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Ganguli G, Mukherjee U, Sonawane A. Peroxisomes and Oxidative Stress: Their Implications in the Modulation of Cellular Immunity During Mycobacterial Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1121. [PMID: 31258517 PMCID: PMC6587667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host redox dependent physiological responses play crucial roles in the determination of mycobacterial infection process. Mtb explores oxygen rich lung microenvironments to initiate infection process, however, later on the bacilli adapt to oxygen depleted conditions and become non-replicative and unresponsive toward anti-TB drugs to enter in the latency stage. Mtb is equipped with various sensory mechanisms and a battery of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes to protect themselves from the host oxidative stress mechanisms. After host cell invasion, mycobacteria induces the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) to generate superoxide radicals (O 2 - ), which are then converted to more toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and subsequently reduced to water by catalase. However, the metabolic cascades and their key regulators associated with cellular redox homeostasis are poorly understood. Phagocytosed mycobacteria en route through different subcellular organelles, where the local environment generated during infection determines the outcome of disease. For a long time, mitochondria were considered as the key player in the redox regulation, however, accumulating evidences report vital role for peroxisomes in the maintenance of cellular redox equilibrium in eukaryotic cells. Deletion of peroxisome-associated peroxin genes impaired detoxification of reactive oxygen species and peroxisome turnover post-infection, thereby leading to altered synthesis of transcription factors, various cell-signaling cascades in favor of the bacilli. This review focuses on how mycobacteria would utilize host peroxisomes to alter redox balance and metabolic regulatory mechanisms to support infection process. Here, we discuss implications of peroxisome biogenesis in the modulation of host responses against mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Ganguli
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Utsav Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Novita BD. Metformin: A review of its potential as enhancer for anti tuberculosis efficacy in diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:294-298. [PMID: 31151499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nowadays metformin is also use for efficacy in diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients through several mechanisms, such increasing superoxide production therefore activation isoniazid is increasing; inducing adeno-monophosphate kinase (AMPK) associated autophagy process; and regulating inflammation cytokines. This article will review the mechanism of action of Metformin as enhancer for anti tuberculosis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Dian Novita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Yoshioka H, Fukaya S, Tominaga S, Nagatsu A, Miura N, Maeda T. Protective effect of the Kampo formula “Juzen-taiho-to” on isoniazid- and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Shiori Fukaya
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Sarah Tominaga
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Akito Nagatsu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Nobuhiko Miura
- Division of Health Effects Research, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
| | - Tohru Maeda
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
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de Oliveira LRC, Peresi E, Golim MDA, Gatto M, Araújo Junior JP, da Costa ÉAPN, Ayres JA, Fortes MRP, Calvi SA. Analysis of Toll-like receptors, iNOS and cytokine profiles in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis during anti-tuberculosis treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88572. [PMID: 24558401 PMCID: PMC3928236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in mycobacterial infection, although little is known about the roles of these receptors, cytokines and nitric oxide during anti-tuberculosis treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the mRNA and cell surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; and cytokine Th1, Th2 and Th17 profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at different time points of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from PPD+ healthy controls and from patients receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment. Gene expression quantification was performed by qPCR, cell surface expression was assessed using flow cytometry, and cytokine quantification was conducted using the CBA technique. The treated patients presented higher gene expression and higher numbers of receptors on the cell surface of lymphocytes and monocytes than did control individuals. IL-12 and IFN-γ levels increased after the start of treatment, whereas TNF-α levels were reduced. TGF-β presented the highest levels during treatment. IL-10 and IL-17 expression and production tended to increase during treatment. iNOS gene expression was reduced throughout treatment in patients. Our results suggest that anti-tuberculosis treatment modulates the immune response, inducing an increase in the expression of TLRs and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to combat bacteria and reduce the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliana Peresi
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjorie de Assis Golim
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Hemocenter, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gatto
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jairo Aparecido Ayres
- Nursing Department, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Parise Fortes
- Dermatology and Radiotherapy Department, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli Aparecida Calvi
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine – UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang Y, Li J, Zhuge L, Su D, Yang M, Tao S, Li J. Comparison between the efficacies of curcumin and puerarin in C57BL/6 mice with steatohepatitis induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:663-668. [PMID: 24520264 PMCID: PMC3919823 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent disease, which features an abnormal accumulation of lipids inside hepatocytes. Steatohepatitis plays a critical role in the process resulting in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Curcumin and puerarin are herbal products widely used in Asia, which are believed to have therapeutic benefits for alleviating the symptoms of steatohepatitis. In this study, mice models of steatohepatitis induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) were established to compare the pharmacological actions of curcumin and puerarin. The results showed that curcumin and puerarin exerted inhibitory effects against MCD-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Briefly, curcumin and puerarin significantly downregulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in the blood serum of mice (P<0.01, versus the MCD group). In addition, the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins in the serum were significantly reduced by puerarin treatment (P<0.05, versus the MCD group). The concentration of interleukin-6 was downregulated by curcumin only (P<0.01, versus the MCD group). Curcumin and puerarin significantly increased the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ; P<0.05, versus the MCD group). Moreover, increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was markedly attenuated by curcumin (P<0.05, versus the MCD group). In conclusion, curcumin and puerarin appear to exert different actions against steatohepatitis. It is possible that puerarin regulated lipid metabolism in the ‘first hit’ stage through the PPARγ pathway, while curcumin inhibited the inflammatory response in the ‘second hit’ stage through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Preclinical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhuge
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Su
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Yang
- Preclinical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Tao
- Preclinical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
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Abstract
Biological functions of antibiotics are not limited to killing. The most likely function of antibiotics in natural microbial ecosystems is signaling. Does this signaling function of antibiotics also extend to the eukaryotic – in particular mammalian – cells? In this review, the host modulating properties of three classes of antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams) will be briefly discussed. Antibiotics can be effective in treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and pathological conditions other than those of infectious etiology and, in this capacity, may find widespread applications beyond the intended antimicrobial use. This use, however, should not compromise the primary function antibiotics are used for. The biological background for this inter-kingdom signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam I Aminov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Kingston, Jamaica
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de Oliveira LRC, Peresi E, Tavares FC, Corrêa CR, Pierine DT, Calvi SA. DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients undergoing anti-tuberculosis treatment. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:82-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effect of rifampin on production of inflammatory mediators in HepG2 liver epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5541-6. [PMID: 21930886 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05149-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampin, a potent antibacterial agent, is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Hepatotoxicity is a well-documented adverse event. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rifampin on the production of inflammatory mediators in human epithelial HepG2 liver cells in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Incubation of HepG2 cells with a cytokine mix plus rifampin was associated with a significant dose-dependent increase in the production of nitric oxide compared to incubation with the cytokine mix alone (P < 0.05) as well as with an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA expression. Rifampin significantly increased the secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in both untreated cells (P < 0.001) and cytokine-treated cells (P < 0.006). An array screening assay revealed that rifampin stimulated the production of IL-1β and gamma interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10) in untreated cells and increased the secretion of RANTES in cytokine-treated cells. Together, these results indicate that rifampin may exert proinflammatory effects on liver cells.
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Fernández L, Breidenstein EBM, Hancock REW. Creeping baselines and adaptive resistance to antibiotics. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:1-21. [PMID: 21288762 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of antimicrobial drugs in medicine gave hope for a future in which all infectious diseases could be controlled. Decades later it appears certain this will not be the case, because antibiotic resistance is growing relentlessly. Bacteria possess an extraordinary ability to adapt to environmental challenges like antimicrobials by both genetic and phenotypic means, which contributes to their evolutionary success. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that adaptation is a major mechanism behind the acquisition and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Adaptive resistance is a specific class of non-mutational resistance that is characterized by its transient nature. It occurs in response to certain environmental conditions or due to epigenetic phenomena like persistence. We propose that this type of resistance could be the key to understanding the failure of some antibiotic therapy programs, although adaptive resistance mechanisms are still somewhat unexplored. Similarly, hard wiring of some of the changes involved in adaptive resistance might explain the phenomenon of "baseline creep" whereby the average minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a given medically important bacterial species increases steadily but inexorably over time, making the likelihood of breakthrough resistance greater. This review summarizes the available information on adaptive resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Cheng J, Shah YM, Ma X, Pang X, Tanaka T, Kodama T, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ. Therapeutic role of rifaximin in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical implication of human pregnane X receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:32-41. [PMID: 20627999 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.170225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Rifaximin, a human PXR activator, is in clinical trials for treatment of IBD and has demonstrated efficacy in Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis. In the current study, the protective and therapeutic role of rifaximin in IBD and its respective mechanism were investigated. PXR-humanized (hPXR), wild-type, and Pxr-null mice were treated with rifaximin in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced IBD models to determine the protective function of human PXR activation in IBD. The therapeutic role of rifaximin was further evaluated in DSS-treated hPXR and Pxr-null mice. Results demonstrated that preadministration of rifaximin ameliorated the clinical hallmarks of colitis in DSS- and TNBS-treated hPXR mice as determined by body weight loss and assessment of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, colon length, and histology. In addition, higher survival rates and recovery from colitis symptoms were observed in hPXR mice, but not in Pxr-null mice, when rifaximin was administered after the onset of symptoms. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) target genes were markedly down-regulated in hPXR mice by rifaximin treatment. In vitro NF-κB reporter assays demonstrated inhibition of NF-κB activity after rifaximin treatment in colon-derived cell lines expressing hPXR. These findings demonstrated the preventive and therapeutic role of rifaximin on IBD through human PXR-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB signaling cascade, thus suggesting that human PXR may be an effective target for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the protective effects of α-lipoic acid and aminoguanidine against isoniazid–rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1869-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Investigations of antibiotic resistance from an environmental prospective shed new light on a problem that was traditionally confined to a subset of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. It is clear that the environmental microbiota, even in apparently antibiotic-free environments, possess an enormous number and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes, some of which are very similar to the genes circulating in pathogenic microbiota. It is difficult to explain the role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in natural environments from an anthropocentric point of view, which is focused on clinical aspects such as the efficiency of antibiotics in clearing infections and pathogens that are resistant to antibiotic treatment. A broader overview of the role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature from the evolutionary and ecological prospective suggests that antibiotics have evolved as another way of intra- and inter-domain communication in various ecosystems. This signalling by non-clinical concentrations of antibiotics in the environment results in adaptive phenotypic and genotypic responses of microbiota and other members of the community. Understanding the complex picture of evolution and ecology of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance may help to understand the processes leading to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance and also help to control it, at least in relation to the newer antibiotics now entering clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam I Aminov
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Greenburn Road, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.
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