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Hesping E, Chua MJ, Pflieger M, Qian Y, Dong L, Bachu P, Liu L, Kurz T, Fisher GM, Skinner-Adams TS, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Andrews KT, Gorse ADJ. QSAR Classification Models for Prediction of Hydroxamate Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Activity against Malaria Parasites. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:106-117. [PMID: 34985259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, results in >400,000 deaths annually. There is no effective vaccine, and new drugs with novel modes of action are needed because of increasing parasite resistance to current antimalarials. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic regulatory enzymes that catalyze post-translational protein deacetylation and are promising malaria drug targets. Here, we describe quantitative structure-activity relationship models to predict the antiplasmodial activity of hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitors. The models incorporate P. falciparum in vitro activity data for 385 compounds containing a hydroxamic acid and were subject to internal and external validation. When used to screen 22 new hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitors for antiplasmodial activity, model A7 (external accuracy 91%) identified three hits that were subsequently verified as having potent in vitro activity against P. falciparum parasites (IC50 = 6, 71, and 84 nM), with 8 to 51-fold selectivity for P. falciparum versus human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Ming Jang Chua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Marc Pflieger
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Yunan Qian
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Lilong Dong
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Prabhakar Bachu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Dusseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Gillian M. Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | | | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine T. Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Alain-Dominique J.P. Gorse
- QCIF Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia 4072, Australia
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Barman M, Kamble S, Roy S, Bhandari V, Singothu S, Dandasena D, Suresh A, Sharma P. Antitheilerial Activity of the Anticancer Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:759817. [PMID: 34867888 PMCID: PMC8640587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite, Theileria annulata, is the most prevalent hemoprotozoan in livestock, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is essential to develop new and improved therapeutics, as current control measures are compromised by the development of resistance against the only available antitheilerial drug, buparvaquone (BPQ). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were shown to treat cancer effectively and revealed in vitro antiparasitic activity against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. In this study, we investigated the antitheilerial activity of the four anti-cancer HDACi (vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat) against the schizont stage of T. annulata parasites. All four HDACi showed potent activity and increased hyperacetylation of the histone-4 protein. However, based on the low host cell cytotoxicity and IC50 values, vorinostat (0.103 μM) and belinostat (0.069 μM) were the most effective showing antiparasitic activity. The parasite-specific activities of the HDACi (vorinostat and belinostat) were evaluated by western blotting using parasite-specific antibodies and in silico analysis. Both vorinostat and belinostat reduced the Theileria infected cell viability by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. The HDACi caused irreversible and antiproliferative effects on the Theileria infected cell lines. Our results collectively showed that vorinostat and belinostat could be used as an alternative therapy for treating Theileria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonam Kamble
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Akash Suresh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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Chua MJ, Tng J, Hesping E, Fisher GM, Goodman CD, Skinner-Adams T, Do D, Lucke AJ, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Andrews KT. Histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 and achiral analogues kill malaria parasites in vitro and in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:118-127. [PMID: 34560571 PMCID: PMC8463797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites and results in significant health and economic impacts. Malaria eradication is hampered by parasite resistance to current drugs and the lack of a widely effective vaccine. Compounds that target epigenetic regulatory proteins, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), may lead to new therapeutic agents with a different mechanism of action, thereby avoiding resistance mechanisms to current antimalarial drugs. The anticancer HDAC inhibitor AR-42, as its racemate (rac-AR-42), and 36 analogues were investigated for in vitro activity against P. falciparum. Rac-AR-42 and selected compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity against human cells, histone hyperacetylation, human HDAC1 inhibition and oral activity in a murine malaria model. Rac-AR-42 was tested for ex vivo asexual and in vitro exoerythrocytic stage activity against P. berghei murine malaria parasites. Rac-AR-42 and 13 achiral analogues were potent inhibitors of asexual intraerythrocytic stage P. falciparum 3D7 growth in vitro (IC50 5–50 nM), with four of these compounds having >50-fold selectivity for P. falciparum versus human cells (selectivity index 56–118). Rac-AR-42 induced in situ hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histone H4, consistent with PfHDAC(s) inhibition. Furthermore, rac-AR-42 potently inhibited P. berghei infected erythrocyte growth ex vivo (IC50 40 nM) and P. berghei exoerythrocytic forms in hepatocytes (IC50 1 nM). Oral administration of rac-AR-42 and two achiral analogues inhibited P. berghei growth in mice, with rac-AR-42 (50 mg/kg/day single dose for four days) curing all infections. These findings demonstrate curative properties for HDAC inhibitors in the oral treatment of experimental mouse malaria. HDAC inhibitors rac-AR-42 and 13 analogues inhibit P. falciparum growth in vitro. Rac-AR-42 inhibits P. berghei exoerythrocytic forms in hepatocytes (IC50 1 nM). Rac-AR-42 causes in situ hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histone H4. Rac-AR-42 cures P. berghei infected mice with oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jang Chua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jiahui Tng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Gillian M Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | | | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Darren Do
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Tandi M, Sundriyal S. Recent trends in the design of antimicrobial agents using Ugi-multicomponent reaction. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Identification of benzamide inhibitors of histone deacetylase 1 from Babesia and Theileria species via high-throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2175-2187. [PMID: 33987736 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Theileria and Babesia species are eukaryotic protozoan parasites classified under the order Piroplasmida of the phylum Apicomplexa. Tick vectors transmit these microorganisms in tropical and subtropical regions to a wide range of animals, including ruminants, causing fatal and life-threatening diseases such as bovine babesiosis and theileriosis. Resistance to commercially available drugs requires the search for new drug candidates. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) has a potential to be utilized as a drug target; therefore, it may be considered as an effective alternative. Previous studies revealed that HDAC inhibitors, identified for human use, show promising anti-parasitic effects. We have herein focused on the class I HDAC enzyme, HDAC1, of the Babesia and Theileria species to discover potential benzamide inhibitors by following a streamlined workflow of computer-aided drug design methodology. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that benzamide derivatives stably interacted with the HDAC1 active site in both parasites as hypothesized. Furthermore, specific residue insertions at the entry point of the active site cleft of parasitic HDAC1 could enable ways to design parasite-specific drugs without adversely affecting host enzymes.
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Barman M, Kamble S, Roy S, Bhandari V, Singothu S, Dandasena D, Suresh A, Sharma P. Antitheilerial Activity of the Anticancer Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34867888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759817/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite, Theileria annulata, is the most prevalent hemoprotozoan in livestock, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is essential to develop new and improved therapeutics, as current control measures are compromised by the development of resistance against the only available antitheilerial drug, buparvaquone (BPQ). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were shown to treat cancer effectively and revealed in vitro antiparasitic activity against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. In this study, we investigated the antitheilerial activity of the four anti-cancer HDACi (vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat) against the schizont stage of T. annulata parasites. All four HDACi showed potent activity and increased hyperacetylation of the histone-4 protein. However, based on the low host cell cytotoxicity and IC50 values, vorinostat (0.103 μM) and belinostat (0.069 μM) were the most effective showing antiparasitic activity. The parasite-specific activities of the HDACi (vorinostat and belinostat) were evaluated by western blotting using parasite-specific antibodies and in silico analysis. Both vorinostat and belinostat reduced the Theileria infected cell viability by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. The HDACi caused irreversible and antiproliferative effects on the Theileria infected cell lines. Our results collectively showed that vorinostat and belinostat could be used as an alternative therapy for treating Theileria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonam Kamble
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Akash Suresh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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Huang Z, Li R, Tang T, Ling D, Wang M, Xu D, Sun M, Zheng L, Zhu F, Min H, Boonhok R, Ding Y, Wen Y, Chen Y, Li X, Chen Y, Liu T, Han J, Miao J, Fang Q, Cao Y, Tang Y, Cui J, Xu W, Cui L, Zhu J, Wong G, Li J, Jiang L. A novel multistage antiplasmodial inhibitor targeting Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1. Cell Discov 2020; 6:93. [PMID: 33311461 PMCID: PMC7733455 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although artemisinin combination therapies have succeeded in reducing the global burden of malaria, multidrug resistance of the deadliest malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is emerging worldwide. Innovative antimalarial drugs that kill all life-cycle stages of malaria parasites are urgently needed. Here, we report the discovery of the compound JX21108 with broad antiplasmodial activity against multiple life-cycle stages of malaria parasites. JX21108 was developed from chemical optimization of quisinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We identified P. falciparum histone deacetylase 1 (PfHDAC1), an epigenetic regulator essential for parasite growth and invasion, as a molecular target of JX21108. PfHDAC1 knockdown leads to the downregulation of essential parasite genes, which is highly consistent with the transcriptomic changes induced by JX21108 treatment. Collectively, our data support that PfHDAC1 is a potential drug target for overcoming multidrug resistance and that JX21108 treats malaria and blocks parasite transmission simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Ruoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tongke Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dazheng Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Manjiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Maoxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachasak Boonhok
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuhao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yicong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiping Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Miao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lubin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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An ELISA method to assess HDAC inhibitor-induced alterations to P. falciparum histone lysine acetylation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:249-256. [PMID: 33279862 PMCID: PMC7724001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of malaria requires a multi-pronged approach, including the development of drugs that have novel modes of action. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes involved in post-translational protein modification, are potential new drug targets for malaria. However, the lack of recombinant P. falciparum HDACs and suitable activity assays, has made the investigation of compounds designed to target these enzymes challenging. Current approaches are indirect and include assessing total deacetylase activity and protein hyperacetylation via Western blot. These approaches either do not allow differential compound effects to be determined or suffer from low throughput. Here we investigated dot blot and ELISA methods as new, higher throughput assays to detect histone lysine acetylation changes in P. falciparum parasites. As the ELISA method was found to be superior to the dot blot assay using the control HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, it was used to evaluate the histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation changes mediated by a panel of six HDAC inhibitors that were shown to inhibit P. falciparum deacetylase activity. Vorinostat, panobinostat, trichostatin A, romidepsin and entinostat all caused an ~3-fold increase in histone H4 acetylation using a tetra-acetyl lysine antibody. Tubastatin A, the only human HDAC6-specific inhibitor tested, also caused H4 hyperacetylation, but to a lesser extent than the other compounds. Further investigation revealed that all compounds, except tubastatin A, caused hyperacetylation of the individual N-terminal H4 lysines 5, 8, 12 and 16. These data indicate that tubastatin A impacts P. falciparum H4 acetylation differently to the other HDAC inhibitors tested. In contrast, all compounds caused hyperacetylation of histone H3. In summary, the ELISA developed in this study provides a higher throughput approach to assessing differential effects of antiplasmodial compounds on histone acetylation levels and is therefore a useful new tool in the investigation of HDAC inhibitors for malaria. P. falciparum histone lysine acetylation was compared using dot blot and ELISA. ELISA was more reproducible than dot blot in acetylation assays. ELISA was used to assess acetylation changes induced by anti-cancer HDAC inhibitors. Tubastatin A showed a different histone H4 acetylation profile to other compounds. This new method will facilitate the study of HDAC inhibitors for malaria.
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Targeting histone acetylation/deacetylation in parasites: an update (2017–2020). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Nawaz M, Malik I, Hameed M, Hussain Kuthu Z, Zhou J. Modifications of histones in parasites as drug targets. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109029. [PMID: 31978703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones and histone modifying enzymes play important roles in gene regulations and other physiological processes in parasites. Inhibitors of such modifying enzymes could be useful as novel therapeutics against parasitic diseases or as chemical probes for investigation of epigenetics. Development of parasitic histone modulators has got rapid expansion in the last few years. A number of highly potent and selective compounds have been reported, together with extensive preclinical studies of their biological activity. Some of these compounds have been widely used in humans targeting cancer and are found non-toxic. This review summarizes the antiparasitic activities of histone and histone modifying enzymes inhibitors evaluated in last few years. As the current chemotherapy against parasites is still not satisfactory, therefore, such compounds represents good starting points for the discovery of effective antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Irfan Malik
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mudassar Hameed
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zulfiqar Hussain Kuthu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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11
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Bhowmick K, Tehlan A, Sunita, Sudhakar R, Kaur I, Sijwali PS, Krishnamachari A, Dhar SK. Plasmodium falciparum GCN5 acetyltransferase follows a novel proteolytic processing pathway that is essential for its function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.236489. [PMID: 31862795 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is interlinked with its timely control of gene expression during its complex life cycle. In this organism, gene expression is partially controlled through epigenetic mechanisms, the regulation of which is, hence, of paramount importance to the parasite. The P. falciparum (Pf)-GCN5 histone acetyltransferase (HAT), an essential enzyme, acetylates histone 3 and regulates global gene expression in the parasite. Here, we show the existence of a novel proteolytic processing for PfGCN5 that is crucial for its activity in vivo We find that a cysteine protease-like enzyme is required for the processing of PfGCN5 protein. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy analysis suggest that the processing event occurs in the vicinity of the digestive vacuole of the parasite following its trafficking through the classical ER-Golgi secretory pathway, before it subsequently reaches the nucleus. Furthermore, blocking of PfGCN5 processing leads to the concomitant reduction of its occupancy at the gene promoters and a reduced H3K9 acetylation level at these promoters, highlighting the important correlation between the processing event and PfGCN5 activity. Altogether, our study reveals a unique processing event for a nuclear protein PfGCN5 with unforeseen role of a food vacuolar cysteine protease. This leads to a possibility of the development of new antimalarials against these targets.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Bhowmick
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ankita Tehlan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sunita
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Renu Sudhakar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telengana 500007, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Puran Singh Sijwali
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telengana 500007, India
| | | | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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12
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Diedrich D, Stenzel K, Hesping E, Antonova-Koch Y, Gebru T, Duffy S, Fisher G, Schöler A, Meister S, Kurz T, Avery VM, Winzeler EA, Held J, Andrews KT, Hansen FK. One-pot, multi-component synthesis and structure-activity relationships of peptoid-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors targeting malaria parasites. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:801-813. [PMID: 30245402 PMCID: PMC6195125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria drug discovery has shifted from a focus on targeting asexual blood stage parasites, to the development of drugs that can also target exo-erythrocytic forms and/or gametocytes in order to prevent malaria and/or parasite transmission. In this work, we aimed to develop parasite-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) with activity against the disease-causing asexual blood stages of Plasmodium malaria parasites as well as with causal prophylactic and/or transmission blocking properties. An optimized one-pot, multi-component protocol via a sequential Ugi four-component reaction and hydroxylaminolysis was used for the preparation of a panel of peptoid-based HDACi. Several compounds displayed potent activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum asexual blood stages, high parasite-selectivity and submicromolar activity against exo-erythrocytic forms of P. berghei. Our optimization study resulted in the discovery of the hit compound 1u which combines high activity against asexual blood stage parasites (Pf 3D7 IC50: 4 nM; Pf Dd2 IC50: 1 nM) and P. berghei exo-erythrocytic forms (Pb EEF IC50: 25 nM) with promising parasite-specific activity (SIPf3D7/HepG2: 2496, SIPfDd2/HepG2: 9990, and SIPbEEF/HepG2: 400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Diedrich
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Stenzel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Eva Hesping
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Yevgeniya Antonova-Koch
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Tamirat Gebru
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Gillian Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Meister
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Jana Held
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Abdulkareem AO, Babamale AO, Owolusi LO, Busari SA, Olatunji LA. Anti-plasmodial activity of sodium acetate in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:493-498. [PMID: 29634486 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Continuous increase in drug resistance has hindered the control of malaria infection and resulted in multi-drug-resistant parasite strains. This, therefore, intensifies the search for alternative treatments with no or less side effects. Several histone deacetylase inhibitors have been characterised to possess anti-malaria activity; however, their further development as anti-malaria agents has not recorded much success. The present study investigated the anti-plasmodial activity of sodium acetate in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, aiming at finding a better alternative source of malaria chemotherapy.
Methods
Thirty female Swiss albino mice were randomly distributed into six groups. Groups A (uninfected control) and B (infected control) received only distilled water. Group C (artesunate control) were infected and treated orally with 4 mg/kg artesunate on the first day, and subsequently 2 mg/kg artesunate. Groups D, E and F were infected and orally treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg sodium acetate, respectively.
Results
Sodium acetate significantly lowered parasitaemia (p<0.05) after 4 days post-treatment, and the parasite inhibition rate of 68.5% at 50 mg/kg compared favourably with the 73.3% rate of artesunate. Similarly, administration of 50 mg/kg sodium acetate improved serum total cholesterol relatively better than artesunate. Our results also revealed that sodium acetate does not interfere with liver function, as there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in both infected treated and uninfected mice.
Conclusions
This study shows that sodium acetate may be a safe alternative source of anti-malaria drugs. Its effect on the serum total cholesterol also predicts its ability in correcting malaria-induced metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O Abdulkareem
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, Phone: +2348066528548
| | | | - Lucky O Owolusi
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Simbiat A Busari
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence A Olatunji
- Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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14
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Gupta AP, Bozdech Z. Epigenetic landscapes underlining global patterns of gene expression in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:399-407. [PMID: 28414071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic chromatin landscape displaying combinatorial complexity of the epigenome impacts gene expression that underlies many events of differentiation and cell cycle progression. In the past few years, epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as important processes involved in the tight gene regulation in malaria parasites, Plasmodium spp. Focusing predominantly on Plasmodium falciparum, the species associated with the most severe form of the disease, many advances have been made in our understanding of the interaction between transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms as the pivotal processes in regulating life cycle progression, host parasite interactions and parasite adaptation to the host environment. This review focuses on the epigenome and its effect on transcriptional regulation in P. falciparum, highlighting its unique, evolutionary diverse features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P Gupta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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15
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Hailu GS, Robaa D, Forgione M, Sippl W, Rotili D, Mai A. Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitors in Parasites: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4780-4804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin S. Hailu
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mariantonietta Forgione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dante Rotili
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto
Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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16
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Antimalarials with Benzothiophene Moieties as Aminoquinoline Partners. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030343. [PMID: 28245583 PMCID: PMC6155332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe and life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that are spread to humans through bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Here, we report on the efficacy of aminoquinolines coupled to benzothiophene and thiophene rings in inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum parasite growth. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity and toxicity, in vitro and in mice. Benzothiophenes presented in this paper showed improved activities against a chloroquine susceptible (CQS) strain, with potencies of IC50 = 6 nM, and cured 5/5 Plasmodium berghei infected mice when dosed orally at 160 mg/kg/day × 3 days. In the benzothiophene series, the examined antiplasmodials were more active against the CQS strain D6, than against strains chloroquine resistant (CQR) W2 and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TM91C235. For the thiophene series, a very interesting feature was revealed: hypersensitivity to the CQR strains, resistance index (RI) of <1. This is in sharp contrast to chloroquine, indicating that further development of the series would provide us with more potent antimalarials against CQR strains.
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17
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Ontoria JM, Paonessa G, Ponzi S, Ferrigno F, Nizi E, Biancofiore I, Malancona S, Graziani R, Roberts D, Willis P, Bresciani A, Gennari N, Cecchetti O, Monteagudo E, Orsale MV, Veneziano M, Di Marco A, Cellucci A, Laufer R, Altamura S, Summa V, Harper S. Discovery of a Selective Series of Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum HDACs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:454-9. [PMID: 27190592 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of a new series of P. falciparum growth inhibitors is described. Starting from a series of known human class I HDAC inhibitors a SAR exploration based on growth inhibitory activity in parasite and human cells-based assays led to the identification of compounds with submicromolar inhibition of P. falciparum growth (EC50 < 500 nM) and good selectivity over the activity of human HDAC in cells (up to >50-fold). Inhibition of parasital HDACs as the mechanism of action of this new class of selective growth inhibitors is supported by hyperacetylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M. Ontoria
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Paonessa
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ponzi
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrigno
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Nizi
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biancofiore
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Savina Malancona
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Graziani
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - David Roberts
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O.
Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O.
Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Cecchetti
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V. Orsale
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Veneziano
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalise Di Marco
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cellucci
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ralph Laufer
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Altamura
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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18
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Duran Lengua M, Kamali AN, Cano AJ, Piermattey J, Reyes N, Bautista JM, Gaitan R. Synthetic alkyl substituted quinones oxidize membrane proteins and arrest Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2014.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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19
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Quadros Gomes BA, da Silva LFD, Quadros Gomes AR, Moreira DR, Dolabela MF, Santos RS, Green MD, Carvalho EP, Percário S. N-acetyl cysteine and mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus supplementation decreased parasitaemia and pulmonary oxidative stress in a mice model of malaria. Malar J 2015; 14:202. [PMID: 25971771 PMCID: PMC4435846 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria infection can cause high oxidative stress, which could lead to the development of severe forms of malaria, such as pulmonary malaria. In recent years, the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of the disease has been discussed, as well as the potential benefit of antioxidants supplementation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus supplementation on the pulmonary oxidative changes in an experimental model of malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Methods Swiss male mice were infected with P. berghei and treated with NAC or AS. Samples of lung tissue and whole blood were collected after one, three, five, seven or ten days of infection for the assessment of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nitrites and nitrates (NN) and to assess the degree of parasitaemia. Results Although parasitaemia increased progressively with the evolution of the disease in all infected groups, there was a significant decrease from the seventh to the tenth day of infection in both antioxidant-supplemented groups. Results showed significant higher levels of TEAC in both supplemented groups, the highest occurring in the group supplemented with A. sylvaticus. In parallel, TBARS showed similar levels among all groups, while levels of NN were higher in animals supplemented with NAC in relation to the positive control groups and A. sylvaticus, whose levels were similar to the negative control group. Conclusion Oxidative stress arising from plasmodial infection was attenuated by supplementation of both antioxidants, but A. sylvaticus proved to be more effective and has the potential to become an important tool in the adjuvant therapy of malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0717-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Quadros Gomes
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Lucio F D da Silva
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Antonio R Quadros Gomes
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Danilo R Moreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fani Dolabela
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Rogério S Santos
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Michael D Green
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G49, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eliete P Carvalho
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Percário
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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20
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Jensen AN, Chindaudomsate W, Thitiananpakorn K, Mongkolsuk S, Jensen LT. Improper protein trafficking contributes to artemisinin sensitivity in cells lacking the KDAC Rpd3p. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4018-25. [PMID: 25263705 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) inhibitors may have therapeutic value in anti-malarial combination therapies with artemisinin. To evaluate connections between KDACs and artemisinin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants in KDAC genes were assayed. Deletion of RPD3, but not other KDAC genes, resulted in strong sensitivity to artemisinin, which was also observed in sit4Δ mutants with impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein trafficking. Decreased accumulation of the transporters Pdr5p, Fur4p, and Tat2p was observed in rpd3Δ and sit4Δ cells. The unfolded protein response is induced in rpd3Δ cells consistent with retention of proteins in the ER. Disruption of protein trafficking appears to sensitize cells to artemisinin and targeting these pathways may be useful as part of artemisinin based anti-malarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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21
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Hansen FK, Skinner-Adams TS, Duffy S, Marek L, Sumanadasa SDM, Kuna K, Held J, Avery VM, Andrews KT, Kurz T. Synthesis, antimalarial properties, and SAR studies of alkoxyurea-based HDAC inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:665-70. [PMID: 24497437 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are an emerging class of potential antimalarial drugs. We investigated the antiplasmodial properties of 16 alkoxyurea-based HDAC inhibitors containing various cap and zinc binding groups (ZBGs). Ten compounds displayed sub-micromolar activity against the 3D7 line of Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that a hydroxamic acid ZBG is crucial for antiplasmodial activity, and that the introduction of bulky alkyl substituents to cap groups increases potency against asexual blood-stage parasites. We also demonstrate that selected compounds cause hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histone H4, indicating inhibition of one or more PfHDACs. To assess the selectivity of alkoxyurea-based HDAC inhibitors for parasite over normal mammalian cells, the cytotoxicity of representative compounds was evaluated against neonatal foreskin fibroblast (NFF) cells. The most active compound, 6-((3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)ureido)oxy)-N-hydroxyhexanamide (1 e, Pf3D7 IC50 : 0.16 μM) was 31-fold more toxic against the asexual blood stages than towards normal mammalian cells. Moreover, a subset of four structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors revealed moderate activity against late-stage (IV-V) gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn K Hansen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf (Germany)
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22
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Biamonte MA, Wanner J, Le Roch KG. Recent advances in malaria drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2829-43. [PMID: 23587422 PMCID: PMC3762334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This digest covers some of the most relevant progress in malaria drug discovery published between 2010 and 2012. There is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Such drugs can target the blood stage of the disease to alleviate the symptoms, the liver stage to prevent relapses, and the transmission stage to protect other humans. The pipeline for the blood stage is becoming robust, but this should not be a source of complacency, as the current therapies set a high standard. Drug discovery efforts directed towards the liver and transmission stages are in their infancy but are receiving increasing attention as targeting these stages could be instrumental in eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Biamonte
- Drug Discovery for Tropical Diseases, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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23
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Traoré M, Mietton F, Maubon D, Peuchmaur M, Francisco Hilário F, Pereira de Freitas R, Bougdour A, Curt A, Maynadier M, Vial H, Pelloux H, Hakimi MA, Wong YS. Flexible Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse Anti-Apicomplexa Cyclic Peptides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3655-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Traoré
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flore Mietton
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,
Brasil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Bougdour
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélie Curt
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Henri Vial
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Tscherner M, Stappler E, Hnisz D, Kuchler K. The histone acetyltransferase Hat1 facilitates DNA damage repair and morphogenesis inCandida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:1197-214. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tscherner
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Denes Hnisz
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
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25
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Small-molecule histone methyltransferase inhibitors display rapid antimalarial activity against all blood stage forms in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16708-13. [PMID: 23011794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205414109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors such as histone methylation control the developmental progression of malaria parasites during the complex life cycle in the human host. We investigated Plasmodium falciparum histone lysine methyltransferases as a potential target class for the development of novel antimalarials. We synthesized a compound library based upon a known specific inhibitor (BIX-01294) of the human G9a histone methyltransferase. Two compounds, BIX-01294 and its derivative TM2-115, inhibited P. falciparum 3D7 parasites in culture with IC(50) values of ~100 nM, values at least 22-fold more potent than their apparent IC(50) toward two human cell lines and one mouse cell line. These compounds irreversibly arrested parasite growth at all stages of the intraerythrocytic life cycle. Decrease in parasite viability (>40%) was seen after a 3-h incubation with 1 µM BIX-01294 and resulted in complete parasite killing after a 12-h incubation. Additionally, mice with patent Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain infection treated with a single dose (40 mg/kg) of TM2-115 had 18-fold reduced parasitemia the following day. Importantly, treatment of P. falciparum parasites in culture with BIX-01294 or TM2-115 resulted in significant reductions in histone H3K4me3 levels in a concentration-dependent and exposure time-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that BIX-01294 and TM2-115 inhibit malaria parasite histone methyltransferases, resulting in rapid and irreversible parasite death. Our data position histone lysine methyltransferases as a previously unrecognized target class, and BIX-01294 as a promising lead compound, in a presently unexploited avenue for antimalarial drug discovery targeting multiple life-cycle stages.
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26
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Antimalarial activity of the anticancer histone deacetylase inhibitor SB939. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3849-56. [PMID: 22508312 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00030-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes posttranslationally modify lysines on histone and nonhistone proteins and play crucial roles in epigenetic regulation and other important cellular processes. HDAC inhibitors (e.g., suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA; also known as vorinostat]) are used clinically to treat some cancers and are under investigation for use against many other diseases. Development of new HDAC inhibitors for noncancer indications has the potential to be accelerated by piggybacking onto cancer studies, as several HDAC inhibitors have undergone or are undergoing clinical trials. One such compound, SB939, is a new orally active hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitor with an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to that of SAHA. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of SB939 were investigated. SB939 was found to be a potent inhibitor of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage parasites in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 100 to 200 nM), causing hyperacetylation of parasite histone and nonhistone proteins. In combination with the aspartic protease inhibitor lopinavir, SB939 displayed additive activity. SB939 also potently inhibited the in vitro growth of exoerythrocytic-stage Plasmodium parasites in liver cells (IC(50), ~150 nM), suggesting that inhibitor targeting to multiple malaria parasite life cycle stages may be possible. In an experimental in vivo murine model of cerebral malaria, orally administered SB939 significantly inhibited P. berghei ANKA parasite growth, preventing development of cerebral malaria-like symptoms. These results identify SB939 as a potent new antimalarial HDAC inhibitor and underscore the potential of investigating next-generation anticancer HDAC inhibitors as prospective new drug leads for treatment of malaria.
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27
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Duffy MF, Selvarajah SA, Josling GA, Petter M. The role of chromatin in Plasmodium gene expression. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:819-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped regions of the world. Malaria alone causes ~800000 deaths each year, with children and pregnant women being at highest risk. There is no licensed vaccine available for any human parasitic disease and drug resistance is compromising the efficacy of many available anti-parasitic drugs. This is driving drug discovery research on new agents with novel modes of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being investigated as drugs for a range of diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and several parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of HDAC inhibitors targeted to the major human parasitic diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Insights are provided into the unique challenges that will need to be considered if HDAC inhibitors are to be progressed towards clinical development as potential new anti-parasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Andrews
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
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29
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The many faces of the adamantyl group in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1949-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Hnisz D, Tscherner M, Kuchler K. Targeting chromatin in fungal pathogens as a novel therapeutic strategy: histone modification gets infectious. Epigenomics 2011; 3:129-32. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denes Hnisz
- Medical University Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F Perutz Laboratories, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Tscherner
- Medical University Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F Perutz Laboratories, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F Perutz Laboratories, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Wheatley NC, Andrews KT, Tran TL, Lucke AJ, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Antimalarial histone deacetylase inhibitors containing cinnamate or NSAID components. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7080-4. [PMID: 20951583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the most lethal parasite-mediated tropical infectious disease, killing 1-2 million people each year. An emerging drug target is the enzyme Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1 (PfHDAC1). We report 26 compounds designed to bind the zinc and exterior surface around the entrance to the active site of PfHDAC1, 16 displaying potent in vitro antimalarial activity (IC(50)<100 nM) against P. falciparum. Selected compounds were shown to cause hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histones and be >10-fold more cytotoxic towards P. falciparum than a normal human cell type (NFF). Twenty-two inhibitors feature cinnamic acid derivatives or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as HDAC-binding components. A homology model of PfHDAC1 enzyme gives new insights to interactions likely made by some of these inhibitors. Results support PfHDAC1 as a promising new antimalarial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Wheatley
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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33
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Mwakwari SC, Guerrant W, Patil V, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Gurard-Levin ZA, Mrksich M, Oyelere AK. Non-peptide macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors derived from tricyclic ketolide skeleton. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6100-11. [PMID: 20669972 DOI: 10.1021/jm100507q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) function is a validated therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Of the several structurally distinct small molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) reported, macrocyclic depsipeptides possess the most complex cap groups and have demonstrated excellent HDAC inhibition potency and isoform selectivity. Unfortunately, the development of macrocyclic depsipeptides has been hampered in part because of development problems characteristic of large peptides and the complex reaction schemes required for their synthesis. Herein we report that tricyclic ketolide TE-802 is an excellent mimetic for the peptide backbone of macrocyclic HDACi. Compounds derived from this template are particularly selective against HDACs 1 and 2 with nanomolar inhibitory activity. Interrogation of the association between a subset of these compounds and key HDAC isoforms, using AutoDock, enables a molecular description of the interaction between the HDAC enzyme's outer rim and the inhibitors' macrocyclic cap group that are responsible for compound affinity and presumably isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Mwakwari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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34
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Abstract
In the burgeoning field of Plasmodium gene expression, there are--to borrow some famous words from a former U.S. Secretary of Defense--"known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns." This is in itself an important achievement, since it is only in the past decade that facts have begun to move from the third category into the first. Nevertheless, much remains in the middle ground of known or suspected "unknowns." It is clear that the malaria parasite controls vital virulence processes such as host cell invasion and cytoadherence at least partly via epigenetic mechanisms, so a proper understanding of epigenetic transcriptional control in this organism should have great clinical relevance. Plasmodium, however, is an obligate intracellular parasite: it operates not in a vacuum but rather in the complicated context of its metazoan hosts. Therefore, as valuable data about the parasite's basic epigenetic machinery begin to emerge, it becomes increasingly important to relate in vitro studies to the situation in vivo. This review will focus upon the challenge of understanding Plasmodium epigenetics in an integrated manner, in the human and insect hosts as well as the petri dish.
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35
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Mwakwari SC, Patil V, Guerrant W, Oyelere AK. Macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:1423-40. [PMID: 20536416 PMCID: PMC3144151 DOI: 10.2174/156802610792232079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are an emerging class of novel anti-cancer drugs that cause growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells. In addition, they have shown promise as anti-parasitic, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-rheumatologic and immunosuppressant agents. To date, several structurally distinct small molecule HDACi have been reported including aryl hydroxamates, benzamides, short-chain fatty acids, electrophilic ketones, and macrocyclic peptides. Macrocyclic HDACi possess the most complex cap-groups which interact with HDAC enzyme's outer rim and have demonstrated excellent HDAC inhibition potency and isoform selectivity. This review focuses on the recent progress and current state of macrocyclic HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Mwakwari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - Vishal Patil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - William Guerrant
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
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