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Sharma P, Dwivedi R, Ray P, Shukla J, Pomin VH, Tandon R. Inhibition of Cytomegalovirus by Pentacta pygmaea Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Depends on Its Molecular Weight. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040859. [PMID: 37112839 PMCID: PMC10142442 DOI: 10.3390/v15040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses attach to host cells by first interacting with cell surface proteoglycans containing heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains and then by engaging with specific receptor, resulting in virus entry. In this project, HS–virus interactions were targeted by a new fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Pentacta pygmaea (PpFucCS) in order to block human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry into cells. Human foreskin fibroblasts were infected with HCMV in the presence of PpFucCS and its low molecular weight (LMW) fractions and the virus yield at five days post-infection was assessed. The virus attachment and entry into the cells were visualized by labeling the purified virus particles with a self-quenching fluorophore octadecyl rhodamine B (R18). The native PpFucCS exhibited potent inhibitory activity against HCMV specifically blocking virus entry into the cell and the inhibitory activities of the LMW PpFucCS derivatives were proportional to their chain lengths. PpFucCS and the derived oligosaccharides did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity; moreover, they protected the infected cells from virus-induced lytic cell death. In conclusion, PpFucCS inhibits the entry of HCMV into cells and the high MW of this carbohydrate is a key structural element to achieve the maximal anti-viral effect. This new marine sulfated glycan can be developed into a potential prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral agent against HCMV infection.
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Choi S, Jeon SA, Heo BY, Kang JG, Jung Y, Duong PTT, Song IC, Kim JH, Kim SY, Kwon J. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Reveals That Fucoidan Induces Type I IFN Pathways in BMDC. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112242. [PMID: 35684042 PMCID: PMC9182765 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed, has been proposed to effectively treat and prevent various viral infections. However, the mechanisms behind its antiviral activity are not completely understood. We investigate here the global transcriptional changes in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) using RNA-Seq technology. Through both analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that fucoidan-treated BMDCs were enriched in virus-specific response pathways, including that of SARS-CoV-2, as well as pathways associated with nucleic acid-sensing receptors (RLR, TLR, NLR, STING), and type I interferon (IFN) production. We show that these transcriptome changes are driven by well-known regulators of the inflammatory response against viruses, including IRF, NF-κB, and STAT family transcription factors. Furthermore, 435 of the 950 upregulated DEGs are classified as type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Flow cytometric analysis additionally showed that fucoidan increased MHCII, CD80, and CD40 surface markers in BMDCs, indicative of greater antigen presentation and co-stimulation functionality. Our current study suggests that fucoidan transcriptionally activates PRR signaling, type I IFN production and signaling, ISGs production, and DC maturation, highlighting a potential mechanism of fucoidan-induced antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoung Choi
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sol A Jeon
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.A.J.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Bu Yeon Heo
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Ju-Gyeong Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Yunju Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Pham Thi Thuy Duong
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.A.J.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.A.J.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-42-280-6937 (J.K); Fax: +82-42-583-8216 (J.K.)
| | - Jaeyul Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.C.); (B.Y.H.); (Y.J.); (P.T.T.D.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-42-280-6937 (J.K); Fax: +82-42-583-8216 (J.K.)
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Comprehensive Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus- and HIV-Mediated Plasma Membrane Remodeling in Macrophages. mBio 2021; 12:e0177021. [PMID: 34399625 PMCID: PMC8406226 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01770-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) must be overcome by viruses during entry and release. Furthermore, the PM represents the cellular communication compartment and the immune system interface. Hence, viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to remodel the PM, for instance to avoid immune sensing and clearance of infected cells. We performed a comprehensive analysis of cell surface dysregulation by two human-pathogenic viruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in primary macrophages, which are classical antigen-presenting cells and orchestrators of the immune system. Scanning ion conductance microscopy revealed a loss of roughness and an overall smooth phenotype of HCMV-infected macrophages, in contrast to HIV-1 infection. This phenotype was also evident on the molecular level. When we screened for cell surface receptors modulated by HCMV, 42 of 332 receptors tested were up- or downregulated, whereas HIV-1 affected only 7 receptors. In particular CD164, CD84, and CD180 were targeted by HCMV. Mechanistically, HCMV induced transcriptional silencing of these receptors in an interferon (IFN)-independent manner, and expression was reduced not only by lab-adapted HCMV but also by clinical HCMV isolates. Altogether, our plasma membrane profiling of human macrophages provides clues to understand how viruses evade the immune system and identified novel cell surface receptors targeted by HCMV. IMPORTANCE The PM is a key component that viruses have to cope with. It is a barrier for infection and egress and is critically involved in antiviral immune signaling. We hence asked the question how two immunomodulatory viruses, HIV-1 and HCMV, dysregulate this compartment in infected macrophages, relevant in vivo targets of both viruses. We employed a contact-free microscopic technique to image the PM of infected cells and performed a phenotypic flow cytometry-based screen to identify receptor modulations on a molecular level. Our results show that HIV-1 and HCMV differentially manipulate the PM of macrophages. While HIV-1-mediated changes are relatively subtle, HCMV induces major alterations of the PM. We identify novel immune receptors manipulated by HCMV and define mechanisms of how HCMV interferes with receptor expression. Altogether, our study reveals differential strategies of how two human-pathogenic viruses manipulate infected cells and identifies potential novel pathways of HCMV immune evasion.
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Abstract
More than 50% of the UK coastline is situated in Scotland under legislative jurisdiction; therefore, there is a great opportunity for regionally focused economic development by the rational use of sustainable marine bio-sources. We review the importance of seaweeds in general, and more specifically, wrack brown seaweeds which are washed from the sea and accumulated in the wrack zone and their economic impact. Rules and regulations governing the harvesting of seaweed, potential sites for harvesting, along with the status of industrial application are discussed. We describe extraction and separation methods of natural products from these seaweeds along with their phytochemical profiles. Many potential applications for these derivatives exist in agriculture, energy, nutrition, biomaterials, waste treatment (composting), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other applications. The chemical diversity of the natural compounds present in these seaweeds is an opportunity to further investigate a range of chemical scaffolds, evaluate their biological activities, and develop them for better pharmaceutical or biotechnological applications. The key message is the significant opportunity for the development of high value products from a seaweed processing industry in Scotland, based on a sustainable resource, and locally regulated.
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Ashaolu TJ, Nawaz A, Walayat N, Khalifa I. Potential "biopeptidal" therapeutics for severe respiratory syndrome coronaviruses: a review of antiviral peptides, viral mechanisms, and prospective needs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3457-3470. [PMID: 33876282 PMCID: PMC8054851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although great advances have been made on large-scale manufacturing of vaccines and antiviral-based drugs, viruses persist as the major cause of human diseases nowadays. The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) mounts a lot of stress on the healthcare sector and the scientific society to search continuously for novel components with antiviral possibility. Herein, we narrated the different tactics of using biopeptides as antiviral molecules that could be used as an interesting alternative to treat COVID-19 patients. The number of peptides with antiviral effects is still low, but such peptides already displayed huge potentials to become pharmaceutically obtainable as antiviral medications. Studies showed that animal venoms, mammals, plant, and artificial sources are the main sources of antiviral peptides, when bioinformatics tools are used. This review spotlights bioactive peptides with antiviral activities against human viruses, especially the coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2 or SARS-nCOV19). We also showed the data about well-recognized peptides that are still under investigations, while presenting the most potent ones that may become medications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Noman Walayat
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Ocean, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Banha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Cairo, Egypt
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Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits TMPRSS2 protease activity and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1726. [PMID: 33741941 PMCID: PMC7979852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen and primarily infects the airway epithelium. As our knowledge about innate immune factors of the respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 is limited, we generated and screened a peptide/protein library derived from bronchoalveolar lavage for inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike-driven entry. Analysis of antiviral fractions revealed the presence of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT), a highly abundant circulating serine protease inhibitor. Here, we report that α1AT inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry at physiological concentrations and suppresses viral replication in cell lines and primary cells including human airway epithelial cultures. We further demonstrate that α1AT binds and inactivates the serine protease TMPRSS2, which enzymatically primes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for membrane fusion. Thus, the acute phase protein α1AT is an inhibitor of TMPRSS2 and SARS-CoV-2 entry, and may play an important role in the innate immune defense against the novel coronavirus. Our findings suggest that repurposing of α1AT-containing drugs has prospects for the therapy of COVID-19. Here, via screening of a polypeptide library from bronchoalveolar lavage, the authors identify and characterize α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor and show that α1AT binds and inactivates the serine protease TMPRSS2, which enzymatically primes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for membrane fusion.
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Substitution-inert polynuclear platinum compounds inhibit human cytomegalovirus attachment and entry. Antiviral Res 2020; 184:104957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Agarwal G, Gabrani R. Antiviral Peptides: Identification and Validation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 27:149-168. [PMID: 32427225 PMCID: PMC7233194 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in the human healthcare, the infection caused by certain viruses results in high morbidity and mortality accentuate the importance for development of new antivirals. The existing antiviral drugs are limited, due to their inadequate response, increased rate of resistance and several adverse side effects. Therefore, one of the newly emerging field “peptide-based therapeutics” against viruses is being explored and seems promising. Over the last few years, a lot of scientific effort has been made for the identification of novel and potential peptide-based therapeutics using various advanced technologies. Consequently, there are more than 60 approved peptide drugs available for sale in the market of United States, Europe, Japan, and some Asian countries. Moreover, the number of peptide drugs undergoing the clinical trials is rising gradually year by year. The peptide-based antiviral therapeutics have been approved for the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Influenza virus and Hepatitis virus (B and C). This review enlightens the various peptide sources and the different approaches that have contributed to the search of potential antiviral peptides. These include computational approaches, natural and biological sources (library based high throughput screening) for the identification of lead peptide molecules against their target. Further the applications of few advanced techniques based on combinatorial chemistry and molecular biology have been illustrated to measure the binding parameters such as affinity and kinetics of the screened interacting partners. The employment of these advanced techniques can contribute to investigate antiviral peptide therapeutics for emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309 India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP 201309 India
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Seng C, Sharthiya H, Tiwari V, Fornaro M. Involvement of heparan sulfate during mouse cytomegalovirus infection in murine-derived immortalized neuronal cell line. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection cause of severe developmental disorders of the CNS. Aim: In this study, we utilized a differentiated mouse-derived hippocampal cell line (dHT22) to understand mouse CMV (MCMV) infection. Results: The expression of immediate early genes ( IE) 1 and 3 confirmed the time-dependent susceptibility of dHT22 cells to MCMV infection. MCMV infection alters the cellular distribution of heparan sulfate (HS). In addition, pretreatment with heparinase significantly reduces virus infectivity. Conclusion: The compartmentalization of HS in MCMV infected cells suggests multiple roles of HS in virus life cycle ranging from viral entry to viral transport and cellular remodeling. An enzymatic heparinase assay confirmed that HS is critical for viral entry and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanmoly Seng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies & Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies & Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies & Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies & Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Elste J, Kaltenbach D, Patel VR, Nguyen MT, Sharthiya H, Tandon R, Mehta SK, Volin MV, Fornaro M, Tiwari V, Desai UR. Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Pleiotropic Small Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051676. [PMID: 32121406 PMCID: PMC7084493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are wide-spread among the general population with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe developmental disabilities in newborns and life-threatening illnesses in individuals with a compromised immune system. Nearly all current drugs suffer from one or more limitations, which emphasizes the critical need to develop new approaches and new molecules. We reasoned that a ‘poly-pharmacy’ approach relying on simultaneous binding to multiple receptors involved in HCMV entry into host cells could pave the way to a more effective therapeutic outcome. This work presents the study of a synthetic, small molecule displaying pleiotropicity of interactions as a competitive antagonist of viral or cell surface receptors including heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate-binding proteins, which play important roles in HCMV entry and spread. Sulfated pentagalloylglucoside (SPGG), a functional mimetic of heparan sulfate, inhibits HCMV entry into human foreskin fibroblasts and neuroepithelioma cells with high potency. At the same time, SPGG exhibits no toxicity at levels as high as 50-fold more than its inhibition potency. Interestingly, cell-ELISA assays showed downregulation in HCMV immediate-early gene 1 and 2 (IE 1&2) expression in presence of SPGG further supporting inhibition of viral entry. Finally, HCMV foci were observed to decrease significantly in the presence of SPGG suggesting impact on viral spread too. Overall, this work offers the first evidence that pleiotropicity, such as demonstrated by SPGG, may offer a new poly-therapeutic approach toward effective inhibition of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Dominik Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Vraj R. Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Max T. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | | | - Michael V. Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (U.R.D.)
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (U.R.D.)
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Vilas Boas LCP, Campos ML, Berlanda RLA, de Carvalho Neves N, Franco OL. Antiviral peptides as promising therapeutic drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3525-3542. [PMID: 31101936 PMCID: PMC7079787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While scientific advances have led to large-scale production and widespread distribution of vaccines and antiviral drugs, viruses still remain a major cause of human diseases today. The ever-increasing reports of viral resistance and the emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics pressure the health and scientific community to constantly find novel molecules with antiviral potential. This search involves numerous different approaches, and the use of antimicrobial peptides has presented itself as an interesting alternative. Even though the number of antimicrobial peptides with antiviral activity is still low, they already show immense potential to become pharmaceutically available antiviral drugs. Such peptides can originate from natural sources, such as those isolated from mammals and from animal venoms, or from artificial sources, when bioinformatics tools are used. This review aims to shed some light on antimicrobial peptides with antiviral activities against human viruses and update the data about the already well-known peptides that are still undergoing studies, emphasizing the most promising ones that may become medicines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Rhayfa Lorrayne Araujo Berlanda
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Natan de Carvalho Neves
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil.
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil.
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Becker J, Kinast V, Döring M, Lipps C, Duran V, Spanier J, Tegtmeyer PK, Wirth D, Cicin-Sain L, Alcamí A, Kalinke U. Human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibit HCMV spread independent of classical antiviral cytokines. Virulence 2019; 9:1669-1684. [PMID: 30403913 PMCID: PMC7000197 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1535785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is usually unnoticed and results in life-long latency, whereas HCMV reactivation as well as infection of newborns or immunocompromised patients can cause life-threatening disease. To better understand HCMV pathogenesis we studied mechanisms that restrict HCMV spread. We discovered that HCMV-infected cells can directly trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to mount antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses, even in the absence of cell-free virus. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells only expressed IFN-I when stimulated by cell-free HCMV, or upon encounter of HCMV-infected cells that already produced cell-free virus. Nevertheless, also in the absence of cell-free virus, i.e., upon co-culture of infected epithelial/endothelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ) or dendritic cells (moDC), antiviral responses were induced that limited HCMV spread. The induction of this antiviral effect was dependent on cell-cell contact, whereas cell-free supernatants from co-culture experiments also inhibited virus spread, implying that soluble factors were critically needed. Interestingly, the antiviral effect was independent of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IFN-I as indicated by cytokine inhibition experiments using neutralizing antibodies or the vaccinia virus-derived soluble IFN-I binding protein B18R, which traps human IFN-α and IFN-β. In conclusion, our results indicate that human macrophages and dendritic cells can limit HCMV spread by IFN-I dependent as well as independent mechanisms, whereas the latter ones might be particularly relevant for the restriction of HCMV transmission via cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Becker
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christoph Lipps
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Veronica Duran
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Tegtmeyer
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- c Department of Vaccinology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,d German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Hannover-Braunschweig site , Germany.,e Institute for Virology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- f Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Anticytomegalovirus Peptides Point to New Insights for CMV Entry Mechanisms and the Limitations of In Vitro Screenings. mSphere 2019; 4:4/1/e00586-18. [PMID: 30760613 PMCID: PMC6374593 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00586-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent HCMV infections, alternative interventions must be developed. Prevention of viral entry into susceptible cells is an attractive alternative strategy. Here we report that heparan sulfate-binding peptides effectively inhibit entry into fibroblasts of in vitro-derived CMVs and partially inhibit in vivo-derived CMVs. This includes the inhibition of urine-derived HCMV (uCMV), which is highly resistant to antibody neutralization. While these antiviral peptides are highly effective at inhibiting cell-free virus, they do not inhibit MCMV cell-to-cell spread. This underscores the need to understand the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread and differences between in vivo-derived versus in vitro-derived CMV entry to effectively prevent CMV’s spread. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that can cause severe disease following in utero exposure, during primary infection, or latent virus reactivation in immunocompromised populations. These complications lead to a 1- to 2-billion-dollar economic burden, making vaccine development and/or alternative treatments a high priority. Current treatments for HCMV include nucleoside analogues such as ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet, and cidofovir. Recently, letermovir, a terminase complex inhibitor, was approved for prophylaxis after stem cell transplantation. These treatments have unwanted side effects, and HCMV is becoming resistant to them. Therefore, we sought to develop an alternative treatment that targets a different stage in viral infection. Currently, small antiviral peptides are being investigated as anti-influenza and anti-HIV treatments. We have developed heparan sulfate-binding peptides as tools for preventing CMV infections. These peptides are highly effective at stopping infection of fibroblasts with in vitro-derived HCMV and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). However, they do not prevent MCMV infection in vivo. Interestingly, these peptides inhibit infectivity of in vivo-derived CMVs, albeit not as well as tissue culture-grown CMVs. We further demonstrate that this class of heparan sulfate-binding peptides is incapable of inhibiting MCMV cell-to-cell spread, which is independent of heparan sulfate usage. These data indicate that inhibition of CMV infection can be achieved using synthetic polybasic peptides, but cell-to-cell spread and in vivo-grown CMVs require further investigation to design appropriate anti-CMV peptides. IMPORTANCE In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent HCMV infections, alternative interventions must be developed. Prevention of viral entry into susceptible cells is an attractive alternative strategy. Here we report that heparan sulfate-binding peptides effectively inhibit entry into fibroblasts of in vitro-derived CMVs and partially inhibit in vivo-derived CMVs. This includes the inhibition of urine-derived HCMV (uCMV), which is highly resistant to antibody neutralization. While these antiviral peptides are highly effective at inhibiting cell-free virus, they do not inhibit MCMV cell-to-cell spread. This underscores the need to understand the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread and differences between in vivo-derived versus in vitro-derived CMV entry to effectively prevent CMV’s spread.
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Majmudar H, Hao M, Sankaranarayanan NV, Zanotti B, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. A synthetic glycosaminoglycan mimetic blocks HSV-1 infection in human iris stromal cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:154-162. [PMID: 30481525 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a significant pathogen that affects vision by targeting multiple regions in the human eye including iris. Using a focused library of synthetic non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs), we identified sulfated pentagalloylglucoside (SPGG) as a potent inhibitor of HSV-1 entry and cell-to-cell spread in the primary cultures of human iris stromal (HIS) cells isolated from eye donors. Using in vitro β-galactosidase reporter assay and plaque reduction assay, SPGG was found to inhibit HSV-1 entry in a dosage-dependent manner (IC50 ∼6.0 μM). Interestingly, a pronounced inhibition in HSV-1 entry and spread was observed in HIS cells, or a cell line expressing specific gD-receptor, when virions were pre-treated with mimetics suggesting a possible interaction between SPGG and the HSV-1 glycoprotein. To examine the significance of gD-SPGG interaction, HIS cells were pretreated with SPGG, which showed a significant reduction in gD binding. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence of SPGG being a novel viral entry inhibitor against ocular HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Majmudar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Meng Hao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Brian Zanotti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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15
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars. Unlike heparin, which is only found in mast cells, heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These negatively-charged glycans play essential roles in important cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation. These biomolecules are also involved in pathophysiological conditions such as pathogen infection and human disease. This review discusses past and current methods for targeting these complex biomolecules as a novel therapeutic strategy to treating disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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The D-form of a novel heparan binding peptide decreases cytomegalovirus infection in vivo and in vitro. Antiviral Res 2016; 135:15-23. [PMID: 27678155 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in utero can lead to congenital sensory neural hearing loss and mental retardation. Reactivation or primary infection can increase the morbidity and mortality in immune suppressed transplant recipients and AIDS patients. The current standard of care for HCMV disease is nucleoside analogs, which can be nephrotoxic. In addition resistance to current treatments is becoming increasingly common. In an effort to develop novel CMV treatments, we tested the effectiveness of the D-form of a novel heparan sulfate binding peptide, p5RD, at reducing infection of ganciclovir (GCV) resistant HCMVs in vitro and MCMV in vivo. HCMV infection was reduced by greater than 90% when cells were pretreated with p5RD. Because p5RD acts by a mechanism unrelated to those used by current antivirals, it was effective at reducing GCV resistant HCMVs by 85%. We show that p5RD is resistant to common proteases and serum inactivation, which likely contributed to its ability to significantly reduced infection of peritoneal exudate cells and viral loads in the spleen and the lungs in vivo. The ability of p5RD to reduce HCMV infectivity in vitro including GCV resistant HCMVs and MCMV infection in vivo suggests that this peptide could be a novel anti-CMV therapeutic.
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Paijo J, Döring M, Spanier J, Grabski E, Nooruzzaman M, Schmidt T, Witte G, Messerle M, Hornung V, Kaever V, Kalinke U. cGAS Senses Human Cytomegalovirus and Induces Type I Interferon Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005546. [PMID: 27058035 PMCID: PMC4825940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections of healthy individuals are mostly unnoticed and result in viral latency. However, HCMV can also cause devastating disease, e.g., upon reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Yet, little is known about human immune cell sensing of DNA-encoded HCMV. Recent studies indicated that during viral infection the cyclic GMP/AMP synthase (cGAS) senses cytosolic DNA and catalyzes formation of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP, which triggers stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and thus induces antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. We found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) as well as monocyte-derived DC and macrophages constitutively expressed cGAS and STING. HCMV infection further induced cGAS, whereas STING expression was only moderately affected. Although pDC expressed particularly high levels of cGAS, and the cGAS/STING axis was functional down-stream of STING, as indicated by IFN-I induction upon synthetic cGAMP treatment, pDC were not susceptible to HCMV infection and mounted IFN-I responses in a TLR9-dependent manner. Conversely, HCMV infected monocyte-derived cells synthesized abundant cGAMP levels that preceded IFN-I production and that correlated with the extent of infection. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated cGAS ablation in monocytic THP-1 cells and primary monocyte-derived cells, respectively, impeded induction of IFN-I responses following HCMV infection. Thus, cGAS is a key sensor of HCMV for IFN-I induction in primary human monocyte-derived DC and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Paijo
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ceña-Díez R, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Maly M, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Dendrimeric based microbicides against sexual transmitted infections associated to heparan sulfate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ceña-Díez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Marek Maly
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Science of Southern Switzerland
- Switzerland
- Faculty of Science
- J. E. Purkinje University
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
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20
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McCormick S, He Q, Stern J, Khodarev N, Weichselbaum R, Skelly CL. Evidence for the Use of Multiple Mechanisms by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 R7020 to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130264. [PMID: 26132411 PMCID: PMC4488439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause of vein bypass graft failure. The smooth muscle cell (SMC) is a key element of IH as it phenotypically switches from a contractile to a synthetic state which can become pathological. R7020, which is an engineered strain of Herpes Simplex Virus-1, inhibits IH in animal models. Although it has many characteristics which make it a strong candidate for use as a prophylactic agent how it inhibits IH is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify modes of action used by R7020 to function in blood vessels that may also contribute to its inhibition of IH. The cytopathic effect of R7020 on SMCs was determined in vitro and in a rabbit IH model. In vitro assays with R7020 infected SMCs were used to quantify the effect of dose on the release kinetics of the virus as well as the effects of R7020 on cell viability and the adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to SMCs in the absence and presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The observed cytopathic effect, which included R7020 positive filopodia that extend from cell to cell and the formation of syncytia, suggests that R7020 remains cell associated after egress and spreads cell to cell instead of by diffusion through the extracellular fluid. This would allow the virus to rapidly infect vascular cells while evading the immune system. The directionality of the filopodia in vivo suggests that the virus preferentially travels from the media towards the intima targeting SMCs that would lead to IH. The formation of syncytia would inhibit SMC proliferation as incorporated cells are not able to multiply. It was also observed that R7020 induced the fusion of PBMCs with syncytia suggesting the virus may limit the effect of macrophages on IH. Furthermore, R7020 inhibited the proliferative effect of TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine associated with increased IH. Thus, the results of this study suggest that R7020 inhibits IH through multiple mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/virology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/virology
- Rabbits
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan McCormick
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qi He
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jordan Stern
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Khodarev
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Skelly
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dogra P, Martin EB, Williams A, Richardson RL, Foster JS, Hackenback N, Kennel SJ, Sparer TE, Wall JS. Novel heparan sulfate-binding peptides for blocking herpesvirus entry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126239. [PMID: 25992785 PMCID: PMC4436313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can lead to congenital hearing loss and mental retardation. Upon immune suppression, reactivation of latent HCMV or primary infection increases morbidity in cancer, transplantation, and late stage AIDS patients. Current treatments include nucleoside analogues, which have significant toxicities limiting their usefulness. In this study we screened a panel of synthetic heparin-binding peptides for their ability to prevent CMV infection in vitro. A peptide designated, p5+14 exhibited ~ 90% reduction in murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Because negatively charged, cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), serve as the attachment receptor during the adsorption phase of the CMV infection cycle, we hypothesized that p5+14 effectively competes for CMV adsorption to the cell surface resulting in the reduction in infection. Positively charged Lys residues were required for peptide binding to cell-surface HSPGs and reducing viral infection. We show that this inhibition was not due to a direct neutralizing effect on the virus itself and that the peptide blocked adsorption of the virus. The peptide also inhibited infection of other herpesviruses: HCMV and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in vitro, demonstrating it has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Therefore, this peptide may offer an adjunct therapy for the treatment of herpes viral infections and other viruses that use HSPGs for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily B. Martin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela Williams
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raphael L. Richardson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James S. Foster
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicole Hackenback
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Kennel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tim E. Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Wall
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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A role for 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in promoting human cytomegalovirus infection in human iris cells. J Virol 2015; 89:5185-92. [PMID: 25717110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has emerged as a clinically opportunistic pathogen that targets multiple types of ocular cells and tissues, including the iris region of the uveal tract during anterior uveitis. In this report, we used primary cultures of human iris stroma (HIS) cells derived from human eye donors to investigate HCMV entry. The following lines of evidence suggested the role of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) during HCMV-mediated entry and cell-to-cell fusion in HIS cells. First, 3-O-sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) expression in HIS cells promoted HCMV internalization, while pretreatment of HIS cells with heparinase enzyme or with anti-3-OS HS (G2) peptide significantly reduced the HCMV-mediated formation of plaques/foci. Second, coculture of the HCMV-infected HIS cells with CHO-K1 cells expressing 3-OS HS significantly enhanced cell fusion. Finally, a similar trend of enhanced fusion was observed with cells expressing HCMV glycoproteins (gB, gO, and gH-gL) cocultured with 3-OS HS cells. Taken together, these results highlight the role of 3-OS HS during HCMV plaque formation and cell-to-cell fusion and identify a novel target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Münch J, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F. Discovery of modulators of HIV-1 infection from the human peptidome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:715-22. [PMID: 25110191 PMCID: PMC7097597 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kirchhoff and colleagues discuss the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides by systematic screening of complex peptide and protein libraries that have been derived from human bodily fluids and tissues, with a focus on the isolation of endogenous agents that affect HIV-1 infection. Almost all human proteins are subject to proteolytic degradation, which produces a broad range of peptides that have highly specific and sometimes unexpected functions. Peptide libraries that have been generated from human bodily fluids or tissues are a rich but mostly unexplored source of bioactive compounds that could be used to develop antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutic agents. In this Innovation article, we describe the discovery, optimization and application of endogenous bioactive peptides from human-derived peptide libraries, with a particular focus on the isolation of endogenous inhibitors and promoters of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Münch
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolf-Georg Forssmann
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Pharis Biotec GmbH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Elbasani E, Gabaev I, Steinbrück L, Messerle M, Borst EM. Analysis of essential viral gene functions after highly efficient adenofection of cells with cloned human cytomegalovirus genomes. Viruses 2014; 6:354-70. [PMID: 24452007 PMCID: PMC3917448 DOI: 10.3390/v6010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a large 240 kb genome that may encode more than 700 gene products with many of them remaining uncharacterized. Mutagenesis of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-cloned CMV genomes has greatly facilitated the analysis of viral gene functions. However, the roles of essential proteins often remain particularly elusive because their investigation requires the cumbersome establishment of suitable complementation systems. Here, we show that HCMV genomes can be introduced into cells with unprecedented efficiency by applying a transfection protocol based on replication-defective, inactivated adenovirus particles (adenofection). Upon adenofection of several permissive cell types with HCMV genomes carrying mutations in essential genes, transfection rates of up to 60% were observed and viral proteins of all kinetic classes were found expressed. This enabled further analyses of the transfected cells by standard biochemical techniques. Remarkably, HCMV genomes lacking elements essential for viral DNA replication, such as the lytic origin of replication, still expressed several late proteins. In conclusion, adenofection allows the study of essential HCMV genes directly in BAC-transfected cells without the need for sophisticated complementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrit Elbasani
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Eva Maria Borst
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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