backgrounds of CMY-2- and CTX-M-2-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from turkeys sent to slaughter and condemned by airsacculitis in Brazil. Among 300 air sac samples, seven E. coli strains produced plasmid-mediated CMY-2-type AmpC, of which three carried also the blaCTX-M-2 Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase encoding gene. Interestingly, the transfer of the blaCMY-2 gene was positive for three E. coli strains, being associated with the presence of IncI1 plasmids. The complete sequence of the representative pJB10 plasmid revealed that the blaCMY-2 gene was within a transposon-like element in the classical genetic environment consisting of tnpA-blaCMY-2-blc-sugE structure. This plasmid with 94-kb belonged to the sequence type (ST) 12 among IncI1 plasmids, which has been associated with the worldwide spread of blaCMY-2 among Salmonella enterica and E. coli. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete sequence of a CMY-2-encoding plasmid derived from an Escherichia coli isolated from food-producing animals in Latin America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketrin Cristina da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Vieira Cunha
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cleise Ribeiro Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Haghighatpanah M, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Mojtahedi A, Amirmozafari N, Zeighami H. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-borne bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes among clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in the north of Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:110-113. [PMID: 27721192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance leads to treatment failure of hospital infections caused by E. coli. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients admitted to six hospitals in the north of Iran. A total of 160 E. coli strains were isolated from various clinical samples of hospitalised patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The double-disk phenotypic confirmatory test was carried out amongst β-lactam-resistant isolates to detect ESBL-producing strains. Plasmid DNA of ESBL-producing strains was extracted and subjected to PCR for detection of the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, and isolates were extensively verified by sequencing. The highest resistance rate was to amoxicillin; all E. coli isolates (100%) were susceptible to imipenem. Amongst the 160 clinical E. coli isolates, 83 (51.9%) were ESBL-positive, of which 27 (32.5%) and 72 (86.7%) were positive for blaTEM and blaCTX-M, respectively. This study is the first report of an ESBL phenotype disseminated in hospitals in the north of Iran. These findings showed that there was a direct relationship between the development of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and production of TEM and CTX-M enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Sasan Mozaffari Nejad
- Department of Microbiology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Mojtahedi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Zeighami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sung JY. The Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes among CTX-M-14 Producing Escherichia coliStrains Isolated from a University Hospital in the Chungcheong Province. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
High Prevalence of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in China: Geographic Distribution, Clinical Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6115-20. [PMID: 27480857 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01127-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) is traditionally defined by hypermucoviscosity, but data based on genetic background are limited. Antimicrobial-resistant hvKP has been increasingly reported but has not yet been systematically studied. K. pneumoniae isolates from bloodstream infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and intra-abdominal infections were collected from 10 cities in China during February to July 2013. Clinical data were collected from medical records. All K. pneumoniae isolates were investigated by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, string test, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene detection, capsular serotypes, virulence gene profiles, and multilocus sequence typing. hvKP was defined by aerobactin detection. Of 230 K. pneumoniae isolates, 37.8% were hvKP. The prevalence of hvKP varied among different cities, with the highest rate in Wuhan (73.9%) and the lowest in Zhejiang (8.3%). Hypermucoviscosity and the presence of K1, K2, K20, and rmpA genes were strongly associated with hvKP (P < 0.001). A significantly higher incidence of liver abscess (P = 0.026), sepsis (P = 0.038), and invasive infections (P = 0.043) was caused by hvKP. Cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.285) and diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.256) appeared to be independent variables associated with hvKP infections by multivariate analysis. Importantly, 12.6% of hvKP isolates produced ESBLs, and most of them carried blaCTX-M genes. Patients with neutropenia (37.5% versus 5.6%; P = 0.020), history of systemic steroid therapy (37.5% versus 5.6%; P = 0.020), and combination therapy (62.5% versus 16.7%; P = 0.009) were more likely to be infected with ESBL-producing hvKP. The prevalence of hvKP is high in China and has a varied geographic distribution. ESBL-producing hvKP is emerging, suggesting an urgent need to enhance clinical awareness, especially for immunocompromised patients receiving combination therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cag Y, Caskurlu H, Fan Y, Cao B, Vahaboglu H. Resistance mechanisms. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:326. [PMID: 27713884 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.09.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By definition, the terms sepsis and septic shock refer to a potentially fatal infectious state in which the early administration of an effective antibiotic is the most significant determinant of the outcome. Because of the global spread of resistant bacteria, the efficacy of antibiotics has been severely compromised. S. pneumonia, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas are the predominant pathogens of sepsis and septic shock. It is common for E. coli, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas to be resistant to multiple drugs. Multiple drug resistance is caused by the interplay of multiple resistance mechanisms those emerge via the acquisition of extraneous resistance determinants or spontaneous mutations. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and quinolone resistance determinants are typically external and disseminate on mobile genetic elements, while porin-efflux mechanisms are activated by spontaneous modifications of inherited structures. Porin and efflux mechanisms are frequent companions of multiple drug resistance in Acinetobacter and P. aeruginosa, but only occasionally detected among E. coli and Klebsiella. Antibiotic resistance became a global health threat. This review examines the major resistance mechanisms of the leading microorganisms of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Cag
- Enfeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Department, Istanbul Medeniyet Universitesi Goztepe Egitim Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hulya Caskurlu
- Enfeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Department, Istanbul Medeniyet Universitesi Goztepe Egitim Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Lab of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haluk Vahaboglu
- Enfeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Department, Istanbul Medeniyet Universitesi Goztepe Egitim Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Changes in the Frequencies of β-Lactamase Genes among Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in U.S. Hospitals, 2012 to 2014: Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Tested against β-Lactamase-Producing Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4770-7. [PMID: 27216075 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00540-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among 15,588 Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 63 U.S. hospitals from 2012 to 2014, 2,129 (13.7%) displayed an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype. These rates were similar over time (13.2 to 13.9%); however, differences among Escherichia coli (12.7 and 15.1% in 2012 and 2014; P = 0.007) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9 and 15.5% in 2012 and 2014; P = 0.006) were noted when comparing 2014 and 2012. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) (2.3 and 1.8%) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (6.8 and 5.1%; P = 0.003) rates were lower in 2014 than in 2012. Isolates carrying blaCTX-M-15-like genes were stable (42.1 to 42.4%), but a decrease among E. coli isolates (59.1 and 49.7%; P = 0.008) and an increase among K. pneumoniae isolates (32.7 and 41.2%; P = 0.022) in 2014 were observed. Isolates carrying blaKPC (304) decreased over the years (16.5 and 10.9%; P = 0.008), mainly due to the decrease in K. pneumoniae isolates harboring blaKPC (n = 285; 35.6 and 28.4%; P = 0.041) in hospitals in the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions, where these isolates were highly prevalent during 2012 and 2013. Isolates carrying blaCMY-2-like and blaCTX-M-14-like genes increased (8.2 and 11.9% and 9.1 and 12.9%, respectively; P = 0.04 for both), and those producing blaSHV ESBL decreased (24.9 and 12.7%; P < 0.001) over the studied years, due to a decreased occurrence of the enzymes among K. pneumoniae isolates. Other enzymes were detected in smaller numbers of isolates, including four K. pneumoniae isolates carrying blaNDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase (two in 2012 and two in 2014). Ceftazidime-avibactam, a recently approved β-lactamase inhibitor combination, was very active against the ESBL phenotype isolates (MIC50/90, 0.12 and 1 μg/ml; 99.7% susceptible) and CRE strains (MIC50/90, 0.5 and 2 μg/ml; 98.5% susceptible) that displayed elevated MIC values for many comparator agents. In conclusion, significant changes were noted in the frequencies of isolates harboring various β-lactamases among U.S. hospitals between 2012 and 2014 that will require continued monitoring.
Collapse
|
47
|
Sung JY, Kwon TY. CTX-M-14 Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Chickens at Gyeongsang Provinces. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Korea
| | - Taek Young Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pathogen Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Enterobacteriaceae Causing Hospital-associated Intra-abdominal Infections in Adults in the United States (2012-2013). Clin Ther 2016; 38:1510-1521. [PMID: 27234360 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selection and prompt initiation of the appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy are critical to decrease morbidity and mortality and shorten the length of hospitalization among patients with hospital-associated intra-abdominal infections (HA-IAIs). Therapeutic choices for the treatment of patients with HA-IAI require careful consideration. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of common pathogens collected from adult patients with HA-IAI in the United States. METHODS Gram-negative bacilli (N = 1285) were collected during 2012-2013 from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends). Isolates were tested at a central laboratory by using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methods and interpretation of susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. FINDINGS Most of the isolates (80.8%) were Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli was the most common species. Susceptibility to frequently used antimicrobial agents for treating IAI showed that ertapenem, imipenem, and amikacin were more active than other agents against Enterobacteriaceae, including multidrug-resistant isolates. More than 92% of E coli, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to ertapenem, imipenem, and amikacin. Cefepime was the most active (>90% susceptibility) cephalosporin against all species except K pneumoniae (86.6%) but with much reduced activity against isolates with ESBLs. Piperacillin/tazobactam had reduced activity against Enterobacter species (70.4%-76.4% susceptible) and ESBL-producing K pneumoniae (22.5% susceptible). Fluoroquinolones exhibited poor activity against E coli (overall susceptibility <70%). IMPLICATIONS Proper empiric antimicrobial treatment, including combining appropriate agents, of HA-IAI requires detailed understanding of the epidemiology of common pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns. In light of rising rates of antimicrobial resistance, ongoing surveillance is critical for clinical decision-making.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ben Said L, Jouini A, Alonso CA, Klibi N, Dziri R, Boudabous A, Ben Slama K, Torres C. Characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and pAmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae of water samples in Tunisia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1103-1109. [PMID: 26871556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-Eb and pAmpC-Eb, respectively) was analyzed in 57 wastewater and 57 surface-water samples in Tunisia. Twenty-four of the 57 wastewater samples (42.1%) and one of the 57 surface-water samples (1.7%, a river that received effluents of a wastewater-treatment-plant) contained ESBL-Eb or pAmpC-Eb; one ESBL/pAmpC-Eb per positive sample was further characterized. Beta-lactamase genes detected were as follows: blaCTX-M-1 (10 Escherichia coli),blaCTX-M-15 (eight E. coli, one Klebsiella pneumoniae, one Citrobacter freundii), blaCTX-M-14 (one E. coli) and blaCMY-2 (four E. coli). The blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1 or blaSHV-1 genes were also found in 72% of these isolates. The ISEcp1, orf477 or IS903 sequences were found upstream or downstream of blaCTX-M genes. Class 1 integrons were present in 16 of the 25 ESBL-Eb/pAmpC-Eb strains (64%), and contained five different gene-cassette arrays. Most of the strains (76%) showed a multiresistant phenotype and qnr genes were identified in four strains. Molecular typing of ESBL/CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates showed 23 different PFGE-patterns and 15 different sequence-types (ST10, ST46, ST48, ST58, ST69, ST101, ST117, ST131, ST141, ST288, ST359, ST399, ST405, ST617, and the new ST4530); these strains were ascribed to phylogroups A (11 isolates), B1 (3 isolates), D (6 isolates) and B2 (3 isolates). From one to five plasmids were detected in each strain (size from 30kb to >240kb) and ESBL or pAmpC genes were transferred by conjugation in 69.5% of the E. coli strains. In conclusion, ESBL-Eb and pAmpC-Eb strains are frequently detected in wastewater samples and they might be a source for dissemination in other environments with repercussion in public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ben Said
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sid Ahmed MA, Bansal D, Acharya A, Elmi AA, Hamid JM, Sid Ahmed AM, Chandra P, Ibrahim E, Sultan AA, Doiphode S, Bilal NE, Deshmukh A. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from intensive care units at Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:4. [PMID: 26865975 PMCID: PMC4748476 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates has important clinical and therapeutic implications. High prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has been reported in the literature for clinical samples from a variety of infection sites. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and to perform molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates from patients admitted to the intensive care units at Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, from November 2012 to October 2013. Methods A total of 629 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were included in the study. Identification and susceptibility testing was performed using Phoenix (Becton Dickinson) and the ESBL producers were confirmed by double-disk potentiation as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Molecular analysis of the ESBL producers was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results In total, 109 isolates (17.3 %) were confirmed as ESBL producers and all were sensitive to meropenem in routine susceptibility assays. Most of the ESBL producers (99.1 %) were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone and 93.6 % were resistant to cefepime. Among the ESBL-producing genes, blaCTX-M (66.1 %) was the most prevalent, followed by blaSHV (53.2 %) and blaTEM (40.4 %). Conclusions These findings show the high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within the intensive care units at Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, and emphasize the need for judicious use of antibiotics and the implementation of strict infection control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Sid Ahmed
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asha A Elmi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jemal M Hamid
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abuelhassan M Sid Ahmed
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prem Chandra
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emad Ibrahim
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sanjay Doiphode
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naser Eldin Bilal
- College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anand Deshmukh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|