1
|
Saleha A, Shende SS, Ingle P, Rai M, Minkina TM, Gade A. Cell free extract-mediated biogenic synthesis of ZnONPs and their application with kanamycin as a bactericidal combination. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:334. [PMID: 37807015 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a main public health issue and a challenge for the scientific community all over the globe. Hence, there is a burning need to build new bactericides that resist the AMR. The ZnONPs were produced by cell free extract of mint (Mentha piperita L.) leaves. Antibiotics that are ineffective against resistant bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were treated. The antibiotics were first screened, and then antibacterial activity was checked by disk diffusion, and MIC of Mp-ZnONPs individually and using Kanamycin (KAN) were determined against these pathogens by broth microdilution method. The synergism between Mp-ZnONPs and KAN was confirmed by checkerboard assay. The MIC showed robust antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens. The combination of KAN and Mp-ZnONPs reduces the MIC of KAN as it efficiently inhibits E. coli's growth, and KAN significantly enhances the antibacterial activity of Mp-ZnONPs. Taken together, Mp-ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity, and KAN significantly improves it against the tested pathogens, which would offer an effective, novel, and benign therapeutic methodology to regulate the incidence. The combination of Mp-ZnONPs and KAN would lead to the development of novel bactericides, that could be used in the formulation of pharmaceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Saleha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
| | - Sudhir S Shende
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Pramod Ingle
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Tatiana M Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Aniket Gade
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS, 444 602, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petkova T, Rusenova N, Danova S, Milanova A. Effect of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine on Activity of Doxycycline against Biofilm-Forming Bacterial Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1187. [PMID: 37508283 PMCID: PMC10376233 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria are associated with difficult-to-cure bacterial infections in veterinary patients. According to previous studies, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) showed an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation when it was applied in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones. The lack of information about the effect of NAC on doxycycline activity against biofilm-forming strains was the reason for conducting this study. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus O74, Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 27853 were used to evaluate the activity of doxycycline with and without addition of NAC on planktonic bacteria and on biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of doxycycline were not affected by NAC for Gram-negative strains and were found to be two times higher for the strains of S. aureus. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) for Gram-negative bacteria (2 μg/mL for E. coli ATCC 25922 and 32 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853), determined using a standard safranin colorimetric assay, were higher than the MICs (0.5 and 4 μg/mL, respectively). The data suggest that the combinations of doxycycline and NAC could stimulate the growth of planktonic cells of S. aureus and biofilm-forming E. coli ATCC 25922. NAC did not affect the strong inhibitory effect of doxycycline on the biofilm formation by the strains of S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolina Rusenova
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Danova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, BAS, 26 Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walter H, Verspohl J, Meißner J, Oltmanns H, Geks AK, Busse C. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Pathogens Most Commonly Associated with Infectious Keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030559. [PMID: 36978427 PMCID: PMC10044442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against common pathogens associated with infectious keratitis in dogs and cats, clinical isolates of Staphylococcus (S.) pseudintermedius (n = 20), Streptococcus (St.) canis (n = 10) and Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa (n = 7) of canine and feline infectious ulcerative keratitis and a quality control strain (P. aeruginosa DSM 19880) were tested. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NAC concentrations was determined using microdilution methodology. For S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa, NAC concentrations in the range of 1.56 mg/mL (0.156%) to 100 mg/mL (10%), and for St. canis, concentrations ranging from 0.195 mg/mL (0.0195%) to 6.25 mg/mL (0.625%) were tested. For S. pseudintermedius, the MIC was 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%) for all tested isolates. For P. aeruginosa isolates and the quality control strain, the MIC ranged from 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%) to 6.25 mg/mL (0.625%). For St. canis, the MIC ranged from 1.56 mg/mL (0.156%) to 3.12 mg/mL (0.312%). NAC has an in vitro antimicrobial activity against three bacterial species commonly found in infectious keratitis in dogs and cats and therefore may be a promising alternative or adjuvant to topical antibiotics. The results warrant a clinical pilot study to assess the potential of NAC to reduce or replace the use of topical antibiotics in line with the One Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Hilke Oltmanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.M.); (H.O.)
| | - Anna Karoline Geks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Claudia Busse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-6200
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Impact of N-Acetylcysteine and Antibiotics Against Single and Dual Species Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:5. [PMID: 36434296 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are often colonized or infected with organisms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other emerging pathogenic bacteria such as Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Further, it is well established that infections of the cystic fibrosis lung airways are caused by polymicrobial infections, although its composition and diversity may change throughout the patient's life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and amikacin, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin alone and in combination against single- and dual-species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and A. xylosoxidans, in vitro and in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Results showed that tobramycin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics, while aztreonam was the least effective antibiotic against both single- and dual-species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and A. xylosoxidans. However, NAC showed little effect on both single- and dual-species, even with a combination of antibiotics. Increased survival was observed in C. elegans when treated with NAC in combination with tobramycin or ciprofloxacin, compared to no treatment or NAC alone. Tobramycin and ciprofloxacin were found effective in biofilms, but more research is needed to better understand the effects of NAC and antibiotics against single- and dual-species biofilms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aksoy N, Vatansever C, Zengin Ersoy G, Adakli Aksoy B, Fışgın T. The effect of biofilm inhibitor N-acetylcysteine on the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics used in Gram-negative bacteria in the biofilm developed on catheters. Int J Artif Organs 2022; 45:865-870. [PMID: 35861217 DOI: 10.1177/03913988221112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study determined the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the susceptibility of various antibiotics used to treat Gram-negative catheter-related infection in isolates obtained from pediatric patients admitted to the hematology and oncology department of Medical Park Bahçelievler hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Biofilms were created in vitro utilizing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Proteus mirabilis. 24 h old biofilms were developed on 96-well plate with strains and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of six antibiotics were measured before and after the addition of 75 mg/ml N-acetylcysteine with microplate reader at 450 nm after crystal violet assay. The addition of NAC reduce the MBIC of cefepime, ceftazidime, colistin, meropenem from (16, 16, 8, 4 μg/ml) to (8, 4, 4, 2 μg/ml) respectively in E. coli (isolate 1). In P. aeruginosa (isolate 4), the MBIC of amikacin, ceftazidime, meropenem (64, 32, and 32 μg/ml) reduced to (8, 1, and 0.5 μg/ml) respectively. MBIC of cefepime, colistin, meropenem (32, 16,and 16 μg/ml) reduced to (2, 2,and 0.5 μg/ml) respectively in P. putida (isolate 5). In P. mirabilis (isolate 6), MBIC of amikacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, colisitin and meropenem (64, 128, 32, 4, and 32 μg/ml) reduced to (8, 8, 1, 1, 4 μg/ml). NAC in combination therapy can practically reduce the MBIC of antibiotics used to treat Gram negative bacteria that develop biofilm in medical catheters. As a result, these combinations can be considered as an essential alternative for increasing the antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms and thus increasing treatment success rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Aksoy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Altinbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Vatansever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Altinbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Zengin Ersoy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital, Altinbas University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Adakli Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital, Altinbas University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunç Fışgın
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital, Altinbas University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun R, Zhao X, Meng Q, Huang P, Zhao Q, Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang F, Fu Y. Genome-Wide Screening and Characterization of Genes Involved in Response to High Dose of Ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:501-510. [PMID: 35512736 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in Gram-negative bacteria, is an urgent threat to public health. Inevitably, considering its extensive use and misuse, resistance toward ciprofloxacin has increased in almost all clinically relevant bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the transcriptome changes at a high concentration of ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli. In brief, 1,418 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, from which 773 genes were upregulated by ciprofloxacin, whereas 651 genes were downregulated. Enriched biological pathways reflected the upregulation of biological processes such as DNA damage and repair system, toxin/antitoxin systems, formaldehyde detoxification system. With kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis, higher expressed DEGs were associated with "LPS biosynthesis," "streptomycin biosynthesis," and "polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis." Lower expressed DEGs were associated with "biosynthesis of amino acids" and "flagellar assembly" pathways. After treatment of ciprofloxacin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release was increased by two times, and the gene expression level of LPS synthesis was elevated (p < 0.05) in both reference and clinical strains. Our results demonstrated that transient exposure to high-dose ciprofloxacin is a double-edged sword. Cautions should be taken when administering high-dose antibiotic treatment for infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingtai Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingmei Fu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
High Activity of N-Acetylcysteine in Combination with Beta-Lactams against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020225. [PMID: 35203827 PMCID: PMC8868344 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), alone or in combination with beta-lactams, against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) and Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-Ab). Methods: The antibacterial activity of each compound was tested by broth microdilution and the synergism was evaluated by the checkerboard method. Killing studies of NAC alone and in combination with beta-lactams were performed. Bacterial morphological changes were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Overall, 30 strains were included (15 CR-Kp and 15 CR-Ab). The NAC Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC)50/90 were 5/5 and 2.5/5 mg/mL for CR-Kp and CR-Ab, respectively. For both microorganisms, NAC, in addition to beta-lactams (meropenem for CR-Kp, meropenem and ampicillin/sulbactam for CR-Ab, respectively), was able to enhance their activity. The killing studies showed a rapid and concentration-dependent activity of NAC alone; the addition of NAC to meropenem or ampicillin/sulbactam at subinhibitory concentrations induced a fast and lasting bactericidal activity that persisted over time. The SEM analyses showed evident morphological alterations of the bacterial cells following incubation with NAC, alone and in combination with meropenem. Conclusions: NAC demonstrated a high in vitro activity against CR-Kp and CR-Ab and was able to enhance beta-lactams’ susceptibility in the tested strains. The preliminary data on the SEM analyses confirmed the in vitro results.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Dong R, Wang H, Jiang X. Gold nanoparticles bearing a clinically used non-antibiotic drug for combating multi-drug resistant bacteria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10544-10547. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03460c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a clinically used non-antibiotic drug, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), to the synthesis of a new antimicrobial (Au_NAC) against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria by presenting it on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingcan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Petkova T, Rusenova N. In vitro effect of tetracycline antibiotics on Trueperella pyogenes isolated from cows with metritis. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is associated with endometritis and metritis in cows. Traditionally these diseases are treated with antibiotics while new approaches include application of the mucolytic N-acetylcysteine. Therefore the study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of clinical Trueperella pyogenes isolates (n=2) to oxytetracycline, doxycycline, N-acetylcysteine and their combinations. The potential for biofilm formation with/without tested drugs was investigated by the method of crystal violet staining. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of oxytetracycline for T. pyogenes 1 and 2 were 16 and 64 µg/mL, respectively. MIC of doxycycline for both isolates was 32 µg/mL and for N-acetylcysteine - 8 mg/mL. Both Trueperella pyogenes isolates did not form biofilm. The growth of T. pyogenes 1 cultured in the presence of either oxytetracycline or doxycycline (0.0078–128 µg/mL) under conditions for biofilm formation was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 1 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. The growth of T. pyogenes 2 was not affected by the antibiotics. N-acetylcysteine at ≥ 4 mg/mL resulted in significant inhibition of the growth of both isolates and its combinations with the antibiotics did not inhibit their growth. The effect of N-acetylcysteine should be validated in clinical settings but its combinations with tetracyclines were not able to improve the sensitivity of T. pyogenes, isolated from cows with clinical metritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ts. Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - N. Rusenova
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reducing the Periplasmic Glutathione Content Makes Escherichia coli Resistant to Trimethoprim and Other Antimicrobial Drugs. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0074321. [PMID: 34908461 PMCID: PMC8672908 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00743-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glutathione (GSH) has been shown to influence the antimicrobial effects of many kinds of antibiotics, little is known about its role in relation to trimethoprim (TMP), a widely used antifolate. In this study, several genes related to glutathione metabolism were deleted in different Escherichia coli strains (i.e., O157:H7 and ATCC 25922), and their effects on susceptibility to TMP were tested. The results showed that deleting gshA, gshB, grxA, and cydD caused TMP resistance, and deleting cydD also caused resistance to other drugs. Meanwhile, deleting gshA, grxA, and cydD resulted in a significant decrease of the periplasmic glutathione content. Supplementing exogenous GSH or further deleting glutathione importer genes (gsiB and ggt) restored TMP sensitivity to ΔcydD. Subsequently, the results of quantitative-reverse transcription PCR experiments showed that expression levels of acrA, acrB, and tolC were significantly upregulated in both ΔgrxA and ΔcydD. Correspondingly, deleting cydD led to a decreased accumulation of TMP within bacterial cells, and further deleting acrA, acrB, or tolC restored TMP sensitivity to ΔcydD. Inactivation of CpxR and SoxS, two transcriptional factors that modulate the transcription of acrAB-tolC, restored TMP sensitivity to ΔcydD. Furthermore, mutations of gshA, gshB, grxA, cydC, and cydD are highly prevalent in E. coli clinical strains. Collectively, these data suggest that reducing the periplasmic glutathione content of E. coli leads to increased expression of acrAB-tolC with the involvement of CpxR and SoxS, ultimately causing drug resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing a linkage between periplasmic GSH and drug resistance in bacteria. IMPORTANCE After being used extensively for decades, trimethoprim still remains one of the key accessible antimicrobials recommended by the World Health Organization. A better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance would be beneficial for the future utilization of this drug. It has been shown that the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump is associated with trimethoprim resistance in E. coli clinical strains. In this study, we show that E. coli can sense the periplasmic glutathione content with the involvement of the CpxAR two-component system. As a result, reducing the periplasmic glutathione content leads to increased expression of acrA, acrB, and tolC via CpxR and SoxS, causing resistance to antimicrobials, including trimethoprim. Meanwhile, mutations in the genes responsible for periplasmic glutathione content maintenance are highly prevalent in E. coli clinical isolates, indicating a potential correlation of the periplasmic glutathione content and clinical antimicrobial resistance, which merits further investigation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wong KK, Lee SWH, Kua KP. N-Acetylcysteine as Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19 - A Perspective on the Current State of the Evidence. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2993-3013. [PMID: 34262324 PMCID: PMC8274825 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s306849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The looming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a long-lasting pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the globe with substantial morbidity and mortality. N-acetylcysteine, being a nutraceutical precursor of an important antioxidant glutathione, can perform several biological functions in mammals and microbes. It has consequently garnered a growing interest as a potential adjunctive therapy for coronavirus disease. Here, we review evidence concerning the effects of N-acetylcysteine in respiratory viral infections based on currently available in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical investigations. The repurposing of a known drug such as N-acetylcysteine may significantly hasten the deployment of a novel approach for COVID-19. Since the drug candidate has already been translated into the clinic for several decades, its established pharmacological properties and safety and side-effect profiles expedite preclinical and clinical assessment for the treatment of COVID-19. In vitro data have depicted that N-acetylcysteine increases antioxidant capacity, interferes with virus replication, and suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cells infected with influenza viruses or respiratory syncytial virus. Furthermore, findings from in vivo studies have displayed that, by virtue of immune modulation and anti-inflammatory mechanism, N-acetylcysteine reduces the mortality rate in influenza-infected mice animal models. The promising in vitro and in vivo results have prompted the initiation of human subject research for the treatment of COVID-19, including severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Albeit some evidence of benefits has been observed in clinical outcomes of patients, precision nanoparticle design of N-acetylcysteine may allow for greater therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kon Ken Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation, and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Gerontechnology Laboratory, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Pim Kua
- Puchong Health Clinic, Petaling District Health Office, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Petaling, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manoharan A, Das T, Whiteley GS, Glasbey T, Kriel FH, Manos J. The effect of N-acetylcysteine in a combined antibiofilm treatment against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1787-1798. [PMID: 32363384 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO declared Staphylococcus aureus as a 'pathogen of high importance' in 2017. One-fifth of all bloodstream-related infections in Australia and 12 000 cases of bacteraemia in the UK (2017-18) were caused by the MRSA variant. To address the need for novel therapies, we investigated several permutations of an innovative combination therapy containing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antibiotic and an enzyme of choice in eradicating MRSA and MSSA biofilms. METHODS Biofilm viability (resazurin assay) and colony count methods were used to investigate the effect of NAC, antibiotics and enzymes on S. aureus biofilm disruption and killing. The effects of NAC and enzymes on the polysaccharide content of biofilm matrices were analysed using the phenol/sulphuric acid method and the effect of NAC on DNA cleavage was determined using the Qubit fluorometer technique. Changes in biofilm architecture when subjected to NAC and enzymes were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS NAC alone displayed bacteriostatic effects when tested on planktonic bacterial growth. Combination treatments containing 30 mM NAC resulted in ≥90% disruption of biofilms across all MRSA and MSSA strains with a 2-3 log10 decrease in cfu/mL in treated biofilms. CLSM showed that NAC treatment drastically disrupted S. aureus biofilm architecture. There was also reduced polysaccharide production in MRSA biofilms in the presence of NAC. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inclusion of NAC in a combination treatment is a promising strategy for S. aureus biofilm eradication. The intrinsic acidity of NAC was identified as key to maximum biofilm disruption and degradation of matrix components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthika Manoharan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Trevor Glasbey
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
| | - Frederik H Kriel
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Junita D, Prasetyo AA, Muniroh M, Kristina TN, Mahati E. The effect of glutathione as adjuvant therapy on levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in wistar rat peritonitis model. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 66:102406. [PMID: 34136205 PMCID: PMC8178079 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peritonitis is the second most common cause of severe sepsis that associated with a significant mortality rate. Due to a large gap of newer antibiotics innovation and antibiotic resistance emergence, the use of antioxidant has a possible alternative as adjuvant therapy in peritonitis management. It has been studied that glutathione as an alternative in the development of new anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 after glutathione administration as adjuvant therapy in rat peritonitis model. Materials and methods Male wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group), Group 1: control group (C), Group 2: peritonitis group (P), Group 3: peritonitis + Ceftriaxone group (P + Cef), Group 4: peritonitis + Ceftriaxone + Glutathione group (P + Cef + Glu). Twenty-four hours after peritonitis induction, the blood samples were taken to evaluate TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Results There was a significantly increase of mean TNF-α level in group 2 (P) 473,86 ± 388,99 pg/ml (p value 0,00) and significantly decrease of mean TNF-α level after glutathione injection in group 4 (P + Cef + Glu) (p value 0,02). No significant changes in IL-10 levels in rats peritonitis model. Conclusions Glutathione supplementation is significantly decrease the mean level of TNF-α in rats induced peritonitis, however there is no difference compare to antibiotic only. Moreover, there no significant changes level of IL-10 in rats induced peritonitis after glutathione injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dila Junita
- General Surgery Department, Diponegoro University / Dr. Kariadi Central Hospital Semarang, 50244, Indonesia
| | - Agung Aji Prasetyo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Diponegoro University / Dr. Kariadi Central Hospital Semarang, 50244, Indonesia
| | - Muflihatul Muniroh
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Tri Nur Kristina
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Endang Mahati
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu T, Lyu Y, Li X, Wu M, Yu K, Li S, Ji C, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yi D, Hou Y. Impact of N-Acetylcysteine on the Gut Microbiota in the Piglets Infected With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:582338. [PMID: 33511162 PMCID: PMC7835392 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the impact of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the gut microbiota in the healthy piglets and the piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Forty seven-day-old piglets were allocated into four groups: control group, NAC group (supplemented with 50 mg/kg body weight NAC), PEDV group (inoculated with 104.5 TCID50 PEDV), and PEDV+NAC group (PEDV infection + NAC supplementation). The intestinal content was collected for DNA extraction and Illumina sequencing. The PEDV-infected piglets displayed distinct bacterial communities compared to the healthy piglets. PEDV infection decreased the abundance of Shigella and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Odoribacter, Anaerovibrio, Helicobacter, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Sutterella; affected several functions associated with metabolism, barrier, and immune. NAC supplementation decreased the abundance of unclassified Rikenellaceae and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus in the healthy piglets, decreased the abundance of Oscillospira and Prevotella and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the PEDV-infected piglets; altered multiple functions involving in amino acid metabolism, cell signaling, cellular community, disease-related pathways, endocrine, and excretory system. In conclusion, PEDV infection caused severe dysbiosis of gut microbiome, whereas NAC supplementation played a positive role in regulating the gut microbiome during PEDV infection. Therefore, substances that can regulate gut microbiota could be ideal candidates to prevent or treat PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lyu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Xueni Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University (WPHU), Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aljihani SA, Alehaideb Z, Alarfaj RE, Alghoribi MF, Akiel MA, Alenazi TH, Al-Fahad AJ, Al Tamimi SM, Albakr TM, Alshehri A, Alyahya SM, Yassin AEB, Halwani MA. Enhancing azithromycin antibacterial activity by encapsulation in liposomes/liposomal-N-acetylcysteine formulations against resistant clinical strains of Escherichia coli. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3065-3071. [PMID: 33100866 PMCID: PMC7569117 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli is an Enterobacteriaceae that could develop resistance to various antibiotics and become a multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterium. Options for treating MDR E. coli are limited and the pipeline is somewhat dry when it comes to antibiotics for MDR bacteria, so we aimed to explore more options to help in treating MDR E. coli. The purpose of this study is to examine the synergistic effect of a liposomal formulations of co-encapsulated azithromycin and N-acetylcysteine against E. coli. Liposomal azithromycin (LA) and liposomal azithromycin/N-acetylcysteine (LAN) were compared to free azithromycin. A broth dilution was used to measure the MIC and MBC of both formulations. The biofilm reduction activity, thermal stability measurements, stability studies, and cell toxicity analysis were performed. LA and LAN effectively reduced the MIC of E. coli SA10 strain, to 3 μg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml respectively. LAN at 1 × MIC recorded a 93.22% effectiveness in reducing an E. coli SA10 biofilm. The LA and LAN formulations were also structurally stable to 212 ± 2 °C and 198 ± 3 °C, respectively. In biological conditions, the formulations were largely stable in PBS conditions; however, they illustrated limited stability in sputum and plasma. We conclude that the formulation presented could be a promising therapy for E. coli resistance circumstances, providing the stability conditions have been enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokran A. Aljihani
- Nanomedicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Alehaideb
- Department of Medical Genomics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem E. Alarfaj
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed F. Alghoribi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maaged A. Akiel
- Departmentof Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Thamer H. Alenazi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Infectious Disease Division, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed J. Al-Fahad
- National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M. Al Tamimi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affair, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. Albakr
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affair, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affair, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M. Alyahya
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affair, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affair, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Majed A. Halwani
- Nanomedicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glutathione Biosynthesis in Lung and Soft Tissue Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00116-20. [PMID: 32284368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To survive in both the environment and the host, P. aeruginosa must cope with redox stress. In P. aeruginosa, a primary mechanism for protection from redox stress is the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). GSH is a low-molecular-weight thiol-containing tripeptide (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) that can function as a reversible reducing agent. GSH plays an important role in P. aeruginosa physiology and is known to modulate several cellular and social processes that are likely important during infection. However, the role of GSH biosynthesis during mammalian infection is not well understood. In this study, we created a P. aeruginosa mutant defective in GSH biosynthesis to examine how loss of GSH biosynthesis affects P. aeruginosa virulence. We found that GSH is critical for normal growth in vitro and provides protection against hydrogen peroxide, bleach, and ciprofloxacin. We also studied the role of P. aeruginosa GSH biosynthesis in four mouse infection models, including the surgical wound, abscess, burn wound, and acute pneumonia models. We discovered that the GSH biosynthesis mutant was slightly less virulent in the acute pneumonia infection model but was equally virulent in the three other models. This work provides new and complementary data regarding the role of GSH in P. aeruginosa during mammalian infection.
Collapse
|
17
|
N-Acetyl Cysteine as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Tuberc Res Treat 2020; 2020:5907839. [PMID: 32411461 PMCID: PMC7210531 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5907839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common feature of tuberculosis (TB), and persons with reduced antioxidants are at more risk of TB. TB patients with relatively severe oxidative stress had also more advanced disease as measured by the Karnofsky performance index. Since adverse effects from anti-TB drugs are also mediated by free radicals, TB patients are prone to side effects, such as hearing loss. In previous articles, researchers appealed for clinical trials aiming at evaluating N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in attenuating the dreaded hearing loss during multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment. However, before embarking on such trials, considerations of NAC's overall impact on TB treatment are crucial. Unfortunately, such a comprehensive report on NAC is missing in the literature and this manuscript reviews the broader effect of NAC on TB treatment. This paper discusses NAC's effect on mycobacterial clearance, hearing loss, drug-induced liver injury, and its interaction with anti-TB drugs. Based on the evidence accrued to date, NAC appears to have various beneficial effects on TB treatment. However, despite the favorable interaction between NAC and first-line anti-TB drugs, the interaction between the antioxidant and some of the second-line anti-TB drugs needs further investigations.
Collapse
|
18
|
May ER, Ratliff BE, Bemis DA. Antibacterial effect of N-acetylcysteine in combination with antimicrobials on common canine otitis externa bacterial isolates. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:531-e161. [PMID: 31670428 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approved treatments for canine otitis externa are limited in variety and may contain ototoxic ingredients. With bacterial resistance an ongoing concern, it would be ideal if non-ototoxic agents combined with antibiotics resulted in a synergistic effect, requiring lower antibiotic concentrations to treat infections. Evidence of synergism and antagonism between N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and various antibiotic classes has been reported; the present research group was interested in examining these interactions. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if NAC, an otoprotective and antimicrobial compound, has synergistic activity when combined with enrofloxacin or gentamicin in vitro against bacterial isolates causing canine otitis externa. ANIMALS Twenty-two isolates from canine clinical cases of otitis externa were identified and tested, including seven Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three Corynebacterium spp. isolates. METHODS AND MATERIALS Each isolate was grown on blood agar for 24 h and transferred to Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), with a final concentration of 5 × 105 cfu/mL. Each well was inoculated with 50 μL of bacterial suspension. N-acetylcysteine was diluted in MHB to a starting concentration of 160 mg/mL. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin were diluted to 64 μg/mL. Individual and checkerboard serial microdilution assays were performed in triplicate with negative controls for all isolates tested. RESULTS Interactions observed for NAC and enrofloxacin were synergistic (4.5%), indifferent (77.3%) or antagonistic (18.2%). Interactions observed for NAC and gentamicin were synergistic (4.5%), indifferent (45.5%) or antagonistic (50%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most interactions between NAC and enrofloxacin or gentamicin were indifferent or antagonistic at the concentrations tested in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R May
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Brette E Ratliff
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - David A Bemis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chan WY, Hickey EE, Page SW, Trott DJ, Hill PB. Biofilm production by pathogens associated with canine otitis externa, and the antibiofilm activity of ionophores and antimicrobial adjuvants. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:682-692. [PMID: 31503362 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Otitis externa (OE) is a frequently reported disorder in dogs associated with secondary infections by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and yeast pathogens. The presence of biofilms may play an important role in the resistance of otic pathogens to antimicrobial agents. Biofilm production of twenty Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and twenty Pseudomonas aeruginosa canine otic isolates was determined quantitatively using a microtiter plate assay, and each isolate was classified as a strong, moderate, weak or nonbiofilm producer. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of two ionophores (narasin and monensin) and three adjuvants (N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Tris-EDTA and disodium EDTA) were investigated spectrophotometrically (OD570nm ) and quantitatively (CFU/ml) against selected Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas biofilm cultures. Concurrently, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of planktonic cultures were assessed. 16/20 of the S. pseudintermedius clinical isolates were weak biofilm producers. 19/20 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates produced biofilms and were distributed almost equally as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers. While significant antibiofilm activity was observed, no MBEC was achieved with narasin or monensin. The MBEC for NAC ranged from 5,000-10,000 µg/ml and from 20,000-80,000 µg/ml against S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Tris-EDTA eradicated P. aeruginosa biofilms at concentrations ranging from 6,000/1,900 to 12,000/3,800 µg/ml. The MBEC was up to 16-fold and eightfold higher than the MIC/MBC of NAC and Tris-EDTA, respectively. Disodium EDTA reduced biofilm growth of both strains at concentrations of 470 µg/ml and higher. It can be concluded that biofilm production is common in pathogens associated with canine OE. NAC and Tris-EDTA are effective antibiofilm agents in vitro that could be considered for the treatment of biofilm-associated OE in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yee Chan
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth E Hickey
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | | | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Peter B Hill
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang F, Zhang S, Shang X, Wang X, Wang L, Sun Y. Short communication: N-Acetylcysteine-mediated augmentation of β-lactam antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6920-6922. [PMID: 31178194 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on β-lactam antibacterial activity against 20 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from bovine mastitis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the E-test method. The presence of 10 mM NAC reduced the MIC of penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime to MRSA. Importantly, the MIC of cefoxitin in MRSA in the presence of NAC was lower than the susceptible breakpoint of cefoxitin. The results provide a new way to use current β-lactam antibiotics combined with NAC against MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China.
| | - Shidong Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xurong Wang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kregiel D, Rygala A, Kolesinska B, Nowacka M, Herc AS, Kowalewska A. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm N-acetyl-L-cysteine Grafted Siloxane Polymers with Potential for Use in Water Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2011. [PMID: 31022884 PMCID: PMC6515369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiofilm strategies may be based on the prevention of initial bacterial adhesion, the inhibition of biofilm maturation or biofilm eradication. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), widely used in medical treatments, offers an interesting approach to biofilm destruction. However, many Eubacteria strains are able to enzymatically decompose the NAC molecule. This is the first report on the action of two hybrid materials, NAC-Si-1 and NAC-Si-2, against bacteria isolated from a water environment: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter soli, Janthinobacterium lividum and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The NAC was grafted onto functional siloxane polymers to reduce its availability to bacterial enzymes. The results confirm the bioactivity of NAC. However, the final effect of its action was environment- and strain-dependent. Moreover, all the tested bacterial strains showed the ability to degrade NAC by various metabolic routes. The NAC polymers were less effective bacterial inhibitors than NAC, but more effective at eradicating mature bacterial biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kregiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Rygala
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Beata Kolesinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Maria Nowacka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata S Herc
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mendonça AA, de Morais MA, Cabrera MZ. Cysteine induces resistance of lactobacilli to erythromycin and azithromycin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:352-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Dal Negro R, Pozzi E, Cella SG. Erdosteine: Drug exhibiting polypharmacy for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 53:80-85. [PMID: 30352285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucoactive drugs are commonly used in the treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases, such as lower and acute respiratory infection and chronic bronchitis (CB) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which an increased mucus secretion is one of main clinical features. Indeed these drugs are designed to promote secretion clearance and to specifically alter the viscoelastic properties of mucus, restoring an effective mucociliary clearance and reducing broncho-obstructive symptoms. In association with mucolytics, these patients frequently also receive antibiotics to reduce the bacterial load, thus decreasing the release of infectious and pro-inflammatory products. Erdosteine is one of the most used mucoactive agents for the treatment of several respiratory diseases where the overlap of bacterial infection is frequent. Although the effectiveness in the reducing mucus in acute and chronic respiratory disease has been demonstrated for others mucolytic, some of them when given in combination with an antibiotic therapy, could reduce the antibiotic efficacy in some situation. Differently, erdosteine potentiates the antibiotic effect when given in combination with antibiotics. We have reviewed the literature available on both clinical and in vitro studies that have investigated this effect of erdosteine on the effect of antibiotics when used as combined therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dal Negro
- National Centre for Respiratory Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology (CESFAR), Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Silvano G Cella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pollini S, Di Pilato V, Landini G, Di Maggio T, Cannatelli A, Sottotetti S, Cariani L, Aliberti S, Blasi F, Sergio F, Rossolini GM, Pallecchi L. In vitro activity of N-acetylcysteine against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia complex grown in planktonic phase and biofilm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203941. [PMID: 30273348 PMCID: PMC6166927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) have been increasingly recognized as relevant pathogens in hospitalized, immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. As a result of complex mechanisms, including biofilm formation and multidrug resistance phenotype, S. maltophilia and Bcc respiratory infections are often refractory to therapy, and have been associated with a worse outcome in CF patients. Here we demonstrate for the first time that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a mucolytic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against these pathogens. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of high NAC concentrations, potentially achievable by topical administration, was tested against a collection of S. maltophilia (n = 19) and Bcc (n = 19) strains, including strains from CF patients with acquired resistance traits. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 16 to 32 mg/ml and from 32 to >32 mg/ml, respectively. Sub-MIC concentrations (i.e., 0.25 × MIC) slowed down the growth kinetics of most strains. In time-kill assays, 2-day-old biofilms were more affected than planktonic cultures, suggesting a specific antibiofilm activity of NAC against these pathogens. Indeed, a dose- and time-dependent antibiofilm activity of NAC against most of the S. maltophilia and Bcc strains tested was observed, with a sizable antibiofilm activity observed also at 0.5 and 1 × MIC NAC concentrations. Furthermore, at those concentrations, NAC was also shown to significantly inhibit biofilm formation with the great majority of tested strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pollini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Landini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Maggio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Cannatelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Samantha Sottotetti
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Cariani
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Internal Medicine Department, Respiratory Unit and Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sergio
- Global Respiratory Medical Affairs, Zambon S.p.A., Bresso, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Pallecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nowacka M, Rygała A, Kręgiel D, Kowalewska A. Poly(silsesquioxanes) and poly(siloxanes) grafted with N-acetylcysteine for eradicating mature bacterial biofilms in water environment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:627-634. [PMID: 30223245 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria adapt to their living environment forming organised biofilms. The survival strategy makes them more resistant to disinfectants, which results in acute biofilm-caused infections, secondary water pollution by biofilm metabolites and bio-corrosion. New, efficient and environmentally friendly strategies must be developed to solve this problem. Water soluble N-acetyl derivative of L-cysteine (NAC) is a non-toxic compound of mucolytic and bacteriostatic properties that can interfere with the formation of biofilms. However, it can also be a source of C and N for undesired microorganisms, as well as a reason for some adverse human health effects. Consequently, novel procedures are required, that would decrease the take-up of NAC but not reduce its antibacterial properties. We have grafted N-acetyl-l-cysteine onto linear poly(vinylsilsesquioxanes) and poly(methylvinylsiloxanes) via thiol-ene addition. Antibacterial activity of the obtained hybrid materials (respectively, NAC-Si-1 and NAC-Si-2) was determined against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Native NAC inhibited growth of planktonic cells for the tested bacteria at concentration 0.25% w/v. Inhibition with equivalent solutions of the polymer derivatives was less effective due to the lack of SH groups. However, the tested polymers proved to be quite effective in eradication of mature biofilms. Treatment with 1% w/v emulsions of the hybrid polymers resulted in a significant reduction of viable cells in biofilm matrix despite the absence of thiol moieties. The effect was most pronounced for mature biofilms of S. aureus eradicated with NAC-Si-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nowacka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łssódź, Poland
| | - Anna Rygała
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łssódź, Poland
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łssódź, Poland
| | - Anna Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łssódź, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hamed S, Emara M, Shawky RM, El-domany RA, Youssef T. Silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and synergism with N-acetyl cysteine. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:659-668. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selwan Hamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Helwan University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed Emara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Helwan University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Riham M. Shawky
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Helwan University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Ramadan A. El-domany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and immunology; Kafr El Sheikh University; Egypt
| | - Tareq Youssef
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of High N-Acetylcysteine Concentrations on Antibiotic Activity against a Large Collection of Respiratory Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7513-7517. [PMID: 27736757 PMCID: PMC5119039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01334-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of high N-acetylcysteine (NAC) concentrations (10 and 50 mM) on antibiotic activity against 40 strains of respiratory pathogens was investigated. NAC compromised the activity of carbapenems (of mostly imipenem and, to lesser extents, meropenem and ertapenem) in a dose-dependent fashion. We demonstrated chemical instability of carbapenems in the presence of NAC. With other antibiotics, 10 mM NAC had no major effects, while 50 mM NAC sporadically decreased (ceftriaxone and aminoglycosides) or increased (penicillins) antibiotic activity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiong LG, Chen YJ, Tong JW, Huang JA, Li J, Gong YS, Liu ZH. Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate inhibits Escherichia coli by increasing endogenous oxidative stress. Food Chem 2016; 217:196-204. [PMID: 27664626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial effects of tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a common phytochemical with a number of potential health benefits, are well known. However, the mechanism of its bactericidal action remains unclear. Using E. coli as a model organism, it is argued here that H2O2 synthesis by EGCG is not attributed to its inhibitory effects. In contrast, the bactericidal action of EGCG was a result of increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and blunted adaptive oxidative stress response in E. coli due to the co-administration of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and not on account of exogenous catalase. Furthermore, we noted a synergistic bactericidal effect for EGCG when combined with paraquat. However, under anaerobic conditions, the inhibitory effect of EGCG was prevented. In conclusion, EGCG caused an increase in endogenous oxidative stress in E. coli, thereby inhibiting its growth, and hence the use of EGCG as a prooxidant is supported by this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jie-Wen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yu-Shun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Involvement of Antibiotic Efflux Machinery in Glutathione-Mediated Decreased Ciprofloxacin Activity in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4369-74. [PMID: 27139480 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00414-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the contribution of different efflux components to glutathione-mediated abrogation of ciprofloxacin's activity in Escherichia coli and the underlying potential mechanism(s) behind this phenomenon. The results indicated that glutathione increased the total active efflux, thereby partially contributing to glutathione-mediated neutralization of ciprofloxacin's antibacterial action in E. coli However, the role of glutathione-mediated increased efflux becomes evident in the absence of a functional TolC-AcrAB efflux pump.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang F, Liu L, Li X, Luo J, Zhang Z, Yan Z, Zhang S, Li H. Short communication: N-Acetylcysteine-mediated modulation of antibiotic susceptibility of bovine mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4300-4302. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Vandevelde NM, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Modulating antibiotic activity towards respiratory bacterial pathogens by co-medications: a multi-target approach. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1114-29. [PMID: 27094105 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-antibiotic drugs can modulate bacterial physiology and/or antibiotic activity, opening perspectives for innovative therapeutic strategies. Focusing on respiratory pathogens and considering in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, here we examine the effect of these drugs on the expression of resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation, and intracellular survival, as well as their influence on the activity of antibiotics on bacteria. Beyond the description of the effects observed, we also comment on concentrations that are active and discuss the mechanisms of drug-drug or drug-target interactions. This discussion should be helpful in defining useful targets for adjuvant therapy and establishing the corresponding pharmacophores for further drug fine-tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Vandevelde
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moon JH, Choi YS, Lee HW, Heo JS, Chang SW, Lee JY. Antibacterial effects of N-acetylcysteine against endodontic pathogens. J Microbiol 2016; 54:322-9. [PMID: 27033208 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The success of endodontic treatment depends on the eradication of microorganisms from the root canal system and the prevention of reinfection. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant mucolytic agent, as an intracanal medicament against selected endodontic pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NAC for Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis were determined using the broth microdilution method. NAC showed antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.78-1.56 mg/ml. The effect of NAC on biofilm formation of each bacterium and a multispecies culture consisting of the four bacterial species was assessed by crystal violet staining. NAC significantly inhibited biofilm formation by all the monospecies and multispecies bacteria at minimum concentrations of 0.78-3.13 mg/ml. The efficacy of NAC for biofilm disruption was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and ATP-bioluminescence quantification using mature multispecies biofilms. Preformed mature multispecies biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks were disrupted within 10 min by treatment with NAC at concentrations of 25 mg/ml or higher. After 24 h of treatment, the viability of mature biofilms was reduced by > 99% compared with the control. Moreover, the biofilm disrupting activity of NAC was significantly higher than that of saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, we conclude that NAC has excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against endodontic pathogens and may be used as an alternative intracanal medicament in root canal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoi Moon
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dental Hygiene, Shinsung University, Chungnam, 31801, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Heo
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu Y, Qin R, Zaat SAJ, Breukink E, Heger M. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy: overview of a promising approach to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. J Clin Transl Res 2015; 1:140-167. [PMID: 30873451 PMCID: PMC6410618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has drawn increasing attention from the scientific society for its potential to effectively kill multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and for its low tendency to induce drug resistance that bacteria can rapidly develop against traditional antibiotic therapy. The review summarizes the mechanism of action of APDT, the photosensitizers, the barriers to PS localization, the targets, the in vitro-, in vivo-, and clinical evidence, the current developments in terms of treating Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the limitations, as well as future perspectives. Relevance for patients: A structured overview of all important aspects of APDT is provided in the context of resistant bacterial species. The information presented is relevant and accessible for scientists as well as clinicians, whose joint effort is required to ensure that this technology benefits patients in the post-antibiotic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Rong Qin
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Khameneh B, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Amani A, Rostami J, Vahdati-Mashhadian N. Combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs with vitamin C or NAC against different Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Microb Pathog 2015; 93:83-7. [PMID: 26602814 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Hepatotoxicity due to anti tuberculosis drugs, rifampin and isoniazid, is a major problem in tuberculosis patients. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of active metabolites, reduce the hepatotoxicity. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C and NAC individually on the antibacterial activity of anti tuberculosis drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus strains. METHODS The MICs of each compound against all strains were determined in 96 wells plate. Rifampin was tested at serial two fold concentrations alone or in combination with NAC or vitamin C. RESULTS The MIC of rifampin against different strains of S. aureus was 0.008-0.032 μg/ml. The MIC of rifampin and isoniazid against M. tuberculosis strains were 40 and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. Vitamin C and NAC had no antibacterial activity against all strains. MIC of rifampin was reduced two fold by combination with vitamin C for all S. aureus strains, while NAC did not affect the antibacterial activity of rifampin. Vitamin C and NAC had remarkable effects on the antibacterial activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs against M. tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS Synergistic effects were observed between rifampin or isoniazid and vitamin C against all tested strains. However, combination therapy of rifampin and isoniazid with NAC was not being effective. This study highlighted the advantages of combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs and vitamin C to eradicate the microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, Students Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Amani
- Students Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Rostami
- Students Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasser Vahdati-Mashhadian
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
In vitro effects of N-acetyl cysteine alone and in combination with antibiotics on Prevotella intermedia. J Microbiol 2015; 53:321-9. [PMID: 25935303 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory activities in tissues. In the field of dentistry, NAC was demonstrated to prevent the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in phagocytic cells and gingival fibroblasts during the inflammatory process, but the effect of NAC on oral pathogens has been rarely studied. Here, we examined the effect of NAC against planktonic and biofilm cells of Prevotella intermedia, a major oral pathogen. NAC showed antibacterial activity against the planktonic P. intermedia with MIC value of 3 mg/ml and significantly decreased biofilm formation by the bacterium even at sub MIC. NAC did not affect the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic P. intermedia, showing indifference (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5-4) results against the bacterium in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline or metronidazole. On the other hand, viability of the pre-established bacterial biofilm exposed to the antibiotics except metronidazole was increased in the presence of NAC. Collectively, NAC may be used for prevention of the biofilm formation by P. intermedia rather than eradication of the pre-established bacterial biofilm. Further studies are required to explore antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of NAC against mixed population of oral bacteria and its modulatory effect on antibiotics used for oral infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zats GM, Kovaliov M, Albeck A, Shatzmiller S. Antimicrobial benzodiazepine-based short cationic peptidomimetics. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:512-9. [PMID: 25807936 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear to be good candidates for the development of new antibiotic drugs. We describe here the synthesis of peptidomimetic compounds that are based on a benzodiazepine scaffold flanked with positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids. These compounds mimic the essential properties of cationic AMPs. The new design possesses the benzodiazepine scaffold that is comprised of two glycine amino acids and which confers flexibility and aromatic hydrophobic 'back', and two arms used for further synthesis on solid phase for incorporation of charged and hydrophobic amino acids. This approach allowed us a better understanding of the influence of these features on the antimicrobial activity and selectivity. A novel compound was discovered which has MICs of 12.5 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 25 µg/ml against Escherichia coli, similar to the well-known antimicrobial peptide MSI-78. In contrast to MSI-78, the above mentioned compound has lower lytic effect against mammalian red blood cells. These peptidomimetic compounds will pave the way for future design of potent synthetic mimics of AMPs for therapeutic and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina M Zats
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Marina Kovaliov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Amnon Albeck
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Shimon Shatzmiller
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
N-acetylcysteine selectively antagonizes the activity of imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an OprD-mediated mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3246-51. [PMID: 25801561 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00017-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulating effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the activity of different antibiotics has been studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to previous reports, only the activity of imipenem is clearly affected by NAC. MIC and checkerboard determinations indicate that the NAC-based modulation of imipenem activity is dependent mainly on OprD. SDS-PAGE of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) after NAC treatments demonstrates that NAC does not modify the expression of OprD, suggesting that NAC competitively inhibits the uptake of imipenem through OprD. Similar effects on imipenem activity were obtained with P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. Our results indicate that imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa strains become resistant upon simultaneous treatment with NAC and imipenem. Moreover, the generality of the observed effects of NAC on antibiotic activity was assessed with two additional bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Caution should be taken during treatments, as the activity of imipenem may be modified by physiologically attainable concentrations of NAC, particularly during intravenous and nebulized regimes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Resveratrol induced inhibition of Escherichia coli proceeds via membrane oxidation and independent of diffusible reactive oxygen species generation. Redox Biol 2014; 2:865-72. [PMID: 25009788 PMCID: PMC4087184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol), a redox active phytoalexin with a large number of beneficial activities is also known for antibacterial property. However the mechanism of action of resveratrol against bacteria remains unknown. Due to its extensive redox property it was envisaged if reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by resveratrol could be a reason behind its antibacterial activity. Employing Escherichia coli as a model organism we have evaluated the role of diffusible reactive oxygen species in the events leading to inhibition of this organism by resveratrol. Evidence for the role of ROS in E. coli treated with resveratrol was investigated by direct quantification of ROS by flow cytometry, supplementation with ROS scavengers, depletion of intracellular glutathione, employing mutants devoid of enzymatic antioxidant defences, induction of adaptive response prior to resveratrol challenge and monitoring oxidative stress response elements oxyR, soxS and soxR upon resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol treatment did not result in scavengable ROS generation in E. coli cells. However, evidence towards membrane damage was obtained by potassium leakage (atomic absorption spectrometry) and propidium iodide uptake (flow cytometry and microscopy) as an early event. Based on the comprehensive evidences this study concludes for the first time the antibacterial property of resveratrol against E. coli does not progress via the diffusible ROS but is mediated by site-specific oxidative damage to the cell membrane as the primary event. Resveratrol possesses antibacterial property among a myriad of properties. However the reasons behind its antibacterial property remains poorly understood. We investigated the role of its redox property against the bacterium Escherichia coli. We reveal the process is free of diffusible reactive oxygen species (ROS). The initial event encompasses membrane damage.
Collapse
|
39
|
Goswami M, Sharma D, Khan NM, Checker R, Sandur SK, Jawali N. Antioxidant supplementation enhances bacterial peritonitis in mice by inhibiting phagocytosis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:355-366. [PMID: 24307637 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.067173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are known to exhibit numerous health benefits including anti-ageing, anti-apoptotic and immuno-stimulatory effects. However, we present the data showing counterproductive effects of therapeutically relevant antioxidants on bacterial clearance by the immune system in a murine peritonitic model. The antioxidants ascorbic acid, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine augmented morbidity and mortality in mice carrying Eshcerichia coli-induced acute bacterial peritonitis. Treatment of peritonitic mice with antioxidants significantly increased their bacterial load in the range of 0.3-2 logs. Antioxidant administration to peritonitic mice resulted in decreased numbers of macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells at the primary site of infection and increased neutrophil infiltration. Serum TNF-α levels were also decreased in antioxidant-treated peritonitic mice. In vitro experiments showed that antioxidants reduced the phagocytic efficacy of peritoneal macrophages by ~60-75% and also decreased E. coli-induced oxidative burst in macrophages cells. Taken together, our data indicate that the antioxidants increased the severity of peritonitis by decreasing the phagocytic efficiency, oxidative burst, and TNF-α production, and increasing neutrophil infiltration. Based on these results, we propose that antioxidant supplementation during the course of bacterial infection is not recommended as it could be detrimental for the host. In addition, the present study underlines the importance of timing and context of antioxidant administration rather than indiscriminate usage to gain the best possible therapeutic advantage of these redox compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Goswami
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Narendra Jawali
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu JF, Qu JM, Li HP. N-Acetylcysteine modulates acute lung injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:345-51. [PMID: 21401696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. In critically ill patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia and the lung injury associated with infection are major causes of mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in rats infected with P. aeruginosa and the role of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) protein in this process. 2. Pneumonia was induced in rats by infecting them with P. aeruginosa intratracheally. One group of rats was treated with NAC (150 mg/kg per day, i.p., for 7 days). An untreated group served as the control. Samples were collected both before (0 h) and after infection (24 h). Bacterial loads in lung tissue, the lung wet : dry (W/D) ratio and pulmonary vascular permeability were assessed. Total cell and polymorphonuclear leucocyte cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The expression of inducible (i) NOS and endothelial (e) NOS protein was analysed and correlated with indices of lung injury using Pearson's correlation analysis. 3. Bacterial load, lung injury indices and NOS expression increased after infection. Pretreatment with NAC mitigated lung injury although it did not significantly change bacterial loads. Furthermore, NAC treatment increased eNOS protein expression, but decreased iNOS expression, in lung tissues after infection. The expression of iNOS protein was positively correlated with indices of lung injury, whereas there was a negative correlation between eNOS expression and lung injury indices. 4. N-Acetylcysteine modulated P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury in rats. The results suggest that this effect maybe due to regulation of iNOS and eNOS protein expression by NAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|